The emphasis of this research is on the social, economic, and cultural factors generating the New Taiwan Cinema between 1982 to 1986. The study consists of four chapters. Chapter I introduces the background and parameters of the topic. Chapter II discusses the factors which nurtured the rise of New Taiwan Cinema. It also provides historical background information on Taiwanese films. Chapter III discusses the definition and characteristics of New Taiwan Cinema and its major filmmakers and films. Chapter IV focuses on the issue of the end of New Taiwan Cinema. This chapter also covers the general situation of the Taiwanese film industry after 1986.

Abstract This study analyzed Taiwan film industry with Michael Porter¡¦s ¡§Diamond¡¨ system, and also tried to drive a dynamic diamond system to scenario plan for the future of Taiwan film industry. There are four attributes in a diamond system. They are: Factor Conditions, Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting industries, and Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. The conclusions of the analysis are as follows: 1. Factor Conditions Film industry knowledge, finance support and high quality human resource are significant in filmmaking. 2. Demand Conditions Because of the small home market and low market share, film production companies in Taiwan should actively search for strategic alliances and co-production chances. It would broaden market scale in this way. 3. Related and Supporting industries In order to leverage resource into film production, Related and Supporting industries need to group clusters. 4. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Focusing the competition among national firms is more important than facing the competition with international big companies. The conclusion of the scenario planning suggests that developing digital content industry and attracting high quality human resource would drive the Taiwan film industry diamond run.

Since the 1980s, growing international recognition for Taiwanese auteurs has placed Taiwan on the map of world cinema. However, in the new millennium popular tastes have gradually become a key concern for Taiwanese filmmakers; in the years since 2008, the dramatic box office success of Cape No.7 has further boosted their commercial production. Through four case studies, this thesis investigates four major filmmaking strategies among Taiwanese filmmakers, seeking to provide a wide-ranging picture of Taiwan cinema since the turn of the century. These case studies represent different approaches to filmmaking and indicate the different audiences that Taiwanese filmmakers may address. Ang Lee’s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon not only demonstrates that Asian films can achieve international box office success but also raises issues of cultural authenticity and cultural translation. Chapter One describes how the global success of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon has promoted transnational co-production in Asia. The Hollywood-funded project Double Vision and Taiwanese filmmakers’ engagement in intraregional co-production are outlined in Chapter Two, examining the development of pan-Asian co-production in Taiwan cinema. The immense popularity of Cape No.7 in Taiwan reflects Taiwanese viewers’ demand for cultural products with local colour. Chapter Three views this domestically-produced film as a local response to cultural globalisation and revisits the significance of nativist imagination to the production and consumption of contemporary Taiwan cinema. The last chapter examines auteur-oriented filmmaking in this area and underscores the dependence of art cinema in Taiwan on the film festival economy and international niche markets. These case studies highlight the influence of transnational connections on the production, consumption and content of contemporary Taiwan cinema, showing that Taiwan cinema should be understood in a transnational context.

This study analyzed venture capital investment criteria of Taiwan¡¦s movie industry by the method of literature review and in-depth interviews. There are four directions to estimate whether a movie is investment-worthy or not. There are followed by movie marketing, the team of movie-making, movie financial status and movie contents. 1.Movie Marketing Movie marketing contains the following factors: the movie proposal contents are made by producers or directors when searching for venture capital investments, film making team¡¦s marketing and selling abilities. 2.The Team of Movie-making The team of movie making contains the following factors: the director and the producer¡¦s experience and personalities; the quality of cooperation in the movie-making team, and the last one factor is other movie investors, who are estimated by their experience. 3.Movie Financial Status This part is made of the following factors: the cash flow of the film making team, and the financing and operation ability of the team. 4.Movie Contents This part contains the following factors: first, the skills of movie-making, including cinematography skills, written skills, post-producing skills and etc.. Second, the feature of the movie. It contains stars, story and etc.. The last factor is cost controlling abilities of movie-making.

海角七號在台灣上映之後，重新喚起了台灣觀眾對於國片的興趣。對於台灣的電影產業來說，海角七號象徵著該產業經歷一段長時間幽暗歲月後所出現的第一道曙光。回顧近二十年的台灣電影概況，雖然在1980年代，有一波新台灣電影浪潮，這時許多台灣導演試圖在國際舞台上角逐一席之地，著名的代表導演有楊德昌、侯孝賢、蔡明亮、李安等。其中侯孝賢和蔡明亮的作品深受法國觀眾的歡迎，並且大獲輿論好評，這也讓他們更容易爭取到一些國際的合作資源。不過，後來在2000年以降崛起的新銳導演，他們的作品所面臨的，又是怎麼樣的環境呢? 本論文針對台灣電影在法國的推廣來做為研究的主題，並且配合在世界著名的坎城影展所作的田野調查以及對於法國電影批發商的深度訪談來回答研究問題。本論文首先探討台灣新電影浪潮的背景以了解為何侯孝賢和蔡明亮兩位導演的電影能夠在法國受到推崇。而文獻資料也顯示，近期像是海角七號這類在台灣大受好評的電影，並沒有在法國獲得對等的口碑。事實上，在2008年以後以及海角七號所開創的票房以來，如果非蔡明亮或是侯孝賢兩位導演的作品，在法國只有引進兩部台灣電影：《停車》和《不能沒有你》。觀察台灣片商和坎城影展台北電影委員會可以發現，台灣其實並沒有花很多精力在歐洲推廣台灣的電影。除此之外，台灣與亞洲的電影在法國的市場，正面臨來自南美與非洲大陸等新興電影的強烈衝擊。另外，根據訪談的結果，法國片商普遍表達，在選擇要進口的台灣電影時，會偏好刻劃台灣社會議題的藝術類型電影，而不會去選擇商業類型，雖然就是這些電影在2008年之後重新受到了台灣觀眾的矚目。也就是說，即使台灣電影在一些小型的影展相當受歡迎，在歐洲這塊舊大陸的市場競爭力依舊是相當脆弱的。 / Since Cape No.7 was released in theaters in Taiwan, a new interest in local cinema was witnessed among Taiwanese audience. This movie represents the light at the end of the tunnel for Taiwan New Cinema after enduring a long period of “sadness”. When New Taiwan Cinema began in the 1980s, a few directors managed to be under the spotlights on the international scene, such as Edward Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, Tsai Ming-liang and Ang Lee. Hou Hsiao-hsien and Tsai Ming-liang have been particularly well received by the French public and the good reviews movie professionals and critics there gave them, probably helped their films to the point of enjoying some privileged collaboration. However, how is the situation nowadays, when it comes to newer directors’ productions, directors from the 2000s? This thesis aims to study the promotion of Taiwan Cinema in France firstly, through a field study during the internationally renowned Marché du Film de Cannes that takes place during the prestigious Film Festival of the same name and, secondly, by leading in-depth interviews with French films distributors. After reviewing Taiwan New Cinema background and understanding how Hou Hsiao-hsien and Tsai Ming-liang are still highly welcomed and respected in France, this study revealed that Taiwan Cinema that started to regain local attention doesn’t really attract French distributors’ anymore. Indeed, since 2008 and after the success of Cape No.7 in Taiwan, only two Taiwanese films that were not made by either Hou or Tsai have been distributed in France: Parking and No Puedo Vivir sin Ti. Observations of Taiwanese distributors and Taipei Film Commission at Le Marché du Film de Cannes revealed a lack of efforts to attract French or European buyers. Besides, Taiwan and Asian Cinema in general are facing a great opponent as French distributors are now being attracted to more emergent cinemas coming from South America and Africa. Furthermore, interviews with French distributors showed that the type of films French distributors were more likely to buy was a art house type of cinema that related to social issues in Taiwan as opposed to the rather commercial type of cinema that regain Taiwanese audience attention since 2008. Even though Taiwan New Cinema is still welcomed in some smaller scale film festivals, its future on the old continent seems fragile.

本研究係探討台灣電影之推廣策略，始自日治時期，自戰後開始，以十年為一個研究單位，將台灣電影先行區分成六個階段，分別是：日治時期(1895〜1945年)、政權更替初期(1945〜1959年)、成長的六○年代(1960〜1969年)、沸騰的七○年代(1970〜1979年)、轉折的八○年代(1980〜1989年)與衰退的九○年代(1990年〜)。 本研究希冀從每一階段的分析觀察台灣電影推廣策略之演變，並了解台灣社經變遷與電影政策變革對台灣電影推廣策略之影響，另外，也會透過實際個案探討台灣電影使用的推廣策略。 日治時期，台灣無論經濟或社會層面，都必須依附日本核心，從電影片源與人才培養而論，台灣市場便要倚靠東京、上海與好萊塢，在電影的製作、發行、映演方面也都要依賴日本人參與、指導或投資。另外，日本也深諳電影做為「政治宣傳」工具之重要性，藉由電影的巡迴放映來教育台灣人民，使之方便納入日本殖民統治體系。 國民政府遷台後，政府對於電影拍攝緊緊把持，以確保電影中闡釋的文化或思維符合官方意識型態，遂傾全力支持六○年代健康寫實主義製造出來的電影烏托邦或七○年代愛國政宣電影激起的反共、仇日情緒，在這樣的情況下，電影推廣不斷地被泛政治化。八○年代之後的台灣，解除戒嚴，並開放黨禁與報禁，電影創作愈益自由，卻因政策失當和片商短視，使得體質已然不良的台灣電影更顯搖搖欲墜，推廣倍受阻礙。 台灣電影推廣策略的形式變遷，主要是從「人際傳播」開始，繼之「大眾媒體」強化，至今「公關活動」盛行。在內容方面，「人際傳播」階段有巡迴映演隊、踩街、廣告人、三輪車等等，但仍以「報紙宣傳」為電影宣傳主力，是為使用最早且最廣泛的廣告媒體；迨六○、七○年代電視普及之後，「大眾媒體」較以往更加強化，「電視宣傳」開始大量露出；九○年代，因台灣電影式微，預算緊縮，舉辦公關活動如座談會、首映會、影展變得頻繁，業者更傾向使用較低成本的「議題操作」使電影本身因話題性吸引消費者注意，藉此獲得大量曝光。

台灣電影產業發展至今，經歷了查禁、控制、國際競爭等艱辛的階段，一直以來，本土產製的電影很少有出現轟轟烈烈的商業成績。所謂的「國片」縱有不少智慧財產的產出，往往亦盤旋於台灣電影市場邊陲，極難成為大眾消費者眼中的主流商品。由此可知，台灣電影人豐富的創意價值，雖然在本質上是由層層智慧財產緊扣而成，卻在電影市場中缺乏創新的營運機制，使得藝術文化與市場的配合失去平衡，總體效益不了了之。 　　一部電影，本質上往往仰賴各方面創意為基礎，而創意的具體化則該透過適當的法律制度，以「智慧財產 (Intellectual Property)」的形式呈現，並加以應用於商業策略之中。換句話說，「商業策略」才是電影創意能否在大眾市場發揮價值的主要概念。過分注重法律保護、政策支援；或過度將票房表現視為電影創意人的價值，恐非台灣本土電影起死回生的好方法。 　　2008年，被視為台灣電影奇蹟的《海角七號》以亮眼的票房紀錄讓眾多台灣電影圈的人士看見了未來的希望，然而《海角七號》的製作團隊本身卻沒有積極利用電影產出的智慧財產。之後，一系列本土電影接著《海角七號》之勢上檔，不僅票房結果差強人意，智慧財產的運用更是闕如。故本論文以《海角七號》為個案，分析各項電影智慧財產的產出與應用情況，以探究如此空前的票房與其智慧財產價值發揮的關聯性。 　　本論文亦以「智慧財產商品化 (Commercialization)」及「智慧財產行銷」的概念為基礎，探求國片當前面臨的智財商品化問題與可能調整的方向，最後結論各項發現，建立智財觀點下的「電影市場價值組成」與「階梯式電影價值產生模型」，嘗試為台灣建立創新的電影智慧財產行銷運用方式。 / In the past one hundred years, the development of Taiwan film industry has gone through many arduous and crucial stages, including politically planned prohibition, bridles from government, and global competition. Ever since then, there are hardly successful cases. The so-called "Taiwan Cinema" might provide very much IP (intellectual property) to the film industry; however, the value of IP could not be merchandised well at all. It's difficult to make the IP of "Taiwan Cinema" be consumed by audience or consumers. Today, the creativity of Taiwan cinema production is absolutely sufficient, and properly conjugated to IP, nevertheless, the realization of creativity value still fails to get the balance between art, culture and marketability. A "movie" intrinsically consists of multiple creativity, and which is concretized with legal system to make intellectual property rights (IPR) come into being. And then, the IP can be applied to business strategies. Therefore, the business strategies ought to be critical to the IP value in mass market. In other words, paying to much attention on the legal protection and administrative policies may not be proper. In 2008, the movie "Cape No. 7" achieved many expectations of many people. Despite the demolished box office records, the film production team seems not to actively commercialize the IP from this movie, and so do many Taiwan cinemas after "Cape No. 7". In order to clarify the commercial relationship between the box office performance and the value of IP application, this study is going to discuss the situation of IP commercialization of movie "Cape No. 7". On the other sides, this study will also point out the challenges Taiwan film industry is just undergoing at present, and try to provide appropriate suggestion based on the views of IP commercialization and IP marketing. Finally, this study will conclude the findings and comments to establish the “Compositions of Market Value of Films with Value Generation Model” and innovative means of IP operation in Taiwan film industry.

本研究目的是從電影敘事和互文理論的角度去了解台灣電影預告片的風格模式為何？以好萊塢電影預告片為參照點，了解台灣電影預告片操作什麼元素來吸引觀眾？與好萊塢電影預告片有何差異？更重要的是透過研究者對台灣電影預告片剪接師的訪談資料，了解台灣電影預告片的產製環境和流程，完整了解台灣電影預告的生成，並試圖發現可能有的台灣電影預告片模式。 　　本研究以2000年至2010年國片票房前十名為研究樣本，首先依據製作規模與資金來源等將十部影片分成三類，並依據好萊塢電影預告片模式特徵，將文本分成敘事、視覺文本、聽覺文本、明星等四元素，分析三類別的預告特徵。 　　研究結果發現，不同的製作規模會影響台灣電影預告片風格，有國際資金與國際團隊規模製作的準好萊塢電影預告片，模式特徵與好萊塢電影預告片相似，重場面、類型、明星等，強而有力的視覺呈現是其重點與賣點；有亞洲資金與兩岸三地團隊製作的類好萊塢電影預告片，預告片的剪接技巧特徵仿效好萊塢預告片的同時，將場面和明星的不足，轉移到以衝突和人物為中心，故事輪廓漸浮現。 　　只有本土資金和傳統台灣電影手工業製作條件的演化中的台式電影預告片，呈現出明顯不同的電影預告片特色，此類別以故事來包裝，從本土出發，放入象徵台灣的符號、語言，並且嘗試不同技法來填補場面、類型、明星的不足，像是電影主題曲、大量演員、字卡、各大影展獎項等，利用其他元素來強化影片豐富度，敘事與聽覺變成揮灑創意的文本，補足視覺文本的不足。 　　本研究預期藉由台灣電影預告片的文本分析和產製端的訪問，形塑出台灣電影預告片的風格，並且進一步找到適合台灣電影預告片發展模式，增加台灣電影預告片整體效益。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate styles of Taiwanese movie trailers from the film narrative and intertextual perspectives. First of all, we need to determine elements used in Taiwanese movie trailers and what differences these elements have in comparison with those in Hollywood movie trailers. Moreover, we have to understand conditions and processes of producing those trailers by interviewing trailer editors in Taiwan. By doing so, we will be able to categorize different types of Taiwanese movie trailers. Based on four major elements of Hollywood movie trailers, namely, narration, visual, audio and stars, the study finds that there are three types of trailers in Taiwan cinema: Quasi-Hollywood trailers, Hollywood-like trailers, and Taiwan local movie trailers. It is hoped that the study findings might help Taiwan cinema to maximize effects of its movie trailers.

有鑑於台灣市場狹小，本地電影公司較難自給自足，基於台灣電影產業未來永續發展的前提下，應積極拓展海外市場，獲取利潤以支撐本地產業。然而由於台灣本土電影長期票房低落，美商八大發行系統基於商業考量，較不願發行國片，因此台灣電影通常選擇獨立發行公司或代理商協助進入市場。而前述拓展海外市場之最佳管道為「國際影視市場展」。透過市場展以爭取發行之優勢在於其經費成本較低、參與集會成員廣且眾，適合預算與知名度較低、題材較不商業的台灣電影爭取曝光進而取得國際發行管道。基於以上背景，本研究以台灣電影於「國際影視市場展」中爭取國際發行與販賣海外版權為主題，以通路理論為基礎，經由針對「2009年釜山亞洲電影市場展」與「2010年香港影視市場展」兩項活動進行實地考察並訪談與會者，同時選擇《刺陵》與《父後七日》兩部台灣參展電影做為研究個案，訪談負責該片國際發行與版權銷售的電影工作者，以瞭解並分析評估個案在國際發行與國際市場展活動、交易的策略及執行成效。 本研究發現：第一，華語電影在國際市場的發展，由於卡司、語言文化，與影像風格等因素而有所侷限，宜將重心先著力於華語市場，再依序拓及亞洲市場與非亞洲市場將較符合經濟效益；第二，台灣電影的風格、題材等因素是台灣電影在國際接受度不高的主因，而台灣電影人口市場狹小加上長期以來票房不佳，導致投資方信心不足，則相當程度侷限本土電影的拍片規模。儘管台灣電影現階段規模較小，但仍可透過強化故事內容、題材層次等方式來拍攝品質精良的中、小型電影，再透過有效的宣傳包裝來塑造電影形象；第三、台灣缺乏類型電影，導致操作空間與可行銷性低，若未來選擇走藝術電影類型，將面臨藝術電影市場競爭激烈，以及亟需提昇藝術層次的問題。最後，就國際發行策略而言，若能從電影主題與劇本開始就鎖定目標市場，再根據市場偏好修正製作方向，進而藉由參與國際市場展、影展等途徑爭取曝光，將是台灣電影突破海外銷售瓶頸的良方。