O presente trabalho, localizado nos domínios da historiografia dos estudos da tradução, tem como objetivo investigar o percurso do funcionalismo alemão no Brasil, com foco, por um lado, na ação de lideranças para a promoção da abordagem teórica no país e, por outro, no tratamento conceitual atribuído aos conceitos fundamentais da abordagem teórica por pesquisadores brasileiros. Ademais, o trabalho visa a propor uma metodologia útil à pesquisa histórica dos estudos da tradução, amparada por um modelo teórico interdisciplinar, bem como a contribuir para o mapeamento do campo disciplinar e para a promoção da abordagem funcionalista. Parte-se de duas hipóteses: no plano social, a disseminação do Funcionalismo teria se dado, no inicio, através da ação de lideranças funcionalistas na divulgação teórica, um posto depois assumido por agentes difusores em instituições de ensino superior no Brasil; no plano conceitual, as pesquisas fundamentadas pelo funcionalismo no Brasil fariam uso do arsenal conceitual estabelecido pela teoria em seus primeiros anos, sobretudo por meio dos trabalhos de Christiane Nord, expandindo ou reformulando os conceitos da teoria-base ao aplicá-los no exame de um problema específico de tradução. Para confirmar ou refutar essas hipóteses, são empregados, no âmbito teórico, noções de historiografia, em especial da história das ciências, assim como noções da filosofia e da sociologia da ciência e da sociobiologia. No âmbito metodológico, a linguística de corpus e a cientometria fornecem procedimentos e ferramentas de análise. Desse modo, essas abordagens são coadunadas em dois vieses de pesquisa: uma pesquisa contextual (externalista) e uma pesquisa conceitual (internalista). A partir desses dois vieses, almeja-se uma compreensão holística da difusão da teoria no Brasil. Como parte da pesquisa externalista, delineia- se um mapa do campo disciplinar no Brasil desde o seu início, nos anos de 1950, com especial ênfase ao período entre 1990 e 2005. Esse mapa revela um crescimento bastante significativo do campo, sobretudo a partir da década de 1990, impulsionado por sua institucionalização. Outrora concentrada em instituições no Sudeste e no Sul brasileiros, as investigações de temas ligados à tradução disseminam-se para outras localidades, surgindo assim outros polos de pesquisa. No que tange ao funcionalismo, observa-se, conforme uma das hipóteses de trabalho, que sua entrada no âmbito dos estudos da tradução no país ocorre, de modo preponderante, pela ação dos fundadores da abordagem teórica. Seu crescimento e disseminação ocorrem apenas em tempos mais recentes, sobretudo em torno de temas como a tradução técnica, a tradução de quadrinhos e o emprego da tradução em aulas de língua estrangeira. Quanto à pesquisa conceitual, ela revela que os pesquisadores brasileiros absorvem algumas noções fulcrais do funcionalismo, tais como o fato de a tradução ser um proceder entre culturas, orientado pela função do texto traduzido. Em conformidade com as hipóteses iniciais, observa-se também que as ideias que circulam nos estudos da tradução no Brasil foram introduzidas principalmente pelas obras de Christiane Nord. Por fim, ressalta-se o fato de que o funcionalismo, como qualquer teoria, não contemplar todos os casos específicos de tradução, sendo necessária a contribuição de aportes teóricos advindos de outras áreas disciplinares, o que é um valoroso exemplo da interdisciplinaridade inerente aos estudos da tradução. / This study, inserted in the field of historiography of translation studies, seeks to investigate the course of German functionalism in Brazil, focusing, on the one hand, on the leaderships action to promote the theoretical approach in the country and, on the other hand, in the conceptual treatment attributed to the fundamental concepts of the theoretical approach by Brazilian researchers. Moreover, the study aims to propose a useful methodology for the historical research of translation studies, supported by an interdisciplinary theoretical model, as well as to contribute to the mapping of the disciplinary field and to promote the functionalist approach. It is based on two hypotheses: at the social level, the dissemination of Functionalism would have taken place, in the beginning, by the functionalist leaderships actions to promote the theory, a position later assumed by promoters in higher education institutions in Brazil; and, on the conceptual level, the researches based on functionalism in Brazil would make use of the conceptual array established by the theory in its early years, especially through the studies by Christiane Nord, expanding or reformulating the concepts of the basic theory by applying them to the examination of a specific translation problem. In order to confirm or refute these hypotheses, notions of historiography are used in the theoretical scope, especially notions of history of sciences, as well as notions of philosophy and sociology of science and sociobiology. In the methodological scope, corpus linguistics and scientometrics provide analysis procedures and tools. Therefore, these approaches are linked by two research models: a contextual research (externalist) and a conceptual research (internalist). From these two models, we aim for a holistic understanding of the dissemination of the theory in Brazil. As part of the externalist research, a map of the disciplinary field in Brazil is outlined since its inception in the 1950s, with special emphasis on the period between 1990 and 2005. This map shows a very significant growth of the field, especially since the 1990s, driven by its institutionalization. Formerly centred in institutions in the Southeast and South of Brazil, research studies on themes related to translation are disseminated to other localities, thus, other research centres emerge. Regarding functionalism, it can be seen that, according to one of the hypotheses of this study, its inclusion into the scope of translation studies in the country occurs, predominantly, by the action of the founders of the theoretical approach. Its growth and dissemination only occur in more recent times, especially involving themes such as technical translation, translation of comic books, and the use of translation in foreign language lessons. As for the conceptual research, it reveals that Brazilian researchers absorb some key notions of functionalism, such as the fact that translation is a proceeding between cultures, guided by the function of the translated text. In accordance with the initial hypotheses, it is also noted that the ideas that circulate in translation studies in Brazil were mainly introduced by the works of Christiane Nord. Finally, we emphasize the fact that functionalism, like any theory, does not contemplate all specific cases of translation, requiring the contribution of theoretical inputs from other disciplinary areas, which is a valuable example of the inherent interdisciplinarity of translation studies.

<p>Syftet med den här processorienterade studien var att undersöka hur texttypen påverkar översättningsprocessen, och närmare bestämt om olika texttyper aktualiserar olika fokus i de kognitiva processerna. Fyra deltagare fick därför översätta två olika källtexter, en operativ och en informativ. Materialet samlades in med hjälp av Think-Aloud (TA). Studien visar att de båda texterna huvudsakligen gav upphov till liknande fokus. Texttypen verkar således inte ha haft någon märkbar påverkan på översättningsprocessen i det aktuella fallet. Vad gäller deltagarnas individuella processer fokuserade flera av dem på liknande faktorer oberoende av källtexten, vilket antyder att processerna i viss utsträckning kan antas vara individuellt betingade.</p> / <p>The aim of the present study was to investigate whether different text types bring different focuses to the fore in the cognitive processes during translation. Four translator students were thus asked to translate one operative and one informative text while verbalizing their thoughts. The verbalizations were recorded and later transcribed into so called think-aloud protocols (TAPs). The analysis of the TAPs showed that the participants focused on similar aspects regardless of the source text, which indicates that the text type did not have any significant effect on the translation process in the study at hand.</p>

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Portuguese

« Il va sans dire que c’est l’expérience du traduire qui constitue le centre de gravité de mon rapport général à la traduction. Je ne suis traductologue que parce que je suis, primordialement, traducteur » (Berman 2001, p. 16). La théorie de la traduction d’Antoine Berman serait donc enracinée dans sa pratique. Bien que son nom soit devenu incontournable en traductologie et que ses idées aient suscité de nombreux débats, peu de chercheurs ont étudié le lien entre la théorie et la pratique de ce traductologue. Le présent mémoire tente de combler cette lacune. Au moyen d’une analyse de la traduction de El juguete rabioso de Roberto Arlt faite par les époux Berman, il explore comment la pratique et la théorie de la traduction d’Antoine Berman se sont nourries l’une de l’autre. Le premier chapitre retrace le parcours d’Antoine Berman : son travail de traducteur, ses influences, sa théorie de la traduction, l’impact de celle-ci et les critiques qui lui ont été adressées. Dans le chapitre deux, nous découvrons Roberto Arlt et son œuvre afin de bien cerner les enjeux de sa traduction. Le chapitre trois analyse, selon la méthode bermanienne, la traduction française de ce roman publiée pour la première fois en 1984. Deux éléments du texte sont mis en relief : la diversité de registres discursifs, dont les sociolectes argentins, et la richesse lexicale qui en découle. En conclusion, l’étude montre que Le jouet enragé est marqué par une certaine inhibition et une rigidité sans doute inhérentes à toute traduction-introduction. Trop attachée aux normes, cette première version restitue timidement la diversité narrative de l’original. Ainsi, on peut supposer que les préceptes de Berman, et plus exactement sa liste de « tendances déformantes » (Berman 1999) reflètent, en partie, et avant tout, les limites et les difficultés qu’il a pu rencontrer dans l’exercice de sa pratique. / “Needless to say my experience of translating constitutes the core of my general relationship with translation. I am a translation studies’ theorist because primarily I am a translator” (Berman…p. 16, my translation). Antoine Berman’s translation theory is rooted in his practice. Even though his name is irreversibly linked to the field of translation studies and his ideas have caused numerous debates, few researchers have studied the relation between his theory and practice. This thesis attempts to fill that gap through an analysis of the French translation of Roberto Arlt’s El juguete rabioso by Isabelle and Antoine Berman. It explores how Antoine Berman’s translation practice and theory feed from each other. The first chapter recounts the development of Antoine Berman: his work as a translator, his influences, his theory of translation and its impact, as well as the criticism addressed towards it. In chapter 2, we discover Roberto Arlt and his work in order to fully understand the problematic points of its translation. Following Antoine Berman’s method, chapter 3 analyses the only French translation of El juguete rabioso published in 1984. It concentrates on two particular elements of the text: the diverse discursive registers, including the use of Argentine sociolects, and their lexical richness. In conclusion, the study shows that Le jouet enragé carries the flaws (défectivité) inherent in any introductory translation. Too attached to linguistic conventions, this first version timidly recreates the arrative diversity of the original. Thus, it could be suggested that Antoine Berman’s theories, and more specifically his list of “deforming tendencies”, reflect in part, and, above all, the limits and difficulties that he encountered in the exercise of his practice.

The present dissertation explores the relationship between Translation Studies and translation didactics at theoretical level and as reflected in the teaching practice at selected Czech educational institutions. The dissertation, theoretical-analytical in its orientation, first seeks to define its key terms, profession, didactics, education and training, Translation Studies and translation theory, conducting cross-linguistic comparisons and outlining the past and present thinking about these concepts. Two typologies of translator training are offered, one based on education objectives, the other differentiating between diverse teaching contexts. A special chapter introduces translation didactics as a dynamic component of Translation Studies, discussing current trends in education research and outlining the institutionalization of translator training. Our attempt at defining the content of, and relationship between, Translation Studies and translation theory, the central concepts of the present work, suggested terminological and conceptual disagreement. The following chapters discuss the strongly multidisciplinary nature of today's Translation Studies, and the manifold sources thereof, pointing out the risks this may create to the internal coherence and public image of the discipline. The core...

Title: Translated Czech and Its Characteristics Author: Mgr. Lucie Chlumská Department: Institute of the Czech National Corpus Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Václav Cvrček, Ph.D. Abstract: Despite the fact that translated literature accounts for more than one third of all written publications in the Czech Republic, Czech in translations has not yet been systematically analyzed from a quantitative point of view. The main objective of this corpus-based dissertation is to identify characteristic features of translated Czech com- pared to Czech in original, i.e. non-translated texts. The analysis was based on a large monolingual comparable corpus Jerome, created for the purposes of this study. It inclu- des both fiction and non-fiction texts and its design reflects the real Czech situation regarding the translations' source languages, i.e. translations from English prevail. The research was inspired by the theory of translation universals (typical linguistic featu- res common to any translated text) and focused mainly on simplification, convergence and general frequency characteristics, including parts-of-speech distribution and n-gram analysis. The findings have supported the hypothesis that translated Czech, as reflected in the Jerome corpus, is different from the non-translated Czech in terms of higher degree of...

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação possui dois objetivos principais. O primeiro, presente na parte I, é analisar a construção identitária feminina da personagem principal da obra Their Eyes Were Watching God, de Zora Neale Hurston. Sendo assim, a primeira parte desta dissertação é composta de quatro capítulos, sendo que ao longo dos três primeiros, antes da discussão propriamente dita, o trabalho busca aproximar o leitor da discussão. Para isso, os três capítulos iniciais têm o intuito de deixar o leitor familiarizado primeiro com a autora, depois com suas obras e, por último, com o momento histórico vivido pelos Estados Unidos no período do movimento cultural afro-americano conhecido como Harlem Renaissance. O segundo objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a tradução da obra, Seus Olhos Viam Deus, para o português e, se possível, fazer sugestões para as encruzilhadas e obstáculos tradutórios que porventura tenham sido enfrentados pelo tradutor. Esta dissertação visa com isso apresentar soluções que possam ser utilizadas em futuras traduções de obras de escritoras afro-americanas para o português do Brasil. Portanto, para isso, a segunda e a terceira parte deste trabalho, compostas de mais três capítulos, trazem uma revisão sobre as teorias tradutórias recentes e, em perspectiva inovadora, destacam pontos a serem abordados na discussão / The present dissertation has two main goals. The first, in part I, is to analyze the construction of the female identity of the main character of the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston. Therefore, four chapters compose the first part of this work. In the first three, before the discussion, the text tries to bring the readers closer to the discussion still to come. In order to do this, these initial chapters aim to make the reader more familiar with the author, then with her work, and, last but not least, with the historical moment in the United States during the period of the African-American cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. The second goal is to analyze the translation of the novel, Seus Olhos Viam Deus, to Portuguese and, if possible, to make suggestions for the translation crossroads and obstacles that the translator might have faced. By doing this, this dissertation aims to present solutions that may be used in future translations to Brazilian Portuguese of works by African-American writers. Therefore, the parts II and III of this work, which are composed by three more chapters, bring a literary review about recent translation theories and, through an innovative perspective, detach a few points which are going to be subsequently discussed.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos, (i) verificar a ação dos componentes da patronagem: status, econômico e ideológico sob a tradução e publicação de obras da Literatura Infanto-Juvenil brasileira na hegemônica cultura norte-americana e, (ii) verificar se as estratégias de tradução dos itens de especificidade cultural de Do Outro Mundo de Ana Maria Machado estão em concordância com as normas de tradução de LIJ que, de acordo com Zohar Shavit (2006), pressupõem uma maior liberdade por parte do tradutor para que esse ajuste a trama, os personagens e a língua a capacidade de leitura e ao conhecimento de mundo infantil. A relação entre esses objetivos é verificada na afirmação de Gigeon Toury (1995a, p. 13) de que a posição ocupada pela tradução no sistema da cultura-alvo afeta diretamente as estratégias adotadas pelos tradutores e a composição dos textos traduzidos. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (TOURY, 1995b), o conceito de patronagem introduzido por André Lefevere (1992) associado às considerações feitas por James English (2005) quanto à importância dos prêmios na sociedade atual foram fundamentais para a compreensão da ação dos componentes da patronagem sob a literatura Infanto-juvenil. Outro importante conceito aos objetivos desta pesquisa foi o de item de especificidade cultural de Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). Na análise dos dados desta pesquisa utilizei a reformulação da classificação das estratégias de tradução dos itens de Carla Bentes (2005) nos IEC de Do Outro Mundo e respectiva tradução em inglês From Another World. Os procedimentos de análise do corpus basearam-se no modelo de Lambert e van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária. Utilizo desse modelo a análise dos dados preliminares e a análise microtextual por atenderem aos objetivos desta pesquisa. O estudo se encerra com considerações a respeito da tradução de literatura Infanto-juvenil brasileira e as implicações sob o público-alvo / The aims of this research are, (i) verify the action of the components of patronage: status, economic and ideologic on Brazilian Childrens Literature translation in the hegemonic American culture and, (ii) verify if the translation of the Culture Especific Items from From Another World by Ana Maria Machado comply with the translation Norms of the genre, as Zohar Shavit (1996), which allow translators a greater freedom in adjusting the plot, characters and language to childrens knowledge and reading. The relationship between these objectives is found at Gideon Tourys affirmation (1995a, p. 13) that the position occupied by the translation system in the target culture directly affects the strategies adopted by translators and the composition of the translated texts. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies (TOURY, 1995b), the concept of patronage introduced by André Lefevere (1992) associated with the remarks made by James English (2005) regarding the importance of the awards in the todays society are fundamental to understand the action of the components of patronage under Children and Youth literature. Another important concept for the purpose of this study is Cultural Specific Item (CSI) by Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). In the analysis of this study data I used Carla Bentes (2005) reformulation of the translation strategies classification of the items of Do Outro Mundo and its English translation From Another World. The corpus analyses procedures were based on the model of Lambert and van Gorp (1985) for literary analysis. I use from this model the preliminary data analysis and microtextual analysis for corresponding to the aims of this research. The study concludes with considerations regarding the translation of Childrens literature in Brazil and the implications for the target audience