En ce début de siècle, l'information a pris une dimension capitale grâce aux nouvelles technologies. On parle de la société mondiale de l'information, réduisant la planète en un « village global ». Cependant, les pays des Suds, à la périphérie de ce processus, souffrent de la fracture numérique. Néanmoins, une dynamique des Tic s’y développe à travers des modèles d’accès adaptés aux réalités socio-économiques. A Dakar, ces modèles populaires ont permis une appropriation profonde du mobile alors qu’Internet, l’élément essentiel de cette révolution numérique, tarde à s’ancrer dans l’espace urbain. Dakar, ville primatiale est marquée par une forte polarisation des activités au niveau du centre historique. Cette répartition déséquilibrée est à l’origine des dysfonctionnements territoriaux quotidiens. Le caractère immatériel de la manifestation des nouvelles technologies semble représenter alors un moyen pour atténuer les effets de la question cruciale de la déficience de l’aménagement du territoire, notamment en termes de mobilités. Ainsi, grâce aux usages d’Internet, quelques pratiques urbaines dans divers domaines d’activités se déroulent sur le cyberespace. Mais en raison de leurs impacts peu conséquents sur les territoires réels, les attentes parfois exagérés des acteurs gouvernementaux, la société civile et les opérateurs, tardent à se concrétiser. En effet, malgré la bonne connexion du pays à la dorsale internationale, le taux de pénétration d’Internet au Sénégal ne permet pas pour le moment d’infléchir les dysfonctionnements. En réalité, sur le web sénégalais, la dynamique des usages associés aux pratiques urbaines n’a pas fait émerger de véritables liens entre Internet et l’aménagement territorial urbain à Dakar / Since the turn of the century, communications play a key role thanks to information technology. We now talk of a global community of information, shrinking our planet to a mere ‘global village’. Nevertheless, the countries of the developing countries still lingering outside this network, have trouble catching up. However IT industries are picking up slowly in keeping with the reality of the social and economic developments in these countries. In Dakar, for instance, mobile phones have become increasingly popular while the Internet, the key element to a numerical revolution, has been rather slow to take root in the urban environment. Moreover, Dakar seems to suffer from a lack of balance when it comes to the activities of its historical city center, due to a seemingly malfunctioning of its territorial administration. Information technology which requires few material investments could reduce the effects of this imbalance and the deficiency in its infra structure, making it possible for a variety of activities to take place in a cyberspace. In fact, inspite of efficient connection of the country with the international networking, it still is not enough to cope with the malfunctions of its local infrastructure. Thus the network in Senegal does not reveal truly strong links between the Internet and urban territorial infrastructures in Dakar

Knowledge in organizations today is considered as one of the most important assets the organization possesses. A considerable part of this knowledge is the knowledge possessed by the individuals employed by the organization. In order for intelligent systems to perform some of the tasks their human counter parts perform in an organization the intelligent systems need to acquire the knowledge their human counter parts possess for the specific task. To develop an intelligent system that can perform a specific task in an organization, the knowledge needed to perform the task will have to be extracted from the individuals in the organization via knowledge acquisition. This knowledge will then be presented so that the intelligent system can understand it and perform the task. In order to develop an intelligent system an ontology representing the domain under consideration as well as the rules that constitute the reasoning behind the intelligent system needs to be developed. In this dissertation a development environment for developing intelligent systems called the Collaborative Ontology Builder for Reasoning and Analysis (COBRA) was developed. COBRA provides a development environment for developing the ontology and rules for an intelligent system. COBRA was used in this study to develop a Cellular telecommunications Network Consistency Checking Intelligent System (CNCCIS), which was implemented in a cellular telecommunications network. / Prof. E.M. Ehlers

ABSTRAKT   BAKGRUND Att inte se patienten men samtidigt ge säkra, goda och evidensbaserade råd och bedöma rätt vårdnivå är en stor utmaning för distriktssköterskan i telefonrådgivning. Att arbeta med telefonrådgivning är en stor del av distriktssköterskans arbete på en vårdcentral. SYFTE Syftet med studien var att beskriva distriktssköterskans upplevelser av att arbeta med telefonrådgivning. METOD Kvalitativ induktiv ansats har använts med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio distriktssköterskor och en kvalitativ latent innehållsanalys användes för att analysera textmassa. RESULTAT Resultatet bygger på ett tema och fem kategorier. Temat är; Svårt att möta allas behov med begränsade möjligheter men också utmanande och Kategorierna är; Det svåra arbetet med telefonrådgivning, När resurser saknas är det svårt att arbeta med telefonrådgivning, Att känna sig utsatt tar energi, Olika faktorer för ett bra arbete i telefonrådgivning och Ett arbete som är en utmaning. Resultatet visar att arbeta med telefonrådgivning på en vårdcentral upplevs som svårt när distriktssköterskan och patienten inte förstår varandra och det är svårt att alltid känna att de fattat rätt beslut. Det upplevs svårt att arbeta med telefonrådgivning och endast ha fyra till fem min/samtal och det är svårt att bedöma vård när läkartider inte finns. Distriktssköterskorna upplever att arbeta med telefonrådgivning är en stor utmaning KONKLUSION Att arbeta som distriktssköterska i telefonrådgivning mot primärvården är en utmaning. Att inte se patienten kan göra det svårt att fatta beslut. Att inte patienten kommer fram till sin vårdcentral skapar ett vårdlidande för patienten.

This work contributes toward research in the field of lightning performance of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines, focusing on the impact of the line polarity on the incidence of line faults. Although there has been some recent research into the influence of polarity, there appears to be no confirmed effect that might influence the design of new lines. The research presents an investigation into the lightning performance of the two poles of the Cahora-Bassa HVDC transmission line. In order to compare the performance of the two polarities, the average lightning exposure over an 8-year period was confirmed to be very similar for both lines. Lightning stroke data from the South African Lightning Detection Network was correlated with fault times from the transmission-line protection scheme. The classification of the lightning related faults was used to determine the relative performance of the two poles, particularly in relation to polarity, and to infer if there was any influence of polarity on the lightning attachment process. This investigation for the Cahora-Bassa scheme shows that twenty-three out of twenty-five lightning related faults occurred on the positive pole. The results concur with performance experience on several HVDC lines from China and Canada, which indicate that lightning related faults favour the positive pole by a ratio of between 8:1 and 10:1. This represents a valuable contribution, which substantiates that HVDC line polarity has an influence on the lightning attachment process, and indicates that there is a need to re-examine the lightning shielding design for HVDC transmission lines. / GS2016

Student Number : 9812990V - MSc project report - School of Electrical Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / The NGN is a multi-service network which inter-works with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), the voice network and the data network provided by Internet. Through network independent APIs such as OSA-Parlay, the NGN slowly migrates and converges Telecoms and IT networks, voice and Internet, into a common packet infrastructure. The OSA/Parlay group defines a softswitch architecture which provides network independent APIs or SCFs that enable cross network application development The Parlay softswitch provides connectivity to underlying transport networks for application providers. The standard specifies the interaction between application providers and the softswitch. However, the standard does not specify an interface to regulate the interaction between service providers and the consumer/end user domain. This means that applications housed in the service provider domain have no defined interfaces to manage service delivery to the consumer domain. For most service providers, the lack of a non-standardized API set impedes efforts to decrease application creation and deployment time. This research investigates the design and implementation of a standard consumer interface which can be used by application providers within an OSA/Parlay system to deliver service content to end users. The main objectives with regard to the functionality provided by the interface include the integration of facilities which will assist application providers to manage end user access and authentication (to enable users to establish a secure context for service usage), subscription (to handle the subscription life cycle), and service usage management (to enable the initiation and termination of services). The TINA-Consortium (TINA-C) has developed a service architecture to support the creation and provisioning of services in the NGN. The TINA architecture offers a comprehensive set of concepts and principles that can be used in the design of NGN services. The architecture consists of a set of reusable and interoperable service components encapsulating a rich and well defined set of APIs aimed at supporting the interaction between application providers and consumers. TINA’s session concepts, information structures, interfaces and service components can be used to support the design of a consumer premises end user interface for OSA/Parlay. This research also aims to explore the feasibility of using the TINA API within an OSA/Parlay system to support consumer domain service delivery. In order to implement the consumer interface for Parlay applications, the ability of the TINA service architecture to provide Access and Authentication management; Subscription and Profile management; and Service Usage management was investigated. The report documents the design and implementation of an OSA/Parlay consumer interface utilizing TINA service components and interfaces.

Bakgrund: Telefonrådgivning inom hälso- och sjukvård förekommer runt om i världen och är ett enkelt sätt för patienten att komma i kontakt med vården. Bedömningsprocessen i telefonrådgivning försvåras på grund av att sjuksköterskan inte ser patienten vilket ställer krav på en bred kunskap. Beslutsstöden ger då möjlighet för sjuksköterskorna att kunna ge den vård som behövs. Syfte: är att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser av att arbeta med telefonrådgivning. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 10 artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Två huvud kategorier framkom ur analysen; Användandet av beslutsstöd och rådgivning som beslutsprocess. Kategorierna understödjs av sammanlagt fyra underkategorier. Diskussion: Sjuksköterskan upplever arbetet med beslutsstöd inom telefonrådgivning som svårt vilket kan påverka den vårdande relationen med patienten. Sjuksköterskorna anser att det finns en fördel för att underlätta telefonrådgivningen. Sjuksköterskorna anser att beslutsstödet kan brista i vården till patienten för att innehållet är otillräckligt. Beslutstöden kan även hjälpa till att stödja sjuksköterskornas egna medicinska kunskap. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna anser att det finns fördelar med beslutsstöd men att uppdatering av beslutsstödet samt utbildning om hur det ska användas krävs. / Background: Telephone counseling in health and medical care occurs around the world and is an easy way for the patient to come into contact with health- care. The assessment process in telephone counseling is made difficult by the fact that the nurse does not see the patient, which demands a broad knowledge. Decision support then provides the opportunity for the nurses to be able to provide the necessary care. Purpose: The aim is to describe the nurse's experiences of working with telephone counseling. Method: A literature review based on 10 articles with qualitative approach. Result: Two main categories emerged from the analysis; The use of decision support and the consulting as a decision-making process. The categories are supported by a total of four subcategories. Discussion: The nurse experiences the work with decision support in telephone counseling as difficult, which can affect the caring relationship with the patient. The nurses believe that there is an advantage in facilitating telephone counseling. The nurses believe that the decision support can be burst in the care of the patient because the content is insufficient. Decision support can also help to support nurses own medical knowledge. Conclusion: The nurses believe that there are benefits of using decision support, but that updating the decision support and training on how to use it is required.

Introdução. Inquéritos domiciliares têm sido utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos desde o início do século passado. Com o passar do tempo, os métodos de realização de entrevistas foram se aperfeiçoando, possibilitando maior rapidez e exatidão nas informações obtidas. As entrevistas realizadas via telefone tornam o processo mais fácil, ágil e de menor custo. Objetivo. Comparar os moradores do município de São Paulo que possuíam telefone fixo em sua residência, com os que disseram não possuir o referido aparelho, quanto a variáveis demográficas, de condições de vida, estilo de vida, estado de saúde e também quanto ao uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Metodologia. Utilizando o módulo survey do pacote estatístico Stata em sua versão 9.2, foi feita uma caracterização do perfil desses dois grupos de entrevistados (com e sem telefone fixo). Foram calculados também, os vícios que a não cobertura por parte da população sem telefone ocasiona às estimativas e foi verificado como um ajuste de pós-estratificação diminui este vicio. Resultados. Dos 3333 entrevistados na cidade de São Paulo, 77,7% possuíam telefone fixo residencial; foi detectada associação estatisticamente significante entre a presença de telefone fixo e as variáveis: naturalidade, raça/cor, religião, situação conjugal, escolaridade do chefe de família, renda, tabagismo, alcoolismo, presença de morbidade referida, hipertensão, auto-avaliação em saúde, realização de mamografia, exame de próstata, consultas odontológicas, consumo de medicamentos e utilização do SUS para a realização dos exames de saúde. Ao se retirar da análise, a população sem telefone fixo, as estimativas de exame de pré-natal e próstata, tabagismo, alcoolismo, auto-avaliação de saúde, consultas odontológicas e a utilização do SUS para os exames de pré-natal e Papanicolaou foram as que tiveram maior vício. Após o ajuste de pósestratificação, houve uma melhora em todas as estimativas que estavam associadas à posse do telefone fixo, porém o vício não foi reduzido por completo. Conclusão. A exclusão dos moradores sem aparelho telefônico é uma das principais limitações e fonte de vício em pesquisas via telefone, mesmo em lugares onde a cobertura seja considerada razoável. Este obstáculo não deve ser considerado um impedimento, no entanto, algumas precauções e ajustes terão que ser utilizados para se reduzir os vícios, contribuindo para a estimação e interpretação correta dos resultados, já que estes levantamentos via telefone servem não apenas para se conhecer o estado de saúde da população, mas também contribuem para a orientação no planejamento de ações e novas políticas de saúde pública. / Introduction. Household surveys have been widely used in epidemiologic studies since the beginning of the 20th century. The methods used in interviews have improved and become a more precise way to obtain information. Telephone interviews make the whole process easier, quicker and less expensive. Objective. To compare households with and without telephone living in São Paulo city analyzed by demographic life conditions, life style, health state and access to health services. Methods. Using Stata 9.2 (survey package), the residents were separated in two groups (with and without telephone). The biases created by the non-coverage of nontelephone respondents from the data bank were estimated and a poststratification adjustment was applied with the purpose of reducing this bias. Results. About 77.7% of respondents reported owning a telephone in the city of São Paulo which was statistically associated to region of birth, race, religion, marital status, schooling of household head, income, smoking status, alcoholism, morbidity, hypertension, self-health status, breast and prostate exam, dental care, medicine use, and also the utilization of Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in health exams. Excluding the respondents without telephone from the analysis, prevalence estimates of prenatal and prostate exam, smoking status, alcoholism, self-health status, dental care and the utilization of Brazilian National Health System in prenatal care and Papanicolaou exam were extremely affected by non-coverage bias. Nevertheless after post-stratification adjustment, the bias has been diminished to all variables associated to telephone ownership, but not completely. Conclusion. The exclusion of persons without telephone is one of the main limitations, as well as, is a great source of bias in telephone surveys, even in areas where the coverage is relatively high. However, it should not be considered a barrier, since some precautions are taken in order to reduce bias, improve the estimates and provide correct interpretation of results, the telephone survey is not only important to (get to) know the population health status, but it also contribute to supporting new public health action.

Estudo quantitativo observacional, de intervenção do tipo antes e depois, com objetivo de analisar o efeito do apoio telefônico no conhecimento e atividades de autocuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Foi realizado no Centro de Saúde Escola de uma cidade do interior paulista. A amostra foi constituída por 48 pessoas que participaram do programa Apoio telefônico para o monitoramento em Diabetes mellitus - ATEMDIMEL/EERP/USP, em 2013. Para avaliação, foi utilizado um questionário para avaliação das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e antropométricas, e os instrumentos Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire e Questionário de Atividades de Autocuidado com o Diabetes. Para análise, utilizou-se estatística descritiva, os testes Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. A idade dos participantes variou de 47 a 87 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (52,1%). A maioria era casado (64,6%) e aposentados (60,4%). A média de anos de estudo foi de 7 anos. O tempo de diagnóstico foi de 11 a 20 anos (37,5%), sendo o tratamento medicamentoso com insulina o mais utilizado (97,9%). A hipertensão arterial foi a comorbidade predominante (75,0%). A maior parte apresentava obesidade grau I (41,7%) antes e após a intervenção. Pela circunferência abdominal, a maioria apresentou alto risco cardiovascular (83,3%) antes da intervenção e após houve aumento para 87,5% dos participantes. A maioria antes da intervenção apresentou hiperglicemia (54,2%), com HbA1c alterada (77,1%), LDL-C classificado com ótimo (64,6%) e HDL-C alterado (95,8%). Para os triglicerídeos e colesterol, a maior parte foi classificado como ótimo. Após a intervenção, a maioria apresentou glicemia de jejum dentro da normalidade (52,1%) e HbA1c também alterada (85,4%). Os níveis de LDL-C permaneceram classificados com ótimo (66,7%) e os de HDL-C alterados (95,8%). Triglicerídeos e colesterol total mantiveram a classificação como ótimo. A maioria das pessoas apresentaram conhecimento maior ou igual a 8 (87,4%) antes da intervenção e 83,3% após. Sobre o autocuidado, antes da intervenção, os itens que obtiveram seguimento em cinco ou mais dias na semana foram relacionados ao \"consumo de doces\", \"avaliar o açúcar no sangue\", \"secar entre os dedos dos pés\", \"tomar os medicamentos do diabetes\", \"utilizar a insulina conforme o recomendado\" e \"tomar os comprimidos do diabetes\". Após a intervenção, verificou-se que além destes, também houve seguimento em cinco ou mais dias da semana no que se refere a \"seguir uma dieta saudável\", \"consumo de frutas e vegetais\", \"examinar os pés\" e \"examinar dentro dos sapatos\". Os itens que apresentaram maiores escores antes e após a intervenção foram \"uso dos medicamentos e insulina\" e os menores escores à \"prática de atividade física por 30 minutos\" e realizar \"exercício físico específico\". O apoio telefônico mostrou- se como uma ferramenta importante para favorecer o cuidado à pessoa com DM, pois permite identificar as reais necessidades da população para a mudança de comportamento e adesão ao tratamento proposto. Esta investigação oferece subsídios para novos estudos de intervenção com amostras maiores e tempo prolongado com intuito de melhorar o acompanhamento longitudinal da pessoa com DM / Observational quantitative study, of the \"before and after\" type of intervention, that aims to verify the effects of telephone coaching in the knowledge and self-care activities of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was performed at Centro de Saúde Escola - CSE Prof. Dr. Joel Domingos Machado. Forty-eight people participated in the intervention, which were part of the Telephone coaching for monitoring in Diabetes mellitus - ATEMDIMEL/EERP/USP, in the year of 2013. In the data collection, a questionnaire was used for the evaluation of socio-demographic, clinic and anthropometric variables, in addition to the instruments Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire and Self-care Activities with Diabetes Questionnaire. For analysis, descriptive statistics were used, besides Pearson\'s Chi-Square test and Fisher\'s Exact test. It was identified that the participants\' ages ranged from 47 to 87 years old, with female predominance (52,1%). The majority of the participants were married (64,6%) and retired (60,4%). The average of schooling years was 7 years. The time of diagnosis was of 11 to 20 years (37,5%), being the drug treatment with insulin the most common (97,9%). Arterial hypertension was the predominant comorbidity (75,0%). The majority of the people presented class 1 obesity (41,7%) before and after the intervention. Most part of the participants presented high cardiovascular risk (83,3%) before the intervention, with an increase after it (87,5%). Previously to the intervention, the majority of patients showed hyperglycemia (54,2%), with altered HbA1c (77,1%), LDL-C classified as great (64,6%) and altered HDL-C (95,8%). About triglycerides and cholesterol, most part remained in great rating. After the intervention, most people presented fasting glycaemia within the normal range (52,1%) and HbA1c also altered (85,4%). LDL-C levels remained classified as great (66,7%), and HDL-C levels, altered (95,8%). Triglycerides and total cholesterol maintained great as their classification. The evaluation of knowledge revealed that before the intervention, 87,4% of the participants showed adequate knowledge in relation to DM, with a discreet reduction after it (83,3%). In the self-care activities evaluation, it was verified that, previously to the intervention, the activities that were most joined were related to the assessment of blood sugar, drying between toes, drug and insulin usage. After the intervention, beyond that, were also identified with fine adherence such activities as following a healthy diet, fruits and/or vegetables intake and examining the feet. It was verified that telephone coaching can be a good tool to assist in the care of a person with DM. This investigation offers subsidies for new intervention studies with larger samples and extended time in order to improve the longitudinal tracking of a person with DM

Ko Wing Hoi. / Duplicate numbering of leave 67. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-72). / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- COMPARISONS OF LAN AND PABX --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Typical LAN system --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Characteristics of a LAN [1] --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Transmission medium of LAN --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- LAN access control methods --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Interfacing to the LAN --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- LAN topology --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Switching techniques --- p.9 / Chapter 2 .2 --- Applications of LAN --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Small filestore LAN's --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Wiring replacement LAN's --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Personal computer networks --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- General purpose LAN's --- p.13 / Chapter 2 .3 --- Typical PABX system --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- PABX topology --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Circuit switching --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Telephony signalling --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Pulsing --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Subscriber loop signaling [2] --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Applications of PABX --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- Comparisons of LAN and PABX --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- INTEGRATION OF PABX WITH LAN --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- Advantages of integration of PABX with LAN --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- LAN-PABX Gateway --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Problems in interconnecting PABX and LAN [6] --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- ISDN-PABX [7] --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Architecture of Integrated LAN and PABX --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Typical applications --- p.32 / Chapter 4. --- CALL PROCESSING --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1 --- Finite State Diagrams for voice calls --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2 --- SDL representations of voice calls --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3 --- Software implementations of SDL diagrams --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- PABX operating system --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Trunk operating system --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Message format --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4 --- Pseudo codes for PABX --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4 --- Pseudo codes for trunks --- p.52 / Chapter 5. --- HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1 --- TRUNK INTERFACE --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- PABX to CO call --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- CO to PABX call --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- Subscriber Interface Circuit --- p.59 / Chapter 5.4 --- PSTN Trunk Interf ace --- p.60 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.62 / Acknowledgements --- p.64 / APPENDIX A --- p.65 / CCITT SPECIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE [15] --- p.65 / APPENDIX B --- p.68 / "SIGNALLING FOR SWITCHING SYSTEMS IN HK [16],[17]" --- p.68 / Chapter B. 1 --- Tone plan --- p.68 / Chapter B. 2 --- Tone levels --- p.68 / Chapter B. 3 --- Ringing frequency and voltage --- p.68 / Chapter B. 4 --- Dial pulse --- p.68 / Chapter B. 5 --- DTMF (Dual-tone multi-frequency) --- p.69 / Chapter B. 6 --- PCM coding --- p.69 / REFERENCES --- p.71

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Lori F. Lamel. / M.S.