本研究旨在以國中導師信念、班級經營策略與班級經營效能之關聯作實證性之研究。具體而言，本研究欲瞭解：（1）國中導師信念、班級經營策略及班級經營效能的現況。（2）國中導師信念及班級經營策略在導師背景變項上之差異程度。（3）國中導師信念、班級經營策略與班級經營效能的相關程度。（4）國中導師班級經營策略與效能在導師性別及信念上之差異程度。（5）各變項對國中導師班級經營效能的預測力。 本研究之研究對象為桃園縣公立國中導師及學生，以「國中導師信念及班級經營策略量表」、「國中學生反應意見量表」為工具進行研究。預試有效導師樣本95份、有效學生樣本149份，以次數分析、因素分析、相關分析、信度分析等方法，分析研究信度與效度。正式施測的有效導師樣本183份、有效學生樣本1113份，分別以描述分析、t考驗、單因子變異數、二因子變異數、積差相關分析、逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行研究分析。本研究重要發現如下： 一、「導師職責信念」與「學校地區」、「年齡」、「婚姻狀況」、「導師年資」等變項達顯著差異。 二、「開明領導信念」與「婚姻狀況」達顯著差異。 三、「班級經營策略」分別與「導師年資」、「任教年級」達顯著差異。 四、「班級經營策略」分別與「導師職責信念」、「開明領導信念」成正相關。 五、「班級經營效能」分別與「導師職責信念」、「開明領導信念」成正相關。 六、「班級經營效能」與「班級經營策略」成正相關。 七、在威權管理與消極防堵信念方面女性導師的班級經營效能優於男性導師。 八、「任教年級」、「團隊合作策略」、「學校規模」三變項對班級經營效能具有預測力。 本研究根據研究結果提出建議，以提供中小學教師、中小學校、教育行政機關、師資培育機構及未來研究者之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships among classroom management beliefs,strategies and efficiency of hoomroom teachers in junior high schools. The Subjects in this research are 183 teachers and 1113 students in Tao-Yuan County's junior high schools.The statistic methods used in this research include: descriptive analysis, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, product-moment correlation, etc.The findings are as follow: 1.Significant differences existed among "Schools' location", "Age", "Marriage status" and "Years of being teachers" for "Tutor-charge belief" . 2.Significant differences existed between "Marriage status" and "Open-minded leadership belief". 3.Significant differences existed among "Years of being teachers" and "The grade the teachers teach" for classroom management strategies. 4.Significant positive correlation among "Tutor-charge belief and "Open-minded leadership belief for classroom management strategies. 5.Significant positive correlation among 'Tutor-charge belief and "Open-minded leadership belief for classroom management efficiency. 6.Significant positive correlation between "Classroom management strategies" and "Classroom management efficiency". 7.As to "authoritive-management belief and "negative -prevention belief , female teachers' management efficiency are higher than male teachers' management efficiency. 8.The best predictors for classroom management efficiency are "The grade the teachers teach", "Co-operation strategy", and "The scale of the school" . Based on the results of this study, to make some suggestions for educational administration, the elementary and high schools, the teachers in elementary and high schools and future study.

Depuis quelques années, plusieurs didacticiens du français se penchent sur l’enseignement et l’évaluation de l’oral, mais peu d’informations sont encore disponibles concernant les pratiques effectives des enseignants à cet égard. Notre recherche vise à décrire les croyances de deux enseignants de français au secondaire et leurs pratiques au sujet de l’évaluation de l’oral, plus particulièrement de l’oral dans une situation d’interaction entre pairs. Une entrevue dirigée a permis d’avoir accès à leurs croyances et à leurs pratiques déclarées, alors que le think-aloud a été employé pour observer leur pratique d’évaluation, à l’étape du jugement, d’une situation d’interaction entre pairs. Nos résultats montrent que, du point de vue de leurs croyances, les enseignants ont tous deux des préoccupations concernant les tâches et les instruments d’évaluation, et que leurs pratiques d’évaluation déclarées sont assez semblables en ce qui a trait aux tâches retenues, à leur fréquence et à l’intention poursuivie. Du côté de leurs pratiques d’évaluation observées à l’étape du jugement, nous exposons de façon détaillée les gestes d’enseignants en situation authentique, en identifiant les principaux processus cognitifs et métacognitifs impliqués dans cette tâche complexe. Des divergences entre les deux enseignants ont été observées relativement à leurs croyances, pratiques déclarées et pratiques observées durant le jugement. Tout d’abord, les critères retenus pour l’évaluation (pratique déclarée) ne tiennent pas toujours compte de ce qu’ils croient important d’enseigner en classe (croyance). De plus, malgré une pratique déclarée positive concernant l’autoévaluation, ces enseignants n’y ont peu ou pas eu recours durant leur jugement. Enfin, les gestes de l’un, durant le jugement, tendaient vers la posture d’instructeur-contrôleur, alors que ceux de l’autre s’inscrivaient davantage dans la posture de conseiller-didacticien. De façon générale, nous constatons que les pratiques de ces enseignants sont plus influencées par les situations rencontrées en tant qu’élèves et les traditions d’enseignement de la discipline que par le programme en vigueur. / In recent years, several researchers have studied the teaching and assessment of oral communication, but little information is yet available about the actual practices of teachers in this regard. The purpose of this study is to describe the beliefs and practices of two teachers regarding oral communication and its assessment in L1 French teaching in high school, as well as their actual assessment practices of oral interaction. A structured interview allowed us to collect data on their beliefs and practices, while the think-aloud technique was used to observe their actual assessment practices of oral interaction. Analysis of the interviews showed that, in terms of their beliefs, teachers have concerns about the assessment of oral communication, mainly with respect to both tasks and assessment tools. In terms of their practices, we discovered that their assessment practices of oral communication are quite similar with respect to selected tasks, their frequency and their purpose. In terms of their observed practices, our study presents in detail the actions of teachers in authentic assessment situation, identifying cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in this complex task. Differences between the two teachers were observed with respect to their beliefs, practices and actual assessment practices. First, the criteria for evaluation (practice) does not always reflect what they believe to be important to teach in the classroom (belief). Moreover, despite a positive attitude regarding self-evaluation, these teachers have little or no interest in using it while assessing their students. Lastly, one of the teacher’s actions resembled the instructor-controller assessor’s type, while those of the other teacher resembled more the advisor educationalist. In general, we find that the practices of these teachers are more influenced by the situations they encountered when they were students and by the teaching traditions of their discipline than by the current curriculum.

This thesis deals primarily with teaching styles - a topic that has not been greatly discussed in Czech pedagogical literature so far. Based on both Czech and foreign sources, this paper identifies and describes in detail various aspects of teaching styles and presents several approaches to study them. Moreover, it puts the above-mentioned topic in a context of other related concepts, such as teaching method, teachers' beliefs etc. It provides an overview of several teaching styles typologies designed by mostly American authors. The empirical part introduces an original research based on both quantitative and qualitative approach. It presents a detailed study of six selected teachers of the English language and based on their responses identifies certain aspects of different teaching styles. The thesis also reveals some of their views and opinions of their profession.

In this qualitative case study, the beliefs and practices regarding codeswitching in the EFL classroom are compared between selected teachers of English in upper-secondary and compulsory school (school years 7-9) from Sweden. Through semi-structured interview questions, the data were collected from six teachers from each of the respective levels of education. The interviews were conducted by the researcher on a one-to-one basis with the informants of the study. The answers showed several differences and similarities between the teachers. While both groups of teachers said that codeswitching was to varying extent necessary, the upper-secondary school teachers seemingly had a more negative view towards codeswitching in the EFL classroom. Most of the upper-secondary school teachers codeswitched when for example teaching difficult areas such as grammar by making direct comparisons to the Swedish language. The compulsory school English teachers were less negative towards the use of the L1 and often stated that codeswitching was necessary and had several uses in the EFL classroom.  According to the compulsory school English teachers, codeswitching could aid when giving complex instructions, feedback or be used to show student comprehension. When the teachers were asked about whether the guideline documents affected their choice of language in the classroom, four out of six of the upper-secondary school teachers said that their language selection was affected by the directives to varying extent. The compulsory school English teachers’ selection of language was not affected by their guideline documents, which was expected since these do not give directives regarding language selection. / I den här kvalitativa fallstudien jämförs tron ​​och bruk gällande kodväxling i engelskundervisningen mellan ett antal av gymnasieskolans engelsklärare och högstadiets engelsklärare från Sverige. Genom semistrukturerade intervjufrågor samlades data från sex lärare från respektive skolnivå. Intervjuerna utfördes av forskaren på en-till-en-basis med varje lärare som deltog i studien. Svaren visade flera skillnader och likheter mellan lärarna. Medan båda grupperna av lärare sågs att kodväxling i varierande utsträckning var nödvändigt, visade gymnasielärarna en mer negativ syn på koderna i engelskklassrummet. De flesta gymnasieskolelärare bytte kod när de exempelvis undervisade om svåra områden så som grammatik genom att göra direkta jämförelser med det svenska språket. De högstadielärarna var mindre negativa mot användningen av förstaspråket och anförde att kodbytande var nödvändiga och hade användning i engelskklassrummet. Enligt de högstadielärarna kan kodväxling hjälpa till när man ger komplexa instruktioner, återkoppling eller användas för att visa studentförståelse. När lärarna frågades om huruvida riktlinjedokumenten påverkade deras språkval i klassrummet, sade fyra av sex av gymnasieskolelärarna att deras språkval påverkades i varierande grad av direktiven. Högstadielärarnas val av språk påverkades inte av deras riktlinjer, vilket var förväntat då dessa inte nämner lärarens språkanvändning.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patta Alves.pdf: 946799 bytes, checksum: 7cde5c03d3fac4fda62b03a67fcefb54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / This research study investigates how Form-Focused Instruction, following the taxonomy proposed by Rod Ellis (2001), occurs in an EFL school in Southern Brazil. In addition to this, it aimed to identify in the English classes of two teachers, if their practices were permeated by technical knowledge, practical knowledge or both kinds of knowledge on Form-Focused Instruction (FFI), as well as at which moment of their teacher development this knowledge was originated. The data were collected from the audio and video recordings of two consecutive classes taught by each professional, as well as from a semi-structured questionnaire and a stimulated recall interview. The results from this investigation showed that, in the act of teaching, such professionals made use, primarily, of their practical knowledge (intuitive and implicit knowledge that is built during the practice), and that their beliefs about formal instruction were originated during their development as teachers / Este trabalho investiga como se dá a Instrução Focada na Forma no Ensino de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira sob a luz das taxionomias propostas por Rod Ellis (2001), num ambiente de curso particular de Inglês. Além disso, buscou-se identificar, nas duas professoras pesquisadas, P1 e P2, se suas aulas eram permeadas pelo conhecimento técnico, teórico ou ambos, acerca da Instrução Focada na Forma (IFF), bem como em que momento de sua formação tal conhecimento foi originado. Os dados foram obtidos a partir da gravação em áudio e vídeo de duas aulas consecutivas de cada profissional, da aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado e de uma entrevista com lembrança estimulada. Os resultados desta investigação mostraram que, no ato da IFF, as profissionais fizeram uso, principalmente, de seu conhecimento prático (conhecimento desenvolvido durante a prática, sendo implícito e intuitivo), e que suas crenças acerca do ensino formal se originaram, inconscientemente, durante suas formações como professoras o

Este estudo situa-se no âmbito das propostas sintonizadas com novos paradigmas de formação inicial de professores, onde a profissionalização docente é vista como um processo dinâmico e interativo que se apóia em saberes específicos. O contexto investigado foi a disciplina Estágio I do Curso de Ciências Biológicas de uma Universidade Federal, cuja estrutura baseou-se na perspectiva Ecológica de Formação, na qual o ambiente de supervisão leva em conta que a aprendizagem da docência implica redes de saberes, reconhecendo a importância dos contextos profissionalizantes significativos para o licenciando (a instituição de formação, a sala de aula e a escola). Partindo desses pressupostos, o foco dessa investigação visou compreender de que maneira os processos instaurados em um Ambiente de Supervisão, planejado em uma perspectiva Ecológica de formação, são capazes de confrontar as crenças dos futuros professores sobre a prática docente e contribuir para a elaboração de conhecimentos e saberes profissionais dos licenciandos. Utilizamos nesse estudo a estratégia metodológica do estudo de caso, analisando três sujeitos. Dividimos essa investigação em fases (pré-ativa, ativa e pós-ativa) visando facilitar o acesso ao pensamento do licenciando ao longo da disciplina. Durante este período, acompanhamos seus movimentos por meio de suas reflexões escritas sob forma de diário virtual, das reuniões entre supervisor e licenciando e entrevistas e apresentações gravadas em áudio e vídeo e, áudio, além de instrumentos específicos para crenças educacionais (DASTT) e para o aferimento de crenças de eficácia (STEBI). A análise dos dados foi realizada sob a perspectiva do interacionismo interpretativo, o que implica assumir a relação entre pesquisador, sujeitos e objeto de pesquisa como intrinsecamente subjetiva, onde a compreensão de um dado fenômeno só é possível a partir de processo mútuo e socialmente compartilhado, dos quais emergem os significados e os sentidos. Nossos resultados mostram que houve aprendizagem da docência na interação e adaptação dos indivíduos ao seu ambiente de atuação, no qual articularam, por meio do raciocínio pedagógico, suas crenças anteriores sobre seus professores, suas vivências como alunos, os dilemas experienciados em situações inesperadas na prática, acabando por definir sua posição didática durante a transposição do tópico de ensino em sala de aula. Evidenciaram assim, elementos relativos ao Conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo, e conseqüentemente, os saberes docentes inerentes aos aspectos didáticos gerais e pessoais, disciplinares e sobre o contexto. Esse estudo demonstra que o diálogo entre teoria e prática dentro de um ambiente de supervisão ecológico viabiliza a concretização de processos reflexivos sistemáticos nas ações empreendidas pelos licenciandos, de forma que suas crenças educacionais possam ser acessadas, suas crenças de eficácia se fortaleçam, e sua articulação em um raciocínio pedagógico possa construir saberes docentes. Outra contribuição é auxiliar na definição de um nicho de pesquisa específico sobre as crenças educacionais dos futuros professores de Ciências e Biologia, de forma que outros estudos na mesma direção possam compor uma fundamentação sólida, que implique em programas de formação cuja visão holística tenha impacto no desenvolvimento inicial dos futuros professores, repercutindo na melhoria do ensino e da aprendizagem. / This study locates in the extent of the proposals attuned to new paradigms of teachers initial formation, where professionalization is seen as a dynamic and interactive process. The context of this study was the subject Estágio (Traineeship) I of the Course of Biological Sciences in a University, whose structure was based on an Ecological Training perspective, where the supervision environment takes into account that the learning to teach involves networks of knowledge and knowing, recognizing the importance of professional meaningful contexts for trainee (teacher formation institutions, the classroom and Traineeship schools). Assuming these assumptions, the focus of this research aimed to understand how the proceedings planned in a Supervision environment from the ecological training perspective are able to confront the preservice teachers beliefs on teaching practice, and contribute to elaboration of the future science teachers professional knowledge and knowing. Aiming to answer the proposed question, we used in this research the case study as a methodological strategy for examining three subjects. This investigation was structured in blocks, (Teaching Training, Workshop on Environmental Education (EE) Training, and Research Training), whose the structural core was the systematic reflection. It was divided into phases (pre-active, active and post-active), to facilitate access to the trainees thoughts along the course. During this period, we followed the trainees movements, through their reflections written in the virtual diary form, meetings between supervisor and trainee, presentations and interviews recorded in audio, video and audio only, as well as specific tools to educational beliefs (DASTT), and for efficacy measures benchmarking (STEBI). The data analysis was performed from the perspective of interpretive interactionism, thereby assuming the relationship between researcher, subject and object as inherently subjective, in which the understanding of a particular phenomenon is only possible through mutual process socially shared of which emerge from the meanings and senses. Our results show that has been teaching learning in the individuals interaction and adaptation to their environment of acting, in which articulated through the pedagogical reasoning, their prior beliefs about their teachers, their experiences as a student, the dilemmas experienced in unexpected in practical situations, and ultimately define their teaching position at the didactic transposition in the classroom. Thus, they revealed issues related to pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and, consequently, the teacher\'s knowledge inherent to personal and general instructional aspects, disciplinary action and the context. This study shows that the dialogue between theory and practice within an ecological supervision environment, enables the implementation of systematic reflexive processes in actions taken by trainees, in such a way that their educational beliefs can be accessed, their efficacy beliefs can be improved, and, their articulation in a consistent pedagogical reasoning can build their knowledge and teachers experiences. Another contribution is to assist in defining a specific research niche on the preservice science teachers educational beliefs, so that other researches in the same direction can compose a solid foundation, involving training programs, whose impact on a holistic view will enable the professional development of trainees, resulting in improvements in teaching and learning.

Este estudo situa-se no âmbito das propostas sintonizadas com novos paradigmas de formação inicial de professores, onde a profissionalização docente é vista como um processo dinâmico e interativo que se apóia em saberes específicos. O contexto investigado foi a disciplina Estágio I do Curso de Ciências Biológicas de uma Universidade Federal, cuja estrutura baseou-se na perspectiva Ecológica de Formação, na qual o ambiente de supervisão leva em conta que a aprendizagem da docência implica redes de saberes, reconhecendo a importância dos contextos profissionalizantes significativos para o licenciando (a instituição de formação, a sala de aula e a escola). Partindo desses pressupostos, o foco dessa investigação visou compreender de que maneira os processos instaurados em um Ambiente de Supervisão, planejado em uma perspectiva Ecológica de formação, são capazes de confrontar as crenças dos futuros professores sobre a prática docente e contribuir para a elaboração de conhecimentos e saberes profissionais dos licenciandos. Utilizamos nesse estudo a estratégia metodológica do estudo de caso, analisando três sujeitos. Dividimos essa investigação em fases (pré-ativa, ativa e pós-ativa) visando facilitar o acesso ao pensamento do licenciando ao longo da disciplina. Durante este período, acompanhamos seus movimentos por meio de suas reflexões escritas sob forma de diário virtual, das reuniões entre supervisor e licenciando e entrevistas e apresentações gravadas em áudio e vídeo e, áudio, além de instrumentos específicos para crenças educacionais (DASTT) e para o aferimento de crenças de eficácia (STEBI). A análise dos dados foi realizada sob a perspectiva do interacionismo interpretativo, o que implica assumir a relação entre pesquisador, sujeitos e objeto de pesquisa como intrinsecamente subjetiva, onde a compreensão de um dado fenômeno só é possível a partir de processo mútuo e socialmente compartilhado, dos quais emergem os significados e os sentidos. Nossos resultados mostram que houve aprendizagem da docência na interação e adaptação dos indivíduos ao seu ambiente de atuação, no qual articularam, por meio do raciocínio pedagógico, suas crenças anteriores sobre seus professores, suas vivências como alunos, os dilemas experienciados em situações inesperadas na prática, acabando por definir sua posição didática durante a transposição do tópico de ensino em sala de aula. Evidenciaram assim, elementos relativos ao Conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo, e conseqüentemente, os saberes docentes inerentes aos aspectos didáticos gerais e pessoais, disciplinares e sobre o contexto. Esse estudo demonstra que o diálogo entre teoria e prática dentro de um ambiente de supervisão ecológico viabiliza a concretização de processos reflexivos sistemáticos nas ações empreendidas pelos licenciandos, de forma que suas crenças educacionais possam ser acessadas, suas crenças de eficácia se fortaleçam, e sua articulação em um raciocínio pedagógico possa construir saberes docentes. Outra contribuição é auxiliar na definição de um nicho de pesquisa específico sobre as crenças educacionais dos futuros professores de Ciências e Biologia, de forma que outros estudos na mesma direção possam compor uma fundamentação sólida, que implique em programas de formação cuja visão holística tenha impacto no desenvolvimento inicial dos futuros professores, repercutindo na melhoria do ensino e da aprendizagem. / This study locates in the extent of the proposals attuned to new paradigms of teachers initial formation, where professionalization is seen as a dynamic and interactive process. The context of this study was the subject Estágio (Traineeship) I of the Course of Biological Sciences in a University, whose structure was based on an Ecological Training perspective, where the supervision environment takes into account that the learning to teach involves networks of knowledge and knowing, recognizing the importance of professional meaningful contexts for trainee (teacher formation institutions, the classroom and Traineeship schools). Assuming these assumptions, the focus of this research aimed to understand how the proceedings planned in a Supervision environment from the ecological training perspective are able to confront the preservice teachers beliefs on teaching practice, and contribute to elaboration of the future science teachers professional knowledge and knowing. Aiming to answer the proposed question, we used in this research the case study as a methodological strategy for examining three subjects. This investigation was structured in blocks, (Teaching Training, Workshop on Environmental Education (EE) Training, and Research Training), whose the structural core was the systematic reflection. It was divided into phases (pre-active, active and post-active), to facilitate access to the trainees thoughts along the course. During this period, we followed the trainees movements, through their reflections written in the virtual diary form, meetings between supervisor and trainee, presentations and interviews recorded in audio, video and audio only, as well as specific tools to educational beliefs (DASTT), and for efficacy measures benchmarking (STEBI). The data analysis was performed from the perspective of interpretive interactionism, thereby assuming the relationship between researcher, subject and object as inherently subjective, in which the understanding of a particular phenomenon is only possible through mutual process socially shared of which emerge from the meanings and senses. Our results show that has been teaching learning in the individuals interaction and adaptation to their environment of acting, in which articulated through the pedagogical reasoning, their prior beliefs about their teachers, their experiences as a student, the dilemmas experienced in unexpected in practical situations, and ultimately define their teaching position at the didactic transposition in the classroom. Thus, they revealed issues related to pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and, consequently, the teacher\'s knowledge inherent to personal and general instructional aspects, disciplinary action and the context. This study shows that the dialogue between theory and practice within an ecological supervision environment, enables the implementation of systematic reflexive processes in actions taken by trainees, in such a way that their educational beliefs can be accessed, their efficacy beliefs can be improved, and, their articulation in a consistent pedagogical reasoning can build their knowledge and teachers experiences. Another contribution is to assist in defining a specific research niche on the preservice science teachers educational beliefs, so that other researches in the same direction can compose a solid foundation, involving training programs, whose impact on a holistic view will enable the professional development of trainees, resulting in improvements in teaching and learning.

There are many different perceptions when it comes to teachers’ instructional language choice in the EFL classroom. Some argue for maximum use of the target language while others believe that judicious use of the L1 can benefit the students’ second language learning. The aim of this study is to investigate what research says about teachers’ target language use and first language use in upper level EFL classrooms, as well as teachers’ attitudes and beliefs regarding the choice of instructional language. The findings from this systematic literature review show that teachers mainly used L1 to save time, to explain grammar and vocabulary and to create a positive classroom atmosphere. Furthermore, the results also showed that teachers’ choice to use L1 heavily depended on students’ level of proficiency. Lastly, the results indicate that teachers not always use the L1 for pedagogical reasons, but in many cases for pragmatical reasons, individual beliefs and out of concern for students’ well-being.

This study aims to expand studies on ESL/EFL teachers’ beliefs by investigating the relationship among Korean teachers’ beliefs about English language education in Korea, sources of their beliefs, their perceptions of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MOE)-initiated reforms in English language education, and the degree of implementation of the reforms in their classroom teaching. Toward that end, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative research instruments: a survey with a questionnaire, interviews, and observations. The study surveyed 158 in-service teachers. Among these 158 teachers, 10 were selected for interviews and observations. Each of the 10 teachers was interviewed three times and his/her classroom teaching observed twice. The findings of the study indicate: a) the beliefs held by the majority of the participants were based on the communication-oriented approaches (COA) to English language teaching, which has been recommended by the MOE in its efforts to reform English language education in Korea; b) major sources of the participants’ beliefs seemed to be their experiences as learners in overseas English programs and domestic in-service teacher education programs with practical curricula; c) the teacher participants’ perceptions of the reforms’ general direction were largely consistent with their COA-based beliefs, but their perceptions of specific reform policies and measures were dictated by their concerns with realities of EFL education and their positions; and d) not the participants’ beliefs but their negative perceptions of reform policies and measures AND the constraints they cited were the main obstacles to the implementation of the reform policies and measures in their classroom teaching. The findings reveal gaps and mismatches among the participants’ beliefs, perceptions, and practices. The study interprets such gaps and mismatches not as inconsistencies but as symptoms of a transitional stage through which English language education in Korea has been going. The study discusses the implications of the findings for Korean EFL teachers, EFL/ESL teacher education programs, and reform agents. The study ends with four suggestions for future research.

No description available.