The racialized realities faced by Black students provide an impetus to examine the controversy over Canada's first Africentric Alternative School, approved on January 29, 2008 by the Toronto District School Board. Newspaper articles, editorials and letters to the editor, as well as speeches by delegations and trustees, provide a rich snapshot of the arguments put forth in the heated political debate. Through the lens of equity and critical race theory, the diverse and divergent stances taken by both proponents and opponents of the school are analysed and understood. A conceptual framework of hidden and public transcripts (Scott, 1990) is used to distinguish arguments that reflect on the lived experiences of Black students from those that reiterate the dominant discourses of liberal democratic societies. The findings emerge as three opposing sets of themes that reveal a transcript reflective of the ongoing salience of racism within ostensibly liberal claims to racial equality.

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In his keynote address to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics research pre-session, Sloane (2006b) challenged mathematics education researchers to ‘quantify qualitative insights’. This quasi-experimental study used blended methods to investigate the development of two-digit addition and subtraction strategies. Concurrent classroom teaching experiments were conducted in two intact first grade classrooms (n = 41) in a mid-Atlantic American public school. From a pragmatic emergent perspective, design research (Gravemeijer & Cobb, 2006) was used to develop local instructional theory. An amplified theoretical framework for early base-ten strategies is explicated. Multilevel modelling for repeated measures was used to evaluate the differences in strategy usage between classes across occasions and the association of particular pedagogical practices with the emergence of incrementing and decrementing by ten (N10) or decomposition (1010) strategies (Beishuizen, Felix, & Beishuizen, 1990).The two matched classes were not different in terms of gender, poverty, race, pre-assessment performance, and special education services. After the first unit of instruction with differentiated pedagogical tools, the collection class was significantly (p = .001) more likely to use 1010 than the linear class. No difference was demonstrated during the post-assessment. Students in both classes were more likely to use N10 during the last structured interview than in the first (p < .0001). Furthermore, there was no difference between the two classes in using any advanced strategy; however, students in both classes were more likely to use an advanced strategy at the conclusion of the study than they were initially (p = .033). The order of emergence of 1010 and N10 was not associated with the ability to develop both strategies, but there was an association (p < .001) between use of an advanced strategy and success on a district-mandated written assessment of two-digit addition and subtraction.Two original instructional sequences of contextually-based investigations are presented. Protocols transcribed from videotaped lessons and dynamic assessment interviews are presented to illuminate specific constructs detected and to illustrate the pedagogical techniques. An amplified framework for early place value constructs is proposed. Recommendations for future studies, curricular changes, and the need of early intervention are discussed.

In his keynote address to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics research pre-session, Sloane (2006b) challenged mathematics education researchers to ‘quantify qualitative insights’. This quasi-experimental study used blended methods to investigate the development of two-digit addition and subtraction strategies. Concurrent classroom teaching experiments were conducted in two intact first grade classrooms (n = 41) in a mid-Atlantic American public school. From a pragmatic emergent perspective, design research (Gravemeijer & Cobb, 2006) was used to develop local instructional theory. An amplified theoretical framework for early base-ten strategies is explicated. Multilevel modelling for repeated measures was used to evaluate the differences in strategy usage between classes across occasions and the association of particular pedagogical practices with the emergence of incrementing and decrementing by ten (N10) or decomposition (1010) strategies (Beishuizen, Felix, & Beishuizen, 1990).The two matched classes were not different in terms of gender, poverty, race, pre-assessment performance, and special education services. After the first unit of instruction with differentiated pedagogical tools, the collection class was significantly (p = .001) more likely to use 1010 than the linear class. No difference was demonstrated during the post-assessment. Students in both classes were more likely to use N10 during the last structured interview than in the first (p < .0001). Furthermore, there was no difference between the two classes in using any advanced strategy; however, students in both classes were more likely to use an advanced strategy at the conclusion of the study than they were initially (p = .033). The order of emergence of 1010 and N10 was not associated with the ability to develop both strategies, but there was an association (p < .001) between use of an advanced strategy and success on a district-mandated written assessment of two-digit addition and subtraction.Two original instructional sequences of contextually-based investigations are presented. Protocols transcribed from videotaped lessons and dynamic assessment interviews are presented to illuminate specific constructs detected and to illustrate the pedagogical techniques. An amplified framework for early place value constructs is proposed. Recommendations for future studies, curricular changes, and the need of early intervention are discussed.

Esta dissertação trata da temática da tradução juramentada, que tem sido cada vez mais objeto de pesquisa nos Estudos da Tradução, por conta de sua presença significativa, seja no âmbito acadêmico ou empresarial. A tradução juramentada, que difere das demais formas de tradução especialmente pela força imposta pela fé pública, que incide na postura e olhar adotados pelos Tradutores Públicos e Intérpretes Comerciais brasileiros, nos conduziu à hipótese de que a visibilidade do tradutor torna-se acentuada em virtude da delegação desse poder, que tem por finalidade principal a segurança jurídica das relações negociais na sociedade. A partir de um histórico escolar brasileiro do Ensino Médio, traduzido por doze tradutores públicos paulistanos para o inglês do Canadá, este trabalho tem por objetivo, com o auxílio das modalidades de tradução de Aubert (2006), mapear as estratégias de tradução e os perfis desses diferentes profissionais, oriundos de duas gerações distintas, aprovados nos dois últimos concursos realizados pela Junta Comercial do Estado de São Paulo (1978 e 1998), considerando a sua visibilidade pela fé pública. A tipologia textual documento escolar e o gênero histórico escolar foram selecionados tendo em vista sua grande frequência em tradução juramentada, motivada pelo crescente intercâmbio acadêmico-cultural entre Brasil, Canadá, Estados Unidos e demais países de língua inglesa. Para tanto, realizamos uma breve reflexão acerca dos modelos de Berman (1985), Rei (1971, 1976) e Baker (1996) e suas respectivas aplicações no tocante à tradução juramentada e, particularmente, ao estudo do objeto de pesquisa em pauta. Em seguida, descrevemos os procedimentos técnicos de tradução de Vinay e Darbelnet (1958), que serviram como base para a concepção do modelo das modalidades de tradução de Aubert (1984, 1998, 2006). Complementarmente, retratamos a evolução do modelo das modalidades de tradução, com destaque para as mudanças ocorridas e possíveis contribuições. Para tanto, adotamos no presente estudo uma metodologia com base em duas etapas. Primeiramente, realizamos o levantamento dos dados em relação às dispersões das soluções tradutórias e, em seguida, classificamos os dados em unidades lexicais para aplicação do modelo das modalidades de tradução. Por fim, descrevemos o perfil de cada tradutor e os resultados gerais por grupo, bem como o comparativo das duas gerações, com o auxílio de gráficos. A hipótese da visibilidade acentuada mostrou-se válida e necessária como garantia jurídica da boa aplicação da fé pública no cumprimento do ofício do tradutor público e intérprete comercial. / This dissertation addresses the topic of sworn translation, which has been increasingly researched in the field of Translation Studies by virtue of its relevant presence, whether in the academic or corporate areas. Sworn translation, which differs from other kinds of translations particularly for the power vested by the full faith and credit, having an effect on the attitude and view adopted by Brazilian Sworn Translators and Commercial Interpreters, led us to the hypothesis that the translators visibility is emphasized by the vesting of such power, the main purpose of which is to ensure legal certainty in business relations in society. From a Brazilian secondary school transcript translated by twelve sworn translators of the State of São Paulo into Canadian English, this work aims, with the support of Auberts translation modalities (2006), to map the translation strategies and profiles of such various professionals, from two different generations, who passed the last two public examinations held by the Board of Trade of the State of São Paulo (in 1978 and 1998), taking into account their visibility by the full faith and credit. The text typology school document and the gender school transcript were chosen because of their great frequency in sworn translation, motivated by the increasing academic and cultural exchange between Brazil and Canada, the United States, and other English-speaking countries. Therefore, we briefly reflected on Berman (1985), Rei (1971, 1976) and Bakers (1996) models and their application to sworn translation and particularly to the study of the subject matter hereof. Then, we described Vinay and Darbelnets (1958) translation procedures, which were the basis for the conception of Auberts (1984, 1998, 2006) translation modalities model. In addition, we outlined the evolution of the translation modalities model, with an emphasis on changes made and possible contributions. Thus, we adopted a two-stage methodology in this study. First, we compiled the data for the dispersion of the translation solutions, and then, classified the data into lexical units to apply the translation modalities model. Finally, we described the profile of each translator and the general results by group, as well as a comparison between the two generations, presented in graphical form. The hypothesis of high visibility was proven to be valid and necessary as a legal guarantee of the proper application of full faith and credit in fulfilling the office of sworn translator and commercial interpreter.

Os mecanismos da infertilidade relacionada à endometriose ainda não foram esclarecidos, embora diversos estudos proponham um efeito deletério desta doença sobre a qualidade oocitária (QO). No entanto, a análise de oócitos em pacientes com endometriose não é rotineiramente exequível, uma vez que os oócitos humanos raramente são doados para pesquisa e sua aplicação em técnicas invasivas impede sua utilização em procedimentos de reprodução assistida. Neste contexto, as evidências sugerem que as células cumulus (CC) podem ser utilizadas como biomarcadores indiretos capazes de prever a QO. Desta forma, através de um estudo inédito, objetivamos determinar o perfil diferencial de transcritos em CC de mulheres inférteis, com e sem endometriose avançada, submetidas à estimulação ovariana controlada para injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides. Para tanto, realizamos um estudo caso-controle, que analisou via sequenciamento de nova geração de RNA (RNA-Seq), 3 grupos (controle, endometriose III/IV sem endometrioma e endometriose III/IV com endometrioma), com 3 pools de 3 pacientes cada. Dentre os principais genes desregulados identificados nas comparações entre os grupos com endometriose avançada e mulheres sem a doença foram evidenciados transcritos com expressão alterada envolvidos na via de fosforilação oxidativa, genes relacionados aos processos da acetilação e conjugação de ubiquitina, além de genes associados a via de biossíntese do colesterol e do estradiol. Esses resultados demonstram que as CC de mulheres inférteis com endometriose avançada apresentam alterações moleculares possivelmente relacionadas ao desenvolvimento folicular e oocitário. Através do enriquecimento dos principais genes desregulados, nossos dados indicam as potenciais vias alteradas nesse processo que podem interferir na aquisição da competência gamética e por sua vez, mediar o comprometimento da fertilidade dessas pacientes. / The endometriosis related infertility mechanisms still remain to be elucidated, although several studies propose a deleterious effect of this disease on oocyte quality. However, the oocyte analysis in patients with endometriosis is not routinely feasible, since human oocytes are rarely donated to researches and their application in invasive techniques precludes their use in reproduction procedures. In this context, evidences suggest that cumulus cells (CC) could be used as indirect biomarkers capable of predicting oocyte quality. Thus, through an unprecedented study, we aimed to determine the differential transcripts profile in CC of infertile women with and without advanced endometriosis and its different stages, undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Therefore, we performed a case-control study, which analyzed by RNA next generation sequencing (RNA-Seq), 3 groups (control, endometriosis III/IV without endometrioma and endometriosis III/IV with endometrioma), with 3 pools of 3 patients each. The comparison of top deregulated genes among groups of advanced endometriosis and control patients show us altered genes associated with oxidative pathways, acetylation and ubiquitination process, aside from genes related to cholesterol and estradiol regulation. These data elucidated that CC of infertile woman with advanced endometriosis carried essential molecular alteration linked with follicular and gametic development. Through enrichment of the top deregulated genes, we can point out the potential pathways altered in this process toward oocyte commitment and infertility in these patients.

This essay discusses women’s use of swear words in both single sex constellations and mix sex constellations. Its primary aim is to find out which swear words women use the most. The secondary aim is to see what communicative function they have in the women’s usage. As a final point, the tertiary aim is to discover in what gender constellation women swear the most. In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology is used. The quantitative methodology is used to find out which words are the most common, and the qualitative methodology is used to examine which communicative functions they converse, as well as to study how the different gender constellations effect the usage of dirty language. The analysis of this essay is divided into these three parts - which words, which communicative functions, and the effect of gender constellations - and concludes and confirms previous research in this narrow and rare field of investigation. This paper shows that women swear less than men but more when they are in the company of their own gender. It also displays which words are the most common, both in tables and in discussion. Finally, this essay shows the most common functions of the chosen swear words women use.

Após o seqüenciamento completo do genoma humano, a busca e caracterização do conjunto completo de genes humanos constitui-se no principal desafio nesta área de investigação, sendo o passo limitante para o progresso na exploração dos dados contidos no seqüenciamento deste genoma. O projeto de transcriptoma denominado \"Transcript Finishing Initiative\" (TFI) surgiu neste contexto, com o objetivo principal de gerar fragmentos parciais de transcritos humanos, que não haviam sido descritos previamente e determinar sua seqüência, para iniciar a caracterização de novos genes humanos. A estratégia utilizada foi q alinhamento de todas as seqüências ORESTES e ESTs disponíveis com a seqüência pública do genoma humano e o agrupamento j c1usterização destas com base nas coordenadas deste genoma. Algumas das regiões que não eram cobertas por estas seqüências foram, então, completadas, por RT-PCR, utilizando-se primers ancorados nos clusters vizinhos. Cada par de clusters de ESTs selecionado para validação experimental foi designado como uma Unidade do \"Transcript Finishing\" (TFU), tendo sido validadas experimentalmente, pelo grupo TFI, Um total de 211 TFUs foram validadas, sendo que 197 seqüências consenso foram submetidas ao Genbank (CF272536-CF272733). Atualmente, apenas um pequeno número destas seqüências ainda são considerados genes novos, sem que haja um cDNA depositado em banco de dados; contudo para um número considerável destas TFUs não existe qualquer caracterização sobre sua função. Na tentativa de contribuir para melhor caracterização dos genes identificados no projeto TFI, e tendo, como base, a linha de pesquisa do laboratório, que busca genes diferencialmente expressos envolvidos em transformação maligna/tumorigênese, o presente trabalho propôs a utilização das seqüências TFUs para estudar sua possível associação com tumores de glia humanos e outros tipos de tumores (de próstata e de mama). Para tanto, as TFUs foram analisadas \"in silico\" para estabelecer seu grau de ineditismo como um novo gene ou um gene sem função conhecida, e, para análise de sua expressão diferencial entre tecidos normais e tumorais de cérebro, próstata e mama. Para validar estas análises computacionais na bancada, foram gerados macro- e microarranjos de DNA utilizando-se as TFUs disponíveis como clones físicos ou amplicons, para o rastreamento com sondas das linhagens celulares A172 e T98G de glioblastomas. Os resultados das análises destes dados foram confirmados por PCR quantitativo tanto nas linhagens como em amostras clínicas de astrocitomas que apresentam diversos graus de malignidade. Como resultado, foi possível organizar um Banco de Clones Físicos de TFUs, além de identificar e selecionar uma TFU (168), cuja expressão correlaciona diretamente com o grau de malignidade dos tumores de glia. Esta seqüência corresponde a um novo gene, já que não existe a seqüência de cDNA completo nos bancos de dados. Em vista disto, a TFU168 foi selecionada para estudos funcionais posteriores, que já estão em andamento, através da obtenção de suaseqüência completa de cDNA para ensaios de superexpressão e do silenciamento gênico através de RNAi. / Upon complete sequencing of the human genome, identification and characterization of the complete set of human genes constitutes the major challenge in this research field, constituting the limiting step for progress in exploration of the informations contained in the genome sequencing data. The Transcript Finishing Initiative (TFI) transcriptome project arose in this context, aiming at the generation, sequencing and characterization of partial new human transcripts and genes. The strategy adopted was the alignment of the alI the available ORESTES and EST sequences data with the public human genome sequence and their clusterization based on the coordinates of this genome. Thus, some of the regions which were not cover by ESTs and ORESTES (gaps) were then completed by RT-PCR using primers anchored in the neighboring clusters. Each pair of EST clusters selected for experimental validation was named Transcript Finishing Unit (TFU). A large number (211) of TFU s were validated and 197 -consensus sequences were submitted to the Genbank (CF272536-CF272733). At present, only a few of these sequences are considered as new genes without a full-Iength cDNA sequence deposited in the data bank, however, no functional characterization is yet available for a large number of these sequences. In an attempt to contribute to further characterization of these genes identified in the TFI project and keeping in mind the main interest of our laboratory, which is the identification of differentially expressed genes in tumor versus normal tissue, the present work aims at utilizing these TFUs to find differentially expressed genes associated with human glial tumors and with other kinds of tumors. To this end, these sequences were first subjected to in silico analysis in order to establish their degree of ineditism (new sequences and/or sequences with unknown function) and their expression profile between normal and tumoral tissues of brain, mammary gland and prostate. To validate this computational analysis, DNA macro- and microarrays were generated with the TFU sequences and screened with cDNA probes obtained from the A172 and T98G glioblastomas cell lines. The results of these screenings were confirmed by quantitative PCR both in cell lines and in tumor samples of different degrees of malignancy. The results obtained in this work allowed the organization of a TFUs Physical Clones Bank and the identification and selection of one sequence (TFU 168), whose expression is directly re1ated to the degree of tumor malignancy. This sequence constitutes a new gene, since no complete cDNA sequence is available in the data banks. Therefore, TFU168 was selected for further functional studies by obtaining its full-Iength cDNA sequence to be used for over expression by silencing this gene using RNAi.

Potato is one of the most important agricultural crops and there is an attempt to increase and improve yields of tubers, among other things, by elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate the process of tuber induction. Potato tuberization is a morphogenetic process in which the tubers are formed from the underground parts of the stem - stolons. The correct timing of this process is controlled by a complex regulatory network and influenced by many internal and external factors. Under favourable conditions, an inductive signal is generated in the leaves and it is transported to the stolon by a "phloem information superhighway" driven by carbohydrates flow. The signal triggers cell division, expansion, and changes in the cell growth orientation in the stolon. The development of tubers is influenced by number of biochemical and morphological processes driven by a regulatory network of genes that are expressed in different parts of plants. This work was focused on Solanum tuberosum, Lada cultivar and its derived D69 mutant line with lacking isoform of manganese-stabilizing protein (MSP), which is so far the only dissimilarity identified under all tested conditions. I aimed to map the processes related to the production of carbohydrates in leaves (photosynthetic characteristics - rate of photosynthesis...

Les cancers pédiatriques représentent la première cause de décès par maladie chez les enfants puisque 20% des patients présentent des résistances et rechutent. Les traitements actuels sont à leurs limites d'efficacité mais aussi de toxicité. L'amélioration des connaissances de la biologie des tumeurs résistantes et l'identification de nouvelles cibles moléculaires sont nécessaires pour ces pathologies rares, extrêmement diverses et mal comprises. Les oncogènes de fusion sont responsables de l’oncogenèse de ~ 20% des cancers. En raison de la biologie particulière des cancers pédiatriques, nous avons émis l'hypothèse qu’ils seraient dus à des oncogènes de fusion. Leur exploration, particulièrement à la rechute où les données actuelles sont limitées, permettrait de mieux comprendre ces pathologies et d’introduire de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Notre premier objectif était de détecter de nouveaux transcrits de fusion parmi 48 patients pédiatriques en rechute inclus dans l'essai de médecine de précision MOSCATO-01 mené à Gustave Roussy. A partir de données de RNA-seq, nous avons détecté l’ensemble des fusions retrouvées dans ces tumeurs et classé les plus pertinentes selon leur fonction et leur potentiel thérapeutique. Un nouvel oncogène de fusion nommé LMO3-BORCS5 retrouvé chez un patient atteint de sarcome d'Ewing dans les biopsies tumorales à la rechute et au diagnostic, et dans diverses lignées cellulaires a particulièrement retenu notre attention. Nos études fonctionnelles montrent que LMO3-BORCS5 a un rôle important dans la tumorigenèse et la sensibilité au traitement et que BORCS5 fonctionnerait, in vivo, comme un gène suppresseur de tumeur. Ces résultats montrent le rôle critique des transcrits de fusion dans l'initiation et la progression tumorale ainsi que dans l’acquisition de résistance au traitement et que les fusions isolées ne doivent pas être ignorées. A l'avenir, la prise en charge des cancers réside en une médecine moléculaire de précision, les oncogènes de fusions représentant l'un des outils les plus remarquables en clinique. / Pediatric cancers represent the first cause of death by disease in children as 20% of patients harbor resistances and die from recurrence of the malignancy. Nowadays treatment are at their limits of efficacy but also toxicity. Improving the knowledge on the biology of the relapsed/resistant tumors and identifying new molecular targets are needed for these rare, extremely diverse and misunderstood pathologies. Fusion oncogenes are known to be major drivers of oncogenesis, responsible for ~20% of cancers. Due to their particular biology, we hypothesized that pediatric tumors would be more likely to harbor fusions and that their exploration, especially at relapse where very limited data are available, could help to understand the particularity of these malignancies and consequently to provide new therapeutic targets. Our first aim was to detect new fusion transcripts in a cohort of 48 pediatric patients at relapse included in the precision medicine trial MOSCATO-01, previously conducted in Gustave Roussy. From the RNA-seq data, we described the landscape of fusions in these tumors and classified the most confident candidates according to their biological function and druggability predictions. A new fusion named LMO3-BORCS5 found in biopsies of a patient with Ewing's sarcoma, at diagnosis and at relapse as well as in various cell lines particularly caught our attention. Functional studies showed that LMO3-BORCS5 has a high impact on tumorigenesis and treatment sensitivity and that BORCS5 would act, in vivo, as a tumor suppressor gene. Our results strengthened the critical role of fusion transcripts in tumor initiation, progression and resistance and reinforces the idea that a private fusion oncogene should not be ignored. Indeed, the future of cancer care lays in precision medicine, with fusion transcripts being one of the most remarkable tool for treatment decision.