So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not. The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.

There are words and topics of conversation that are considered taboo and offensive in the English language. Offensive words can be divided into different categories, based on the way they are used and in what situation. Topics of conversation that are considered taboo are for example sexual activity and death. Men and women are said to use language differently, in a number of areas. One of these areas concerns offensive language. It is considered masculine to swear and women are prone to use euphemisms more than men, i.e. the mildest form possible of an offensive word. Studies have shown that men and women feel more comfortable using taboo language with members of the same sex than with members of the opposite sex. This paper aims to study the differences in language use between men and women and apply the findings on eight episodes of the American television series Sex and the City, with focus on offensive language. The purpose is to study whether or not the female characters of the show use a typically male language and if they do, if it could be a reason for them being perceived as strong women.

The purpose of this study is to identify relationships between usage of taboo expressions in a selected YouTube clip, and how the audience of iDubbbzTV react to these taboo expressions and how they use them themselves. The data used in this study is in the form of spoken and written language which is transcribed and collected from a selected iDubbbzTV YouTube clip and its comment section. This qualitative study of the usage of taboo expressions in YouTube discourse shows that many cases of taboo expressions are used together with jokes and also sometimes serve as call-backs. Some taboo expressions are also used as intensifiers, which can feature in both negative and positive contexts. The study also finds that interpretations of taboo expressions can vary depending on co-text and contextual knowledge. / Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera samband mellan användandet av tabuuttryck i ett valt YouTubeklipp samt publikens egna respons och användande av dessa uttryck. Datan som används i denna studie är både muntligt och skriftligt språk. Denna data hämtas från videoklippet samt kommentarsfältet från den valda videon. Denna kvalitativa studie av tabuordsanvändande i YouTubediskurs visar att flera fall av tabuuttryck används i samband med skämt eller återkopplingar. Vissa tabuuttryck används i ett förstärkande syfte som både kan användas i negativ och positiv bemärkelse. Det har också visat sig att tolkningar av tabuuttryck kan variera beroende på förkunskap angående kontext och co-text.

Diese Reihe versammelt Beiträge zur Vermittlung grundlagenorientierter Forschung im Feld der Integrationsstudien für die wissenschaftliche Fachöffentlichkeit.:MI-CHA FLUBACHER AND SARA HÄGI-MEAD Taboo and Transgression in the Context of Migration, Integration, and Diversity 5 KATJA KANZLER (Meta-)Disparagement Humour: The Poetics and Politics of Mockery in the Sitcom Two Broke Girls 15 PAUL MECHERIL AND MONICA VAN DER HAAGEN-WULFF Accredited Affects: Discourses and Taboos around Migration and Threat 25 SARA HÄGI-MEAD Taboos and Integration: Welcome to Germany 39 LAURA RIND-MENZEL Taboos and Transgressions as a Result of Insufficient Consideration of Didactic Principles in Orientation Course Materials 59 OLGA JUBANY AND ROSA LÁZARO CASTELLANOS Virtual Platforms, Real Racism: Online Hate Speech in Europe 81 AMANDA HAYNES AND JENNIFER SCHWEPPE Hate Crime: Violently Policing Transgressions of Perceived Parameters of Acceptability 97 Author Information 111 / This series presents contributions to basic research in the field of integration studies for the scientific community.:MI-CHA FLUBACHER AND SARA HÄGI-MEAD Taboo and Transgression in the Context of Migration, Integration, and Diversity 5 KATJA KANZLER (Meta-)Disparagement Humour: The Poetics and Politics of Mockery in the Sitcom Two Broke Girls 15 PAUL MECHERIL AND MONICA VAN DER HAAGEN-WULFF Accredited Affects: Discourses and Taboos around Migration and Threat 25 SARA HÄGI-MEAD Taboos and Integration: Welcome to Germany 39 LAURA RIND-MENZEL Taboos and Transgressions as a Result of Insufficient Consideration of Didactic Principles in Orientation Course Materials 59 OLGA JUBANY AND ROSA LÁZARO CASTELLANOS Virtual Platforms, Real Racism: Online Hate Speech in Europe 81 AMANDA HAYNES AND JENNIFER SCHWEPPE Hate Crime: Violently Policing Transgressions of Perceived Parameters of Acceptability 97 Author Information 111

The following thesis discusses how bizarre food is conceptualized within the anthropology of food and how it connects to symbolic anthropology. Through the complex description of the individual experience during the process of eating bizarre foods, the perception of the experience and the various motivations behind it will be explained. From an anthropological point of view it will be examined whether bizarre foods are the carriers of cultural significance and how this is further demonstrated within the culture. Through analysis of some specific foods I will also try to reveal their symbolic meaning.

This essay, entitled “Breaking the lawn chair, skinning the fish” - Categorization and Gender Differences in Slang Use in the TV Series Sex Education, claims that slang is part of our everyday language use and it can be found even on TV nowadays. In fact, contemporary TV series often portray a language use that includes informal language and slang expressions and words. This study aims to categorize slang expressions and words and identify gender differences in slang use in the British TV series Sex Education. By integrating quantitative and qualitative methods, the study contrasts Eble’s (1996) and Zotevska’s (2014) categorizations of slang and highlights gender perspectives on language use. First of all, the results show that Eble’s categorization proves to be incomplete to categorize the slang expressions in Sex Education. Furthermore, Zotevska’s categorization shows that a pervasive presence of taboo words and expressions is found in slang usage, whereas proper slang and pragmatic markers constitute a limited amount of the total. Secondly, the results highlight male characters as predominant slang-users. The collected data also indicate an increased presence of slang expressions and words in female speech, as a result of their emancipation and higher levels of participation in Western Societies.

In recent years, there has been talk of a declining confidence and growing mistrust of the news media. Swedish media have been accused of obscuring certain topics, of letting the newspapers’ political orientation guide the selection of news and of having a news evaluation process that is influenced by the journalists’ personal opinions. With this as a starting point, and the assumption that a high ranking in the press freedom index does not automatically translate to a media landscape unaffected by restraining factors, this thesis investigates the reality of the press freedom in Sweden. Through the method of triangulation, combining a quantitative survey with qualitative semi-structured interviews, the thesis explores how Swedish journalists perceive their journalistic freedom, as well as if all topics are represented in Swedish journalism. The conclusion shows that although Swedish journalists perceive their journalistic freedom to be high, there are signs of self-censorship resulting in a lacking reporting of certain news topics.

The importance of children being treated in a way that conveys the message that their sexuality is something positive and enjoyable has been emphasized by the WHO. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate how experienced preschool teachers experience and respond to children's sexuality. Focus group discussions were used as a method of gathering teachers' knowledge and experience. The results showed that the interviewed preschool teachers agreed that children's sexuality is something natural and important to consider. According to the informants, further training within the subject was also unusual and discussions with colleagues and parents were usually conducted only in the event of incidents. The importance of confirming and responding to children's sexuality in a positive way was analyzed and it was discussed whether children's sexuality is distracted too often and if the focus on negative sexuality prevails. One conclusion was that children's sexuality should be normalized so that adults' fears do not harm children's sexual development. / Vikten av att barn bemöts på ett sätt som förmedlar budskapet om att deras sexualitet är något positivt och njutningsfullt har framhållits av WHO. Syftet med studien var därför att undersöka hur erfarna förskollärare upplever och bemöter barns sexualitet. Som metod användes fokusgruppsdiskussioner för att ta del av förskollärares kunskap och erfarenhet. I resultatet framkom det att de intervjuade förskollärarna var eniga om att barns sexualitet är något naturligt och viktigt att beakta. Enligt informanterna var fortbildning inom ämnet dock ovanligt och diskussioner med kollegor och föräldrar fördes vanligen endast vid incidenter.  Vikten av att barns sexualitet bekräftas och bemöts på ett positivt sätt analyserades och det diskuterades huruvida barns sexualitet avleds för ofta och utifall fokus på negativ sexualitet tagit överhanden. En slutsats var att barns sexualitet borde normaliseras så att inte vuxnas rädslor skadar barns sexuella utveckling.

Research tools to identify sensitive topics and thus new opportunities to design for have grown in popularity in the last twenty years within HCI, with many projects and areas to note. However, the research tools used are still underdeveloped (Crabtree, 2003), and many universal designs of the 20th century have failed to develop for more sensitive areas, bar the conventional young, non-disabled, white, cis-male (Clarkson, 2003). The topics discussed in the thesis are reviews and arguments for the use of an adapted cultural probe’s place to research sensitive topics, identify perhaps previously hidden “sensitive-HCI” (Waycott et al. 2015) design spaces. The focus is on the tools to gather data, and discover design opportunities, rather than the particular and actual findings from the study.

Anenský dvůr used to be a farm surrounded by fields just a few dozen meters from the Austrian border. It worked even during the fifties before the creation of the Iron Curtain. Agricultural activity slowly subsided, people disappeared. Nature began quietly but ceaselessly, in small portions, getting on its side after the interval division. Buildings and their surroundings started to change. Nature has changed in fifty years place unrecognizable. Clearly defined boundaries are erased, flash greenery spread to the surrounding area and has created a specific single entity defining the surrounding chaos. Such a situation is the basis for the layout of the new cemetery. Current enhanced peripheral borders are strengthened by planting oaks, while the interior is modified. Most of invasive acacia and other shrubs are removed. The original character of the place, floodplain meadow is reinforced by planting new trees, such as birch or cherry.  The new cemetery consists of two main areas - internal groomed lawn under clearly defined square walls, which leads to deposition of ash and vice versa in the outer belt informal grown meadows are individual pavilions cemetery.