Background:The management of knowledge within organizations and projects has become increasinglyimportant. In addition, the number of transnational projects is on the rise. Moreover, projectsare considered the loci where new knowledge is generated. Further, the asset of knowledge ishighly related to the competitiveness and value creation of the organization. Yet, due to theintangible nature of knowledge, it is often considered difficult to manage. Literature review: Literature shows a growing interest in the topic of knowledge management and theenhancement of new knowledge creation. Additionally, structuring and managing this processwithin projects is highly complex due to the nature of projects as temporary organizations.Mitigating these challenges demands careful actions and thoughtfulness throughout the project.Moreover, the conversion between tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge to generate newknowledge is vital. Managing tacit knowledge on an individual level is difficult, yet crucial forprojects and organizations to absorb knowledge into the core of the operations. Method:The methodology employed in this research is a constructionist research design with relativismas ontology. The standpoint of the study is therefore that several truths exist and that facts aredependent on the viewpoint of each observer. As the study aims to investigate the knowledgecreation process within an international multi-actor project, several perspectives with their ownunderlying reality, as well as truth, must surrender to the surface. The study follows aqualitative and abductive research approach. A single case study was carried out with purposivesampling. Primary data consists of six semi-structured interviews and one observation thatprovides the foundation for the findings. The seven steps of grounded theory were used toanalyze the empirical findings. Findings & Analysis: From the findings of the study, the starting point for the generation of tacit knowledge was seento be shared experiences. Additionally, to fully generate the tacit knowledge, a strategic purpose was seen to be critical. Further, to transform the generated knowledge into explicitknowledge, feedback loops internally among the different actors were identified. Yet, thedimension of feedback loops was not sufficient in itself to generate and transform into explicitand codified knowledge. The incorporation of practical instruments enabled the knowledge tobecome codified knowledge available to be absorbed on an organizational or project level.Finally, SACC-USA acting as a neutral facilitator was seen as a vital component for the successof the project. Further, they enabled the process to take place and bridged the differencesbetween the actors involved in the project. Conclusion:Compared to projects within organizations, projects with different actors and culturaldifferences do not share tacit knowledge as a starting point. They need to form theseexperiences together with respect to their shared interest and understanding of each other'sdifferences. To enable the process of tacit knowledge between the individuals responsible forthe project, shared experiences are crucial. Additionally, to discuss the strategic purpose createsa common ground between the actors and fulfills the generation of tacit knowledge.Furthermore, for the generation of new knowledge to take place, this needs to be converted intoexplicit knowledge through feedback loops internally and further transformed into practicalinstruments.

Tackling grand challenges such as anthropogenic climate change, urgently requires an increase in bio-based resource utilization in regard to offsetting fossil dependencies within industrial sectors, also known as bioeconomic shifts. Bioeconomic shifts can be achieved by implementing Mission-oriented innovation (MOI), which concerns facilitating and directing resources towards achieving predetermined missions. Public actors within Uppsala region have proposed a regional mission which communicates their approach towards achieving a bioeconomic shift. Therefore, this study explores the empirical and contextual barriers to MOI- implementation towards increasing local bio-based rest flow utilization, enabling an expansion biochar within Uppsala region. To satisfy the purpose and research question, an inductive qualitative interview-based case study was performed. This allowed for an understanding of contextual barriers regarding an implementation of MOI from the perceptions of the purposefully sampled interviewees. Thematic analysis was then applied to uncover codes and themes within the gathered data. Noteworthy, and a valuable takeaway for future studies regarding MOI-implementations, is that many of the observed barriers could be mitigated through further developing abilities that enable codification of tacit knowledge. Difficulties in facilitating necessary cooptation, uncertainty associated with innovation, and lengthy payback horizons contribute to MOI-implementation barriers within Uppsala region. A lack of structures that enable the synchronization of, and cooperation between, public and private actors has resulted in barriers for public actors to incentivize and facilitate activities towards achieving a regional expansion of biochar. Also, a lack of resource allocation to enable an MOI-implementation, results in barriers towards exploiting/counteracting contextual advantages/disadvantages towards achieving the regional mission. Contextual advantages include mobility of knowledgeable individuals, universities, and waste management facilities. Contextual disadvantages regard insufficient resource allocations, lack of public actor involvement, and policy which is currently unable of facilitating necessary activities. The results and associated theory support the notion that innovation policy should communicate routes and directions, and better organize actors and activities towards specific missions. Increasing the ability to assess previous and future MOI-implementations, while incentivizing cooperation through shared risks and rewards. Increased communication and assessments of MOI-implementations could also increase the ability to further develop contextual advantages. Contributing and expanding upon existing MOI-literature, this study emphasizes codification of knowledge as to increase the transferability of MOI-related policies and activities between, and within domains. Increased transferability could entail positive spillover effects, regarding the ability of actors to learn from successful, and non-successful MOI-related activities. This knowledge could increase the success rate of MOI-implementations, thus increasing the ability to further develop MOI-implementation frameworks.

Abstrakt Teater har varit ett ämne på gymnasieskolans estetiska program sedan 30 år tillbaka. I det centrala innehållet för kursen scenisk gestaltning läggs vikt vid förmågan att tolka och analysera sceniska gestaltningar (Skolverket, 2011). Det finns därför ett behov av att formulera och artikulera dessa förmågor. Ett teaterkunnande inbegriper såväl teoretisk och praktisk kunskap och det är den tysta kunskapen som den här studien omfattar.  Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur teaterlärare verksamma på estetiska programmet med inriktning teater ser på tyst kunskap i kursen i gestaltning i ämnet teater. Studiens empiri är inhämtad från fem enskilda intervjuer med verksamma teaterlärare.  Följande frågeställningar har formulerats för studien: Hur kommunicerar teaterläraren för att stimulera elevernas utveckling i scenisk gestaltning? Hur ser teaterlärare på tyst kunskap i sitt arbete och hur de kan synliggöra den i relation till sitt arbete? Tre olika teoretiska perspektiv har varit utgångspunkt för analysen: Polanyis (2013) tankar om tyst kunskap, Carlgrens (2015) praktiska kunskapsfilosofi och Ahlstrands (2014) begrepp bodybildung. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats genom en fenomenografisk ansats och redovisats med olika kategorier i tre olika utfallsrum.  Studiens resultat visar på utmaningar för teaterlärare att verbalisera ett praktiskt kunnande, i undervisning med eleverna, och ett behov av kompetenshöjning i området. I utfallsrummen ges förslag på olika strategier som exempelvis: att ställa djuplodade frågor till eleverna om hur de ser och uppfattar gestaltning eller att erfarandet av tyst kunskap sker i stunden och är situationsbundet eller att exempelvis använda sig av liknelser för att kommunicera tyst kunskap. Studien kan ses som ett bidrag till det behov som teaterlärare har av att prata och reflektera uppfattningar av ett tyst kunnande.

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Vid möbeltillverkning ställs krav på både formgivning och hållfasthet. Formgivare och konstruktörer har vanligtvis olika akademisk bakgrund vilket kräver ett fungerande samarbete. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur möbeltillverkare arbetar med att säkerställa produkternas hållfasthet samt vad som krävs för en god samverkan mellan formgivare och konstruktörer. En litteraturstudie genomfördes där tidigare forskning och litteratur inom området studerades. Respondenter från fyra svenska möbelföretag intervjuades. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades för att möjliggöra undersökning av samband, skillnader och likheter. Tre övergripande teman kunde identifieras: • Produktutveckling och formgivning • Test av hållfasthet • Samverkan mellan formgivare och konstruktörer Studien visar att möbelföretag i första hand säkerhetsställer hållfastheten med egna tester och erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap. Att möbelfaktamärka produkterna kan vara ett sätt att säkra kvaliteten, men är inte nödvändigtvis förmånligt för alla företag. Studien visar vidare att samverkan mellan konstruktörer och formgivare fungerar som bäst när det finns en god kommunikation samt att det finns tydligt uppsatta mål att arbeta mot. / When manufacturing furnitures, there are demands considering both design and material strength. Designers and constructors usually have different academic backgrounds, which require a working collaboration. This study aims to investigate how furniture manufacturers work to ensure the material strength of the products and what is required for a good collaboration between designers and constructors. A literature study was conducted where previous research and literature in the field were studied. Respondents from four Swedish furniture companies were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed to enable investigation of relations, differences and similarities. Three general themes were identified: • Product development and design • Tests of material strength • Collaboration between designers and constructors The study shows that furniture companies primarily uses own tests and tacit knowledge to ensure the strength of a product. To certify the products with a Möbelfakta-label can be a way of ensuring quality, but is not necessarily advantageous for all companies. The study further shows that collaboration between designers and constructors operates best when there is good communication. However, it is also important to set a clear goal to work towards.

There is a growing need to study factors that affect user comprehension of Business Process Management (BPM) information portrayed by graphical process models (GPMs). For example, deployment of BPM Systems, unique types of enterprise-level information systems, has dramatically increased in recent years. This increase is primarily because BPM Systems give a variety of managers across an enterprise the ability to directly design, configure, enact, monitor, diagnose, and control business processes that other types of enterprise systems do not. This is possible because BPM Systems uniquely rely on GPMs derived from formal graph theory. Besides controlling the business processes, these GPMs, such as metagraphs and Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, portray business process information (BPI) and prompt BPM managers to apply their training and expertise to deal with BPM situations. As a result, GPMs are the primary information artifacts for decision-making and communication among different, often geographically dispersed stakeholders. Therefore, user comprehension of these unique GPMs is critical to the efficient and effective development, deployment, and utilization of BPM Systems. User comprehension outcomes are jointly affected by the (1) BPM cognitive resources available to each manager (including the type of GPM, BPI, and user educational training and experience), and (2) cognitive differences between individual BPM managers (such as their mental workload, cognitive styles and cognitive abilities). Although research has studied GPMs in various contexts, there is apparently no empirical research investigating GPM user comprehension in the context of BPM Systems. This research makes an important contribution by addressing this gap in the literature. Statement of the Objective: The purpose of this research is to empirically study how BPM cognitive resources and cognitive differences between individuals affect outcomes of GPM user comprehension. This research centered on the following objectives: A. Investigate whether more positive user comprehension outcomes are produced by novice users if a single GPM technique is used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with metagraphs) or if different GPM techniques are used to portray different types of BPI (e.g., as with UML diagrams). B. Investigate whether one type of BPI is more easily comprehended and interpreted by novice users irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of educational training of the user. C. Investigate whether users with a specific type of user educational training can more easily comprehend and interpret BPM information irrespective of the type of GPM or the type of BPI. D. Evaluate influences of individual cognitive differences (i.e., mental workload, cognitive styles, and cognitive abilities) on outcomes of user comprehension. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study: (a) defined a theoretical framework conceptualizing user comprehension outcomes in terms of the interaction between cognitive resources external to the user and individual differences affecting how users cognitively process BPI, (b) empirically tested an operational research model of GPM user comprehension that is based on the theoretical framework, and (c) interpreted the experimental results in the context of related literatures. Description of Research Methods: This study empirically tested relationships between several variables representing BPM cognitive resources and individual cognitive differences hypothesized as influencing the outcomes of user comprehension. A laboratory experiment, involving 87 upper-level undergraduate students from two universities, analyzed relationships between participant comprehension of two types of GPMs (i.e., metagraphs and UML diagrams) used to portray three types of BPI (i.e., task-centric, resource-centric, and information-centric BPI) by novice GPM users possessing different educational training (i.e., industrial engineering, business management, and computer science training). Dependent variables included assessments of task accuracy, task timeliness, subjective mental workload, and self-efficacy. Covariate effects were also analyzed for two types of participant cognitive abilities (i.e., general cognitive ability (GCA) and attentional abilities) and two types of participant cognitive styles (extroversion-introversion and sensing-intuitive). Multivariate analysis techniques were used to analyze and interpret the data. Discussion of Results: The type of GPM and participants' GCA produced significant effects on the dependent variables in this study. For example, metagraph users produced significantly more desirable results than UML users across all dependent variables, contrary to what was hypothesized. However, if only the BPM cognitive resources (i.e., GPM Type, BPM Type, and the Type of Participant Education) were studied in relation to user comprehension outcomes, spurious conclusions would have been reached. When individual cognitive differences were included in the research model and analyses, results showed participants with higher GCA produced significantly more positive user comprehension outcomes compared to participants with lower GCAs. Also, many of the impacts of differences in the types of BPI and the types of UET were moderated by the differences in participants' GCA and attentional abilities. In addition, the relationship between subjective mental workload and task performance (i.e., accuracy and timeliness) suggest a possible GPM cognitive "profile" for user comprehension tasks in a BPM Systems context. These results have important implications for future research and practice in several bodies of knowledge, including GPM user comprehension in management systems engineering, BPM modeling, BPM Systems, HCI, and cognitive ergonomics literature. / Ph. D.

As current social problems grow more complex, public organizations have to deal with more complicated problems and values than in the past. Public organizations arguably need more knowledge to effectively address such complex problems. However, there is little study of the relationship between knowledge sharing and government performance. This study has several primary purposes. First, it tries to find out more about the roles and effects of knowledge sharing on program performance in public organizations. Second, by examining the factors affecting the relationships between knowledge sharing and program performance, the study explores the importance of individual and organizational conditions in connecting knowledge sharing to program performance. Lastly, the study helps clarify the effect of knowledge sharing on program performance by also examining other factors that are likely to affect program performance. To explore the relationships among explicit and tacit knowledge sharing, public service motivation, self-set goals, red tape, economic conditions, staffers' professionalism, budgetary resources, and program performance, I examined Virginia's Child Protective Services program. The Virginia Department of Social Services determines the guidelines and policies for the state's CPS program and supervises its implementation by local agencies. I focused on the implementation of the CPS program. The study examined the relationships between CPS program performance and the degree and dynamics of knowledge sharing at the local jurisdictional and at the individual social worker levels in each of the 23 local CPS departments in which staffers responded to an on-line survey. In addition to these relationships, the study examined the effects of individual, organizational, and financial factors in Virginia local CPS departments on the relationships between knowledge sharing and program performance. The study yielded numerous findings. First, at the local agency level evidence showed that explicit knowledge sharing played an important role in affecting CPS program performance. At the individual level, only the reported usefulness of explicit knowledge sharing affected CPS program performance, while the usefulness of tacit knowledge sharing and time devoted to explicit knowledge sharing affected usefulness of explicit knowledge sharing. The personal motivation of CPS staffers influenced program performance through tacit knowledge sharing, and red tape evidently affected CPS program performance by decreasing explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Even when factors like local economic conditions and available financial resources were taken into account, the usefulness of explicit knowledge sharing still affected CPS program performance. Second, the relationships among time devoted to, usefulness of, and access to explicit and tacit knowledge sharing were diverse. They affected CPS program performance through the reported usefulness of explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Third, individual and organizational factors influenced the relationship between knowledge sharing and CPS program performance. The personal motivation of CPS staffers had a positive effect on tacit knowledge sharing, but red tape appeared to have a negative effect on explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Fourth, the study showed that several factors other than knowledge sharing such as local economic conditions, work training of CPS staffers, family assessments, CPS staffer education, and additional budgetary resources also affected CPS program performance. / Ph. D.

Modern organisations are increasingly seen as knowledge-based business ventures in which proactive knowledge management is important for competitiveness. The interest in knowledge management seems to have surged across world. In the increasingly competitive and global marketplace, firms are especially keen to integrate and capitalise on the knowledge of their employees and make it available when and where it is needed. In addition, many firms realise the need to educate and indoctrinate new hirelings into the organisation quickly due to the scarcity of global resources and an aging workforce (Teicholz, 2004). As a result, many organisations implement knowledge management initiatives in an attempt to combine and exploit their knowledge assets. It is therefore necessary to critically evaluate Sasol on these terms. How the knowledge management strategy supports organisational processes is investigated along with collective learning and collaborative decision making within the organisation. An in depth literature study was conducted to gain insight into KM concepts and strategies. It also provided a reference to current best practices. Above all, the literature study helped to gain perspective on the complexities of measuring a phenomenon like KM in an organisation. Performance measurement techniques are discussed and reference made to the eras of knowledge management. A short section makes reference to another organisation considered to be a global leader in integration of knowledge management systems. The research design method that was chosen to authenticate the research objectives is qualitative. The interpretive methods employ an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about the phenomenon of interest from the observed data. Results were obtained from a combination of two methods. Published and available secondary data mainly obtained from Sasol resources. The second was structured interviews conducted from a criterion based sampling strategy conducted on employees to obtain primary data. Sasol employees are supportive of the Sasol KM systems and are (to some extent) using it. Many believe that Sasol is a learning organisation and therefore benefitting from the systems in place. However, the people of Sasol are generally not aware of the full functionality of the deployed systems. Therefore the current state of the Sasol KM system integration is the consequence. Organisational Knowledge, unlike personal knowledge, is only of value if it is shared with others who need it (KMI, 2010). In order to enhance collective learning, learning organisations establish specific learning processes that become embedded in work processes. This is the basis of the outcomes and the recommendations of this research. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Modern organisations are increasingly seen as knowledge-based business ventures in which proactive knowledge management is important for competitiveness. The interest in knowledge management seems to have surged across world. In the increasingly competitive and global marketplace, firms are especially keen to integrate and capitalise on the knowledge of their employees and make it available when and where it is needed. In addition, many firms realise the need to educate and indoctrinate new hirelings into the organisation quickly due to the scarcity of global resources and an aging workforce (Teicholz, 2004). As a result, many organisations implement knowledge management initiatives in an attempt to combine and exploit their knowledge assets. It is therefore necessary to critically evaluate Sasol on these terms. How the knowledge management strategy supports organisational processes is investigated along with collective learning and collaborative decision making within the organisation. An in depth literature study was conducted to gain insight into KM concepts and strategies. It also provided a reference to current best practices. Above all, the literature study helped to gain perspective on the complexities of measuring a phenomenon like KM in an organisation. Performance measurement techniques are discussed and reference made to the eras of knowledge management. A short section makes reference to another organisation considered to be a global leader in integration of knowledge management systems. The research design method that was chosen to authenticate the research objectives is qualitative. The interpretive methods employ an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about the phenomenon of interest from the observed data. Results were obtained from a combination of two methods. Published and available secondary data mainly obtained from Sasol resources. The second was structured interviews conducted from a criterion based sampling strategy conducted on employees to obtain primary data. Sasol employees are supportive of the Sasol KM systems and are (to some extent) using it. Many believe that Sasol is a learning organisation and therefore benefitting from the systems in place. However, the people of Sasol are generally not aware of the full functionality of the deployed systems. Therefore the current state of the Sasol KM system integration is the consequence. Organisational Knowledge, unlike personal knowledge, is only of value if it is shared with others who need it (KMI, 2010). In order to enhance collective learning, learning organisations establish specific learning processes that become embedded in work processes. This is the basis of the outcomes and the recommendations of this research. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Knowledge Management Systems are deployed in organisations of all sizes to support the coordination and control of a range of intellectual assets, and the low cost infrastructures made available by the shift to ‘cloud computing’ looks to only increase the speed and pervasiveness of this move. However, their implementation has not been without its problems, and the development of novel interventions capable of supporting the mundane work of everyday organisational settings has ultimately been limited. A common source of trouble for those formulating such systems is said to be that some proportion of the knowledge held by a setting’s members is hidden from the undirected view of both The Organisation and its analysts - typically characterised as a tacit knowledge - and can therefore go unnoticed during the design and deployment of new technologies. Notwithstanding its utility, overuse of this characterisation has resulted in the inappropriate labelling of a disparate assortment of phenomena, some of which might be more appropriately re-specified as ‘hidden knowledges’: a standpoint which seeks to acknowledge their unspoken character without making any unwarranted claims regarding their cognitive status. Approaches which focus on the situated and contingent properties of the actual work carried out by a setting’s members - such as ethnomethodologically informed ethnography - have shown significant promise as a mechanism for transforming the role played by members’ practices into an explicit topic of study. Specifically they have proven particularly adept at noticing those aspects of members’ work that might ordinarily be hidden from an undirected view, such as the methodic procedures through which we can sometimes mean more than we can say in-just-so-many-words. Here - within the context of gathering the requirements for new Knowledge Management Systems to support the reuse of existing knowledge - the findings from the application of just such an approach are presented in the form of a Pattern Language for Knowledge Management Systems: a descriptive device that lends itself to articulating the role that such hidden knowledges are playing in everyday work settings. By combining these three facets, this work shows that it is possible to take a more meaningful approach towards noticing those knowledges which might ordinarily be hidden from view, and apply our new understanding of them to the design of Knowledge Management Systems that actively engage with the knowledgeable work of a setting’s members.