Customs and foreign trade regulations are made to regulate import and export activities. The majority of these regulations are applied on import procedures. The country of origin and the tariff code become important when determining the tax amount of the merchandise in importation. Anti-dumping duty is defined as a financial penalty, published by the Ministry of Economy, enforced for suspiciously low priced imports in order to protect the local industry from unfair competition. It is accrued according to tariff code and the country of origin. To avoid such an obligation in order to not to pay tax, a tariff code that is different from the original tariff code may be declared on the customs declaration which is called as &quot / Tariff Code Circumvention&quot / . To identify such misdeclarations, a physical examination of the merchandise is required. However, with limited personnel resources, the physical examination of all imported merchandise is not possible. In this study, a data mining framework is developed on Turkish customs database in order to detect &ldquo / Tariff Code Circumvention&rdquo / . For this purpose, four types of products, which are the most circumvented goods in the Turkish customs, have been chosen. First, with the help of Risk Analysis Office, the significant features are identified. Then, Infogain algorithm is used for ranking these features. Finally, KNN algorithm is applied on the Turkish customs database in order to identify the circumvented goods automatically. The results show that the framework is able to find such circumvented goods successfully.

Det har på senare tid uppmärksammats att svenska fastighetsbolag paketerar näringsfastigheter i svenska handelsbolag med utländska juridiska personer som delägare. Detta fenomen är ett skatteupplägg som kallas för handelsbolagslösningen. I uppsatsen utgår vi från ett typfall där delägarna i det svenska handelsbolaget är nederländska juridiska personer. Skatteupplägget inbegriper tre transaktionsled, där det första ledet innebär att ett säljande svenskt aktiebolag underprisöverlåter en näringsfastighet till det svenska handelsbolaget. Det andra ledet är att de nederländska delägarna avyttrar sina andelar i det svenska handelsbolaget samt fastigheten, det vill säga fastighetspaketet, till ett utomstående köpande aktiebolag i Sverige. Slutligen, efter köpet, likviderar det köpande aktiebolaget handelsbolaget och skiftar ut fastigheten till sig. Problematiken kring skatteupplägget handelsbolagslösningen är att det svenska aktiebolaget har tillgodoräknat sig fastighetens dolda värde, utan skattekonsekvenser, genom en förvärvad skattefri utdelning från de nederländska delägarbolagen. Det köpande aktiebolaget har samtidigt erhållit kapitalförlustavdrag i Sverige, som innebär att förlusten kan kvittas mot motsvarande kapitalvinster inom bolaget, och därmed minskas det skattemässiga underlaget. I samband med fastigheters långa avskrivningsperiod får dessa paketeringar stor ekonomisk betydelse. Frågan som uppstår är huruvida handelsbolagslösningen är lagenlig. Utifrån en rättsdogmatiskmetod behandlar vi problematiken genom en stegvis bedömning av transaktionerna. I samband med första steget i handelsbolagslösningen behandlar vi huruvida överlåtelsen av fastigheten från det säljande svenska aktiebolaget till det svenska handelsbolaget uppfyller villkoren för en kvalificerad underprisöverlåtelse. Vi finner att underprisöverlåtelsen är kvalificerad och att uttagsbeskattning således inte inträder. I det andra steget uppkommer frågan om de nederländska delägarbolagen blir skatteskyldiga i Sverige för den kapitalvinst som uppkommer på de avyttrade andelarna i det svenska handelsbolaget. Utifrån förutsättningar och resonemang i rättsfall, kommer vi fram till att det inte föreligger någon skatteskyldighet i Sverige för de nederländska delägarna. I det tredje steget och sista steget ställs vi inför frågan om det köpande svenska aktiebolaget i samband med upplösningen av det svenska handelsbolaget har rätt att dra av den kapitalförlust som uppstår på andelarna. Bedömningen sker utifrån om förlusten kan anses vara verklig eller inte. Med stöd av praxis anser vi att kapitalförlusten är verklig och därmed avdragsgill. I vår rättsutredning av de tre olika transaktionsleden, finner vi att dessa följer gällande rätt. Med beaktande av detta anser vi det vara av vikt att undersöka huruvida skatteflyktslagen kan tillämpas på typfallet. Med stöd av gällande rätt bör skatteflyktslagen inte bli tillämplig på det köpande svenska aktiebolagets taxering. Vi klargör istället om skatteflyktslagen kan angripa det säljande svenska aktiebolaget. I vår utredning finner vi att skatteflyktslagen inte är tillämplig på handelsbolagslösningen så som den artar sig i typfallet. Detta med stöd av vår gjorda rättsutredning samt de spekulationer som finns på området. Vår slutsats är att det blir svårt att angripa de fastighetsbolag som har utnyttjat handelsbolagslösningen, åtminstone utifrån den konstruktion som föreligger i typfallet. Utifall det är lagstiftarens intention att förhindra denna typ av skatteupplägg, är det upp till denne att komma med ny lagstiftning som tar fasta på problematiken. / Swedish real estate companies have attracted a lot of attention by packaging industrial real estate in general partnership companies that are owned by foreign legal entities. This tax arrangement is a phenomenon that is referred to as the general partnership solution. In this thesis, we use a case example in which the partners in the Swedish general partnership are legal entities with Dutch nationality. The tax arrangement includes three transaction phases, where the first involves an under priced transfer of a commercial real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company to the Swedish general partnership. In the second phase, the Dutch partners trade their shares in the Swedish general partnership including the real estate to an external buying private limited company in Sweden. After the trade the buying Swedish private limited company liquidates the general partnership and transfer the real estate from the general partnership to itself. As a result of this tax arrangement a complex problematic arises when the Swedish private limited company obtain the hidden value in the real estate by receiving tax-free dividends from the Dutch partner companies. The buying Swedish private limited company simultaneously receive capital deficit tax deductions in Sweden, which means that losses can be settled by corresponding capital profits within the company, consequently reducing their tax base. The long depreciation period of real estates means that packaging represents great economical significance. The question that arises is whether the general partnership solution is consistent with Swedish law. Based on a juridical dogmatic method, we consider this complex of problems by means of a systematic assessment of the discussed transactions. In the first step of the general partnership solution, we consider whether the transfer of real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company fulfils the conditions for a qualified under priced transfer. We find that the under priced transfer is qualified, and therefore withdrawal taxation does not occur. In the second step, the arising question is whether the Dutch partner companies become liable for taxation in Sweden for capital profit generated from the disposed shares in the Swedish general partnership. According to the prerequisites and reasoning in legal cases, we find that tax liability in Sweden does not arise for the Dutch partners. In the third and final step, we are faced with the question whether the buying Swedish private limited company has the legal right to deduct the capital loss that results from the Swedish general partnership resolution. The assessment is based on whether the loss can be considered genuine. In accordance with case law we regard the capital loss genuine and therefore tax-deductible. In our legal inquiry we conclude that the three different transaction phases comply with Swedish law. Considering this, we find it imperative to examine whether the Swedish tax evasion law can apply in the case example. By virtue of domestic law, it is not probable that the tax evasion law can apply on the buying Swedish private limited company’s taxation. In regards to the seller’s taxation, we clarify whether the tax evasion law can be applicable concerning the selling Swedish private limited company. We find that the tax evasion law is not applicable in the general partnership solution, in the form that it has in the case example. We support this statement with reference to our legal inquiry and referring to some speculations on the subject. Our conclusion is that it would be difficult to deal with the real estate companies that have made use of the general partnership solution, at least in the construction that exists in the case example. It is up to the legislator to decide on whether to prevent this type of tax arrangement or not.

<p>Det har på senare tid uppmärksammats att svenska fastighetsbolag paketerar näringsfastigheter i svenska handelsbolag med utländska juridiska personer som delägare. Detta fenomen är ett skatteupplägg som kallas för handelsbolagslösningen. I uppsatsen utgår vi från ett typfall där delägarna i det svenska handelsbolaget är nederländska juridiska personer. Skatteupplägget inbegriper tre transaktionsled, där det första ledet innebär att ett säljande svenskt aktiebolag underprisöverlåter en näringsfastighet till det svenska handelsbolaget. Det andra ledet är att de nederländska delägarna avyttrar sina andelar i det svenska handelsbolaget samt fastigheten, det vill säga fastighetspaketet, till ett utomstående köpande aktiebolag i Sverige. Slutligen, efter köpet, likviderar det köpande aktiebolaget handelsbolaget och skiftar ut fastigheten till sig. Problematiken kring skatteupplägget handelsbolagslösningen är att det svenska aktiebolaget har tillgodoräknat sig fastighetens dolda värde, utan skattekonsekvenser, genom en förvärvad skattefri utdelning från de nederländska delägarbolagen. Det köpande aktiebolaget har samtidigt erhållit kapitalförlustavdrag i Sverige, som innebär att förlusten kan kvittas mot motsvarande kapitalvinster inom bolaget, och därmed minskas det skattemässiga underlaget. I samband med fastigheters långa avskrivningsperiod får dessa paketeringar stor ekonomisk betydelse. Frågan som uppstår är huruvida handelsbolagslösningen är lagenlig. Utifrån en rättsdogmatiskmetod behandlar vi problematiken genom en stegvis bedömning av transaktionerna.</p><p>I samband med första steget i handelsbolagslösningen behandlar vi huruvida överlåtelsen av fastigheten från det säljande svenska aktiebolaget till det svenska handelsbolaget uppfyller villkoren för en kvalificerad underprisöverlåtelse. Vi finner att underprisöverlåtelsen är kvalificerad och att uttagsbeskattning således inte inträder. I det andra steget uppkommer frågan om de nederländska delägarbolagen blir skatteskyldiga i Sverige för den kapitalvinst som uppkommer på de avyttrade andelarna i det svenska handelsbolaget. Utifrån förutsättningar och resonemang i rättsfall, kommer vi fram till att det inte föreligger någon skatteskyldighet i Sverige för de nederländska delägarna. I det tredje steget och sista steget ställs vi inför frågan om det köpande svenska aktiebolaget i samband med upplösningen av det svenska handelsbolaget har rätt att dra av den kapitalförlust som uppstår på andelarna. Bedömningen sker utifrån om förlusten kan anses vara verklig eller inte. Med stöd av praxis anser vi att kapitalförlusten är verklig och därmed avdragsgill.</p><p>I vår rättsutredning av de tre olika transaktionsleden, finner vi att dessa följer gällande rätt. Med beaktande av detta anser vi det vara av vikt att undersöka huruvida skatteflyktslagen kan tillämpas på typfallet. Med stöd av gällande rätt bör skatteflyktslagen inte bli tillämplig på det köpande svenska aktiebolagets taxering. Vi klargör istället om skatteflyktslagen kan angripa det säljande svenska aktiebolaget. I vår utredning finner vi att skatteflyktslagen inte är tillämplig på handelsbolagslösningen så som den artar sig i typfallet. Detta med stöd av vår gjorda rättsutredning samt de spekulationer som finns på området.</p><p>Vår slutsats är att det blir svårt att angripa de fastighetsbolag som har utnyttjat handelsbolagslösningen, åtminstone utifrån den konstruktion som föreligger i typfallet. Utifall det är lagstiftarens intention att förhindra denna typ av skatteupplägg, är det upp till denne att komma med ny lagstiftning som tar fasta på problematiken.</p> / <p>Swedish real estate companies have attracted a lot of attention by packaging industrial real estate in general partnership companies that are owned by foreign legal entities. This tax arrangement is a phenomenon that is referred to as the general partnership solution. In this thesis, we use a case example in which the partners in the Swedish general partnership are legal entities with Dutch nationality. The tax arrangement includes three transaction phases, where the first involves an under priced transfer of a commercial real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company to the Swedish general partnership. In the second phase, the Dutch partners trade their shares in the Swedish general partnership including the real estate to an external buying private limited company in Sweden. After the trade the buying Swedish private limited company liquidates the general partnership and transfer the real estate from the general partnership to itself. As a result of this tax arrangement a complex problematic arises when the Swedish private limited company obtain the hidden value in the real estate by receiving tax-free dividends from the Dutch partner companies. The buying Swedish private limited company simultaneously receive capital deficit tax deductions in Sweden, which means that losses can be settled by corresponding capital profits within the company, consequently reducing their tax base. The long depreciation period of real estates means that packaging represents great economical significance. The question that arises is whether the general partnership solution is consistent with Swedish law. Based on a juridical dogmatic method, we consider this complex of problems by means of a systematic assessment of the discussed transactions.</p><p>In the first step of the general partnership solution, we consider whether the transfer of real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company fulfils the conditions for a qualified under priced transfer. We find that the under priced transfer is qualified, and therefore withdrawal taxation does not occur.</p><p>In the second step, the arising question is whether the Dutch partner companies become liable for taxation in Sweden for capital profit generated from the disposed shares in the Swedish general partnership. According to the prerequisites and reasoning in legal cases, we find that tax liability in Sweden does not arise for the Dutch partners. In the third and final step, we are faced with the question whether the buying Swedish private limited company has the legal right to deduct the capital loss that results from the Swedish general partnership resolution. The assessment is based on whether the loss can be considered genuine. In accordance with case law we regard the capital loss genuine and therefore tax-deductible.</p><p>In our legal inquiry we conclude that the three different transaction phases comply with Swedish law. Considering this, we find it imperative to examine whether the Swedish tax evasion law can apply in the case example. By virtue of domestic law, it is not probable that the tax evasion law can apply on the buying Swedish private limited company’s taxation. In regards to the seller’s taxation, we clarify whether the tax evasion law can be applicable concerning the selling Swedish private limited company. We find that the tax evasion law is not applicable in the general partnership solution, in the form that it has in the case example. We support this statement with reference to our legal inquiry and referring to some speculations on the subject.</p><p>Our conclusion is that it would be difficult to deal with the real estate companies that have made use of the general partnership solution, at least in the construction that exists in the case example. It is up to the legislator to decide on whether to prevent this type of tax arrangement or not.</p>

Tax evasion has been happening for decades, but after the highly publicized cases with two foreign banks, LGT and UBS, the United States (US) is cracking down on tax evaders. The latest addition to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)’s repertoire of enforcement tools is the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, otherwise known as FATCA. The Act was enacted to incentivize tax information release by foreign financial institutions (FFIs) who would otherwise face a 30% withholding tax on any US source income. The question was whether or not the design of the Act and its implementation successfully met this goal. This paper explores the history leading up to FATCA’s creation, beginning from the basic data underlying tax evasion. With the US losing approximately $100 billion a year of tax revenue, the IRS is keen on reducing the money flow out of the US. It will dig deeper into the facts of the LGT and UBS cases which led to Congress’s realization that their other enforcement mechanisms were not sufficient and describe FATCA’s unintended impact. Through researching articles on the predicted impact of FATCA, surveys of FFIs, testimonials from US citizens, this paper will explain how FATCA has unfortunately detrimentally impacted FFIs and US citizens living abroad.

This paper describes and analyzes the configuration, the normative regulation and assumptions of tax avoidance and its differentiation from tax evasion, current regulations on matters related to tax avoidance, disputes relating to this figure due supported, the impact of international tax avoidance through tax havens figure, the way our country aims to combat this figure and finally propose suggestions for improving the anti-elusive regulations in order not to infringe against the taxpayer and any proper legal regulation. / En el presente ensayo se exponen y analizan la configuración, la regulación normativa y los supuestos de la elusión tributaria, así como su diferenciación con la evasión tributaria, la normatividad actual sobre materias vinculadas a la elusión tributaria, las controversias en relación a esta figura debidamente sustentadas, el impacto de la elusión tributaria a nivel internacional a través de la figura de los paraísos fiscales, la manera cómo nuestro país pretende combatir esta figura y, finalmente, planteamos propuestas de mejora a la normatividad anti-elusiva a fin que no se atente contra el contribuyente y exista una adecuada regulación jurídica.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tratou de analisar a prática do crime de evasão de divisas como uma possível estratégia das organizações criminosas. A análise empírica deu-se, em especial, pela leitura de acórdãos – para os quais se utilizou do programa de análise de dados sociais qualitativos NVivo8 – e ementas (espécies de resumos) do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região, pela realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros do Judiciário Federal e do Ministério Público Federal, e pela observação das operações especiais realizadas pela Polícia Federal, cujas informações foram complementadas pela busca de informações na internet em sítios de notícias e de instituições governamentais. A leitura das legislações trazidas no decorrer do trabalho também serviu de subsídio para as considerações finais. Passando pelas concepções primeiras a respeito do que se entenderia por crime e criminoso de colarinho branco, buscou-se fazer uma análise, considerando o âmbito brasileiro e o período de vigência da Lei n. 7.492/86, que trata dos crimes contra o Sistema Financeiro Nacional – estando, dentre eles, a evasão. Tal estudo pretendeu identificar as eventuais dissonâncias entre as características de outrora – do delito e delinquente de colarinho branco – e as atuais, apontando para a ampliação do perfil outrora traçado por Edwin H. Sutherland. No que tange às razões e consequência da criminalização de evasão de divisas, procedeu-se à análise da necessidade de proteção da sociedade por intermédio de uma norma penal. Nessa esteira, enveredou-se por questionamentos acerca das fragilidades sociais e institucionais, da integração, da impunidade e da morosidade judicial, bem como das estratégias de combate à criminalidade econômica. O exame realizado conduziu ao entendimento de que a evasão de divisas ocorre, não raramente, conjuntamente com outros delitos e com o crime organizado, podendo ser utilizada – ainda que não o tenha sido, comprovadamente – como elemento estratégico para a sustentação de organizações criminosas. / The present Master‟s thesis analyzed the criminal practice of tax evasion as a strategy possibly used by criminal organizations. Empirical analysis was made mainly through the reading of sentences, for which I used the NVivo8 software (for qualitative social data analysis), and summaries (ementas) of the TRF 4ª R., through semi-structured interviews with members of the Federal Judiciary and of the Federal Public Ministry. And finally, through the observation of special operations performed by the Federal Police, of which information was complemented by data found on news and governmental institutions websites on the Internet. For the final considerations, I used as a foundation the legislation mentioned in the course of the work. Starting with initial concepts as to what people would understand as a crime and the white-collar criminal, I built an analysis that takes into account the Brazilian scope and the validity period of Act n. 7.492/86, which deals with crimes against the National Financial System – among them, evasion. Such research intends to identify any inconsistencies between the former characteristics – of delinquency and the white-collar delinquent – and the actual characteristics, pointing at the enlargement of the profile once defined by Edwin H. Sutherland. Regarding the reasons and the consequence of the tax evasion criminalization, I move forward, analyzing the necessity of protecting society through criminal regulation. In this context, I bring questions about social and institutional fragilities, of integration, impunity and judicial slowness, as well as questions about the strategies to combat economic crimes. The performed exam led to the understanding that tax evasion happens, not rarely, along with other transgressions and organized crime, and it is subject to be used, even though not proved, as a strategic element for sustaining criminal organizations.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 AlexanderNogueiraXavier2006.pdf.jpg: 16199 bytes, checksum: 7e5c53aa50f1bc2915a851fc1d76536c (MD5) AlexanderNogueiraXavier2006.pdf.txt: 208298 bytes, checksum: 885cc52af9e166f74b00a5e3080f363f (MD5) AlexanderNogueiraXavier2006.pdf: 610563 bytes, checksum: a887aab5347b3ba40413ae91db1df52c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-01-20T00:00:00Z / A coordenação entre política monetária e política fiscal é negligenciada por boa parte da literatura econômica. Entretanto, as imbricadas relações entre elas podem trazer elementos novos à análise. Em particular, a necessidade de equalização das contas públicas impõe importantes restrições sobre a condução da política monetária. Nesses termos, o problema da evasão fiscal, conquanto associado tipicamente à esfera fiscal, traz efeitos não desprezíveis à esfera monetária, limitando a ação estabilizadora dos bancos centrais. A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o efeito da evasão fiscal na condução da política monetária sob diferentes regimes monetários, num contexto em que o banco central e a autoridade fiscal interagem estrategicamente, cooperativamente ou não. Dentre os resultados obtidos, mostra-se que a inflação é afetada pela proporção de impostos evadidos, mas que esse efeito é limitado pelo grau de independência do banco central. / The coordination between fiscal and monetary policy has been neglected by an important part of the economic literature. However, the complex relationships among these two fields might shed new lights on economic policy analysis. Specifically, the need for public account equalization imposes important constraints on monetary policy management. Against that background, the problem of fiscal evasion, while typically linked to the fiscal sphere, causes non-negligible effects on the monetary sphere, thus limiting central bank’s power on stabilization policy. This thesis has the objective of analyzing the consequence of fiscal evasion on monetary policy management under different monetary regimes, in a context where the central bank and the fiscal authority may interact strategically or not. Results show that inflation is affected by the proportion of tax evaded, but this effect is constrained by the degree of central bank independence.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Patricia Ferreira.pdf.jpg: 2199 bytes, checksum: 7b8b4ddf3e6d818263c9d319263f17c7 (MD5) Patricia Ferreira.pdf.txt: 95375 bytes, checksum: 7a2f2b8ed2cf8afa5b1ab79354abd7ca (MD5) license.txt: 4712 bytes, checksum: 4dea6f7333914d9740702a2deb2db217 (MD5) Patricia Ferreira.pdf: 232975 bytes, checksum: 8259fb5ca646fd285ddbf76df357b07b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14T00:00:00Z / This paper aims at measuring the collection capacity of two Brazilian Tax Programs named Nota Fiscal Paulista (Sao Paulo’s invoice) and Nota Fiscal Alagoana (Alagoas’ invoice), unveiled by Sao Paulo and Alagoas states, with the goal of reduce companies’ fiscal evasion by stimulating individuals to ask for their invoices when purchasing goods. This paper addresses empirically what influences shadow economies, with the intention to determine the driving forces towards a lower fiscal evasion in Brazil. Program results for Sao Paulo show the rise of approximately 20% in the fiscal revenue. Alagoas analysis is inconclusive probably due to short time period enrolled. Our empirical analysis indicates strong evidence that the program has capacity to raise fiscal revenue in approximately 12% in comparison of the beginning of that program. It is important to emphasize that related costs to the implementation of the program with rebate, wages and systems, were not analyzed. Those imply in the reduction of positive outcomes of this program. / Este trabalho visa medir a eficiência dos Programas da Nota Fiscal Paulista e Alagoana, implantados pelo estados de São Paulo e Alagoas, com o objetivo de reduzir a informalidade das empresas por meio de estímulo aos indivíduos que solicitam o comprovante fiscal na compra. Além da análise empírica, são citados trabalhos desenvolvidos na área e particularidades do sistema de arrecadação brasileiro, que justificam a escolha da sonegação por parte dos indivíduos e das empresas, de forma a fundamentar e direcionar as condutas a serem seguidas na busca de uma menor informalidade. O resultado do programa adotado no estado de São Paulo indica o crescimento de aproximadamente 20% na arrecadação deste estado. Em contrapartida a análise dos dados de Alagoas ainda é inconclusiva, muito provavelmente por termos poucos meses de vigência no programa. Na análise conjunta dos estados, parece haver forte evidência de que o programa é capaz de aumentar a arrecadação estadual, tendo em vista o crescimento da ordem de 12% em relação ao nível de arrecadação destes estados no momento de implementação do programa. É importante destacar que os custos envolvidos na implementação do programa com repasse, pessoal e sistemas, não foram analisados. Os mesmos implicam na redução dos ganhos observados com a aplicação do programa.

Submitted by Roberta Lorenzon (roberta.lorenzon@fgv.br) on 2011-06-01T12:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100020.pdf: 1461341 bytes, checksum: 821a0b027398efed81ec57d52f2a3263 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-01T12:18:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100020.pdf: 1461341 bytes, checksum: 821a0b027398efed81ec57d52f2a3263 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-01T12:19:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100020.pdf: 1461341 bytes, checksum: 821a0b027398efed81ec57d52f2a3263 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-01T12:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 65080100020.pdf: 1461341 bytes, checksum: 821a0b027398efed81ec57d52f2a3263 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-08 / As perspectivas do mercado internacional de biocombustíveis colocam o Brasil como grande protagonista na difusão da utilização do etanol, produzido a partir da cana-de-açúcar, graças à sua competitividade e às crescentes preocupações relacionadas ao aquecimento global. Para que se possa conduzir esse processo, é preciso, necessariamente, cuidar da estratégia para a sustentabilidade da matriz energética brasileira, que serve de exemplo para os outros países. As constantes oscilações nos preços do etanol combustível, a carga tributária e a falta de tratamento equânime nas unidades da federação são fatores que podem ser considerados críticos para a expansão da demanda interna do etanol. Nesse sentido, as recentes modificações introduzidas na regulamentação da produção e comercialização do etanol combustível buscam a redução da volatilidade de preços, a flexibilidade na oferta do produto e a criação de ambiente que permita aos produtores de etanol a proteção do seu fluxo de caixa nos mercados futuros da BM&FBovespa. A carga tributária é fator motivador para a adulteração e para a manutenção da evasão fiscal. A evolução do tratamento tributário, independentemente da redução da carga tributária, indica que, a exemplo do que ocorre na tributação da gasolina, a centralização nos produtores, nas cooperativas e na empresa de comercialização de etanol, é o passo necessário para a redução da adulteração e da evasão fiscal que ainda são encontradas nesse segmento. / The biofuel international market perspectives put Brazil in the main role of dissemination of the use of ethanol, produced from sugar cane, thanks to its competitiveness and the increasing concern related to global warning. In order to lead this process, it is necessary to care for the sustainability of the Brazilian energy mix, which is a model for other countries. The constant price variation, the amount of taxes and its mishandling by the states can be considered critical factors for the domestic expansion of ethanol demand. In this context, the recent introduced modification in the ethanol production and trading regulation aims to reduce the price variation, to improve flexibility in the product offer, to create an environment that allows cash flow protection to the ethanol producers in the futures markets in the BM&FBovespa. The amount of taxes is a motivating factor for adulterated fuel and tax evasion. The evolution of the tax treatment, regardless the reduction in the amount of taxes, means that, as it happens with the gasoline taxation, the centralization in the producers, cooperatives and ethanol trading companies are the necessary step to reduce adulterated fuel and tax evasion that can still be found in this segment.

Para responder à indagação do que pretende o Estado com a criminalização das infrações tributárias a doutrina que se dedicou à análise desta espécie de crimes sustentou ser o fim da norma a proteção de um bem jurídico. Partindo-se dessa premissa foram tecidas inúmeras definições para o objeto de tutela daqueles delitos. Reconhecendo o problema decorrente desta indefinição, este estudo propõe avaliar a importância do bem jurídico na dogmática penal, seus contornos atuais e a sua aplicabilidade. Diante deste cenário, se torna possível vislumbrar o porquê da busca de um objeto de tutela e os critérios adequados à sua identificação. A partir destas ferramentas, passa-se ao levantamento crítico dos fundamentos e definições já sugeridos pela doutrina nacional e internacional, culminando em uma proposta alternativa que se entende coerente com as inafastáveis exigências constitucionais. Por fim, com o fito de reforçar a posição assumida e salientar suas vantagens, são abordados determinados pontos controversos no direito penal tributário a partir da perspectiva do bem jurídico proposto, as primeiras contribuições que um novo fundamento pode oferecer na releitura do atual sistema punitivo brasileiro em matéria fiscal. / To answer the question of what the State intends to do with the criminalization of tax evasion the penal doctrine argued that the objective of the law could only be the protection of a legal good. In accord to this premise, the academic texts pointed numerous definitions for the violated object in tax crimes. Recognizing the problem, this study proposes to assess the importance of the legal good in dogmatic, its contours and its current applicability. In this scenario, it is possible to discern why the search for an object of protection and criteria for their identification is so important. With these tools, the dissertation passes to the survey and critique of the foundations and definitions suggested by the national and international doctrine, culminating in an alternative proposal appropriate and consistent with constitutional requirements. Finally, with the aim of strengthening the position taken in previous topics and highlight its advantages, are discussed certain controversial issues in tax criminal law from the perspective of the legal good proposed. The analysis focuses at the first contributions that can provide a new grounding in the current Brazilian punitive system.