Paper [I] models a game, where two temporary work agencies (TWAs) compete to fill a vacancy at a client firm (CF). They simultaneously choose how much effort to expend, based on their expectation of how good their opponent’s best candidate will be. I then show that this will make the TWAs overconfident, as the rational way of judging your own probability of winning is not looking at the opponents expected best, but comparing how much effort your opponent will expend. Paper [II] examines the misaligned incentives in the temporary work agency sector, where we first look at pure recruiting contracts, that either require payment on delivery, or payment on some specified point in time. We then look at the incentives of recruit-and-rent contracts, where the worker is leased to the client firm. We assume that the better the worker, the higher the probability that the client firm is going to want to hire him/her. If that happens then the TWA will no longer get revenues from said worker, incentivizing the TWA to not always deliver the first match it finds, if it is too good. Lastly we look at how competition can dampen this perverse incentive. Paper [III] models the waiting behavior that can occur if a TWA is contracted to find a worker for a specific time far in the future; the TWA will postpone effort. This behavior is modeled for two types of TWAs; one that is rational and plans ahead, and another that does not plan ahead at all, but instead only looks at the immediate future. I find that the one that only looks at the immediate future starts exerting effort earlier than the planner. After looking at optimal contracts under perfect monitoring and hidden action I provide two extensions. I first show that for the principal to want to delegate search to a rational TWA, the agent has to be better than the CF, by some factor, as it has to make up in efficiency what the principal loses in moral hazard, when the agent waits longer than the principal would like it to. Lastly I prove that it is profit maximizing for the principal to contract one agent and give it a deadline earlier than when the principal would need the worker, and then replace that agent with a competitor if the first one has not succeeded by that earlier deadline. Paper [IV] estimates at the effect of family experience on relative transition probability into the temporary work agency sector. Using register data for all of Sweden we run a bias-reduced logistic regression, where we include various factors that affect the probability of young adults (aged 18-34) entering the sector. This paper ties in to the literature on occupational inheritance, as well as the literature on changing social norms. We find that having had a parent, sibling or partner in the TWA sector increases your probability of entering.

Temporary Work Agencies (TWAs) are an example of a trend towards flexibility in the labour market. By hiring staff from TWAs organisations can keep their staff numbers down. This however, refers to the client companies´ use or temps, and omits the intermediary, the TWA, which also needs various flexibility strategies in its activities. The main purpose of this thesis is to study the organising of TWAs supply of manpower to different clients companies, and how managers and temps experience their terms of employment, working conditions and relationships with regular employees at the client companies. Two qualitative case studies were conducted. In study one, interviews have been carried out with managers and temps in a TWA and a client company in Jämtland. In the second study, managers and temps in an international TWA in Sweden were interviewed. The results show that both managers and temps work under complex conditions and demands on flexibility. The managers shall, by flexible prioritising, satisfy demands from the TWA on profitability, demands from client companies´ for an adaptable workforce and temps need of employment and community. The results also indicate that temps have to balance between a position as stranger and outsider, and handle insecurity of the assignments duration and spatial location. They have to be able to manoeuvre between the power inequalities, stigmatisation and exclusion they encounter in working conditions and social interactions in client companies. To handle such situations the ideal temp and manager have to be able to vary between distance and nearness in spatiality and indifference and involvement in social relations.

Uppsatsen handlar om inhyrda lärares arbetssituation som befinner sig utanför organisationers gränser vilket leder till exkludering och bristfälliga arbetsvillkor. Inhyrd personal befinner sig i en trepartsrelation mellan sig själv, bemanningsföretag och kundföretag. Detta skulle kunna göra att den formella tillhörigheten och känslan av tillhörighet differentieras. Inget i studien tyder på att de inhyrda lärarna inte känner en tillhörighet till bemanningsföretaget som arbetsgivare och därmed kan vi inte dra slutsatsen att detta är problemet. Snarare är det kundföretaget och dess medarbetare som inte ser de inhyrda lärarna som inkluderade i organisationen vilket skapar exkludering. Dagens företag behöver vara flexibla och för att möta detta behov används inhyrd personal som en tillfällig resurs. Bemanningsföretag växer sig allt starkare och studien är viktig för att visa att anställningsformen kan få negativa konsekvenser och att man bör ta hänsyn till emotionella aspekter hos individen. Studien är kvalitativ och har genomförts genom djupintervjuer med tre inhyrda lärare, tre ordinarie lärare och en rektor. Då ämnet kan ses som känsligt av vissa parter är ämnet något svårstuderat och det har varit svårt att få tag på intervjupersoner. Materialet har analyserats med teorier utifrån tre teman: tillhörighet, trygghet och frihet vilka följer som en röd tråd genom uppsatsen. / This essay examines temporary teachers working situation and the findings show that they fall outside organizations’ boundaries which leads to exclusion and poor working conditions. The temporary teachers exist in a trilateral relationship between them self, temporary work agencies and client companies. This could make the formal affiliation and sense of belonging differentiated. Nothing in the study suggests that the hired temporary teachers do not feel an affinity to the temporary work agency and thus we cannot conclude that this is the problem. The issue is rather that the client company and its employees do not see the hired temporary teachers as included within the organization. This creates exclusion. The temporary work agencies are growing stronger and this study is important since it highlights that the form of employment can have negative consequences and that the emotional aspects of the individual should be taken into account. The study is qualitative and has been executed by performing in-depth interviews. Due to the delicate nature of the subject to some parties the topic is somewhat difficult to study. Furthermore, it has been difficult to get hold of the people interviewed. The empirical data was analysed with theories based on three themes: belonging, security and freedom.

The Temporary Work Agencies (TWA) industry experienced continuous growth throughout the 90s, and now represents around 15% of temporary hiring in Spain. More interestingly, are markable regional disparity in this sector exists across Spanish provinces. By developing a simple theoretical model and using panel data methodology, this article examines the Spanish caseand suggests that the costs of recruiting, training and screening could explain a large part of the regional disparity. This result is supported by the empirical fact that the TWA firms have greater success in markets with low unemployment rates, where the average duration of unemploymen tis longer, and in provinces with higher concentrations of urban population, respectively. / El sector de las Empresas de Trabajo Temporal (ETT) experimentó un fuerte crecimiento en la década de 1990, hasta estabilizarse en torno al 15% de la contratación temporal en España. Aún más significativa es la fuerte disparidad regional en el recurso a las ETT que existe entre las provincias españolas. A partir de un sencillo modelo teórico, y con metodología de datos de panel, este artículo sugiere que los costes de reclutamiento, entrenamiento y selección podrían explicar gran parte de dicha disparidad. Esta conclusión, estaría fundada en la evidencia empírica de que la cuota de mercado de las ETT es mayor en mercados con bajas tasas de desempleo, donde la duración media del paro es mayor y en aquellas provincias con más concentración de población urbana, respectivamente.

<p><strong><p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the consultants' approach to the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in temporary work agencies. We examined the motivation of three temporary work agencies to see if there are any differences in how they motivate their consultants. The intrinsic motivation comes from the own spontaneous interest while the extrinsic is related to the surrounding circumstances.</p><p>We created a survey with 42 questions for the consultants, concerning motivation in order to understand their attitudes to the phenomenon of motivation.</p><p>The following issues are addressed in our study:</p><p>- What are consultant’s experiences of motivation in the temporary work agencies and are there any background factors that may impact?</p><p>- Are there any differences in how consultants in the three different temporary work agencies are experiencing motivation?</p><p>As analytical tools, we used concepts and theories of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation based on Self-Determination theory.</p><p>The results of this study showed no distinct differences between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of all consultants, but in general the intrinsic motivation was experienced slightly higher rated. The consultants appeared to be aware of what was expected of them and communication was valued fairly well. A positive attitude towards the organization was that the consultants were the least satisfied with, in our study. Our conclusion is that the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations interact with each other, depending on the work situation.</p></strong></p> / <p><strong><p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga konsulternas syn på den inre och yttre motivationen i bemanningsföretag. Vi undersökte motivationen på tre bemanningsföretag för att se om det fanns någon skillnad i hur de motiverar deras konsulter. Den inre motivationen handlar om det spontana egna intresset medan den yttre uppstår från omgivningens omständigheter.</p><p>För att uppnå syftet har vi använt oss av en enkätundersökning med 42 frågor riktade till konsulterna för att fånga deras attityder till motivationsfenomenet.</p><p>Följande frågeställningar besvaras i studien;</p><p>- Hur upplever konsulterna i bemanningsföretagen sin motivation och finns det några bakgrundfaktorer som får betydelse?</p><p>- Finns det några skillnader i hur konsulterna i de tre olika bemanningsföretag upplever motivationen?</p><p>Som analysverktyg har vi använt oss av begrepp och teorier om den inre och yttre motivationen som bygger på Self-Determination theory.</p><p>Resultatet av studien visar inte på några markanta skillnader mellan den inre och yttre motivationen hos samtliga bemanningsföretag, men den inre motivationen upplevdes lite starkare. Konsulterna visade sig vara medvetna om vad som förväntades av dem och kommunikationen värderades relativt bra. En positiv inställning till organisationen var det som konsulterna var minst nöjda med enligt vår studie. Vår slutsats blev att den inre och yttre motivationen samspelar med varandra, beroende av arbetssituationen.</p></strong></p>

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the consultants' approach to the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in temporary work agencies. We examined the motivation of three temporary work agencies to see if there are any differences in how they motivate their consultants. The intrinsic motivation comes from the own spontaneous interest while the extrinsic is related to the surrounding circumstances. We created a survey with 42 questions for the consultants, concerning motivation in order to understand their attitudes to the phenomenon of motivation. The following issues are addressed in our study: - What are consultant’s experiences of motivation in the temporary work agencies and are there any background factors that may impact? - Are there any differences in how consultants in the three different temporary work agencies are experiencing motivation? As analytical tools, we used concepts and theories of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation based on Self-Determination theory. The results of this study showed no distinct differences between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of all consultants, but in general the intrinsic motivation was experienced slightly higher rated. The consultants appeared to be aware of what was expected of them and communication was valued fairly well. A positive attitude towards the organization was that the consultants were the least satisfied with, in our study. Our conclusion is that the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations interact with each other, depending on the work situation. / Sammanfattning Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga konsulternas syn på den inre och yttre motivationen i bemanningsföretag. Vi undersökte motivationen på tre bemanningsföretag för att se om det fanns någon skillnad i hur de motiverar deras konsulter. Den inre motivationen handlar om det spontana egna intresset medan den yttre uppstår från omgivningens omständigheter. För att uppnå syftet har vi använt oss av en enkätundersökning med 42 frågor riktade till konsulterna för att fånga deras attityder till motivationsfenomenet. Följande frågeställningar besvaras i studien; - Hur upplever konsulterna i bemanningsföretagen sin motivation och finns det några bakgrundfaktorer som får betydelse? - Finns det några skillnader i hur konsulterna i de tre olika bemanningsföretag upplever motivationen? Som analysverktyg har vi använt oss av begrepp och teorier om den inre och yttre motivationen som bygger på Self-Determination theory. Resultatet av studien visar inte på några markanta skillnader mellan den inre och yttre motivationen hos samtliga bemanningsföretag, men den inre motivationen upplevdes lite starkare. Konsulterna visade sig vara medvetna om vad som förväntades av dem och kommunikationen värderades relativt bra. En positiv inställning till organisationen var det som konsulterna var minst nöjda med enligt vår studie. Vår slutsats blev att den inre och yttre motivationen samspelar med varandra, beroende av arbetssituationen.

Bemanningsföretagen har sedan legaliseringen 1993 fått fäste på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Bemanningsbranschen innebär en förändring av det traditionella anställningsförhållandet som vanligtvis är tvåpartsrelation till att bli en trepartsrelation. Det har skapat viss problematik, då arbetsrättslig lagstiftning främst är anpassad efter den tvåpartsrelation som ännu anses vanligast. Den reglering som styr arbetsmiljöfrågor är främst Arbetsmiljölagen, vilken kom till då trepartsförhållande var främmande för den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Därmed väcktes frågan om vilken aktör som bär arbetsmiljöansvaret vid uthyrning av arbetskraft samt om arbetsmiljöansvaret skiljer sig vid anlitandet av entreprenad.Syftet blir därför att, genom den rättsdogmatiska metoden, utreda gällande rätt och därigenom få djupare förståelse för komplexiteten kring ämnet. Stora delar av uppsatsen är av deskriptiv karaktär, en beskrivning av rådande rättsläge. För att få en internationell koppling berörs även International Labour Organizations konvention nr. 181 i syfte att utreda vilken inverkan den har för arbetstagare som hyrs ut av bemanningsföretag och deras arbetsmiljö.I mina slutsatser konstaterar jag att skyddet för den”traditionella arbetstagaren” är omfattande, medan skyddet för en arbetstagare i en trepartsrelation är betydligt mer komplex. Arbetsmiljöansvaret vid uthyrning av arbetstagare är i behov av ett förtydligande, vilket enligt mig borde ske genom lagstiftning. Till skillnad från personaluthyrning råder det ingen tvekan om ansvarsfördelningen vid anlitandet av entreprenad i Arbetsmiljölagen men enligt mig finns det ett behov av en definition av begreppet entreprenad. Definitionen bör syfta till att förebygga feltolkning av begreppet, då arbetssituationen, i vissa fall, kan bidra till att ett annat rättsförhållande skapas och att arbetsmiljöansvar då förskjuts till kundföretaget. International Labour Organizations konvention nr. 181 har ingen direkt inverkan på arbetsmiljöansvaret för uthyrda arbetstagare, då Sverige valt att inte ratificera konventionen. / Recruitment companies have since legalization in 1993 gained a foothold on the Swedish labour market. The staffing industry is a change from the traditional employment relationship which usually is a bilateral relationship to become a trilateral relationship. This has created some problems, when labour legislation primarily is adapted to the bilateral relationship, which still is considered most common. The regulations governing health and safety issues at the working place are mainly found in the Work Environment Act, which was written before the trilateral relationship appeared on the Swedish labour market. Thus, the question arose as to which player has the safety responsibility for rented labour and if the work environment responsibility differs in the employment of subcontracted employees.The aim of this thesis is therefore, through the legal dogmatic method, to investigate the law and thereby gain a deeper understanding of the complexity of the subject. A large section of my paper is of descriptive character, a description of the current legal position. To get an international connection, I also refer to the International Labour Organization Convention 181 in order to investigate what impact it has on rented labour and the work environment.In my findings, I conclude that the protection of the "traditional worker" is extensive while the protection of a worker in a trilateral relationship is much more complex. Work environment responsibility for hiring of workers is in need of clarification, which according to me, should be by legislation. Apart from rented labour, there are no uncertainties regarding work environment responsibilities for subcontracted employees in the Working Environment Act. However, according to me, there is a need of a definition of the term outsourcing. The definition should aim to prevent misinterpretation of the concept. In some cases the work conditions can contribute to the fact that a different legal relationship is created and work environment responsibilities are shifted to the client company. International Labour Organization Convention 181 has no direct impact on the work environment responsibility for rented labour since Sweden decided not to ratify the Convention.