Les tendinites sont des lésions communes chez le cheval athlète, ayant un impact financier et sportif considérable. Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSMs) de moelle osseuse (MO) sont empiriquement utilisées en clinique pour améliorer la guérison des affections myoarthrosquelettiques. Cependant, il est nécessaire de standardiser les protocoles d’isolement des CSMs équines et d’analyser leurs effets sur la guérison tendineuse pour ajuster leur dose. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de comparer 3 méthodes d’isolement des CSMs équines et d’établir un modèle de guérison tendineuse minimal invasif pour analyser l’effet des CSMs sur cette guérison. Des CSMs de MO du sternum de juments étaient isolées par 3 protocoles couramment utilisés (adhérence au pétri (Classique) et 2 méthodes par gradient de densité (Percoll et Ficoll)). La viabilité des cellules après isolement, le rendement d’isolement, le nombre de CSMs obtenues après 14 jours de culture et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles (renouvellement et différentiation) étaient comparés entre les 3 protocoles. Les résultats suggéraient que le Percoll était le meilleur protocole en termes de rendement et de capacité de renouvellement des cellules. La différence n’était pas significative pour leur viabilité et leur capacité de différentiation. Un modèle de guérison tendineuse, consistant en une ténectomie du tendon extenseur latéral du doigt fut ensuite développé. Cependant, la grande variabilité interindividuelle de qualité de guérison dans le groupe pilote implique une ré-évaluation du modèle. Des études futures, avec des CSMs isolées par le Percoll dans de nouveaux modèles de guérison tendineuse devraient permettre de déterminer la dose adéquate de CSMs. / In equine athletes, tendinitis lesions are common and lead to substantial financial losses. Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are employed clinically empirically to enhance healing of musculoskeletal injuries. However, there is a need to standardize equine MSC isolation protocols, to analyze the effects of MSCs on tendon healing and to optimize dosage. The objectives of the study were to compare 3 methods of equine MSC isolation and develop a minimally invasive model of tendon healing to analyze the effects of MSCs on tendon healing. BM MSCs from the sternum of mares were isolated by 3 protocols (adherence to a plastic culture dish (Classic) and two gradient density separation protocols (Percoll and Ficoll)) to compare for cell viability, MSC yield, number of MSCs attained after 14 days of culture and functional characteristics (self-renewal and multilineage differentiation) of the MSCs. The results suggested that the Percoll protocol was the best of those assessed in terms of MSC yield and self-renewal potential and that MSCs retrieved with the Ficoll protocol had the lowest self-renewal. There were no significant differences in terms of cell viability and differentiation capacity. A tendon healing model was then developed and consisted of a 0.5 cm tenectomy of the lateral digital extensor tendon. However, interanimal variation of healing quality was so high within the pilot group that the model should be re-evaluated. Further studies using MSCs isolated with Percoll in other novel models of tendon healing would allow determination of the adequate dosage of MSCs.

Compliance to strict home exercise programs is understood to be a mainstay of post-surgical flexor tendon rehabilitation. Therapists recognise the potential of poor compliance (overuse or under-use of prescribed exercise) and spontaneous movements during rehabilitation. Some therapists may suggest that compliance to specific exercise regimens and control of spontaneous or general movements are fundamentally important in optimising the rehabilitation outcomes and minimising the potential of adverse events. Yet there is little objective data to document the actual levels of exercise or spontaneous finger movement performed outside the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to document both diary and instrumented methods of reporting finger movement during a 48hr period. Following surgical repair of the flexor tendon, subjects attending a private hand therapy clinic provided consent and reported subjective diary (n=16) data of sets and repetitions of exercise for up to 6 weeks post-operatively. Nine subjects also had instrumented data logged on 3 occasions during the first 6 weeks of rehabilitation and were not fully aware of the purpose of the instrumentation. All subjects were instructed to perform 10 passive followed by 10 active exercises every waking hour, for the first 6 weeks and were assessed on range of motion, DASH, pain and strength. Results demonstrated that patients reported, via their diaries, that they are on average 80% compliant. Parallel data logger information suggests that this figure is more likely to reflect 50% compliance. A significant (p< .05) increase in spontaneous movements in the last 2 weeks of the 6 week assessment period was detected. No significant correlation between patient's level of compliance or spontaneous movement and their outcome were detected.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability in people of 65 and older. Researches have shown several possible factors leading to knee osteoarthritis development. Patellofemoral joint maltracking has been thought to be associated with or caused edema in the knee; which is thought to be the early signs of osteoarthritis. Hoffa's fat pad is an intra-articular component of knee located under the kneecap. It has also been suggested as one marker for osteoarthritis, when MRI shows a presence of edema in it. Recently, edema in the superolateral region of Hoffa's fat pad has been hypothesized as a distinct signal than the edema on other regions. There is an interest in finding the relation of this superolateral edema with other factors of osteoarthritis development. OBJECTIVE: This thesis research project is aimed to assess the relation of kneecap-thighbone (patellofemoral) joint alignment, femoral trochlea morphology, and patellar height to edema in the superolateral region of Hoffa’s fat pad especially in the population with average age above 65 years old. The hypothesis is that the flatter trochlear morphology and abnormal patella alignment will have higher risk of superolateral edema. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study using a subset data from Multicenter Osteoarthritis (MOST) study, specifically at 60-month visit. This study measured the patellofemoral measurements (sulcus angle, lateral and medial trochlear inclination angle, trochlear angle, Insall-Salvati ratio, patellar tilt angle, and bisect offset) as the predictor variables, and semiquantitative scoring of MRI edema in superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad as the outcome variable. Logistic regression analyses were performed to find the strongly associated patellofemoral measurements to superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad edema. RESULTS: From the logistic regression analysis, trochlear angle, Insall-Salvati ratio, and bisect offset were highly associated with the superolateral edema. A further analysis, by categorizing the measurements to quartiles, was found that only the highest quartiles of both bisect offset and trochlear angle are associated with superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad edema when compared to the reference quartile. All quartiles of Insall-Salvati ratio are strongly associated with superolateral edema when compared to the reference quartile. CONCLUSION: Current study presents that people above 65 years old with high trochlear angle, extreme lateral patellar translation or bisect offset, and high patella riding have high risk of having superolateral Hoffa’s fat pad edema.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hernandeztovar_mc_dr_jabo.pdf: 3642290 bytes, checksum: c426af96b828f5acd5ad320a0cdb0514 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este projeto tem como proposta avaliar o comportamento biológico das células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes autólogas associadas ou não às matrizes de colágeno, na reconstrução tendínea. Optou-se em trabalhar com ovinos e, para isso, os ovinos foram submetidos à ferida no tendão flexor superficial do membro torácico esquerdo, que consistiu na realização de uma tenectomia parcial medindo 1,5cm de comprimento e 0,3cm de largura. Aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico foram retirados os tendões flexores superficiais dos membros torácicos dos animais e os fragmentos colhidos foram destinados para procedimento histológico, e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Nas avaliações histopatológicas evidenciou-se aumento na quantidade de fibroblastos aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a intervenção cirúrgica, além de uma desorganização severa da matriz colágena nos diferentes grupos. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou nos tendões do grupo controle (G1) aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, fibras colágenas finas, ramificadas com perda do arranjo, quando comparadas com as fibras colágenas do tendão normal. O grupo G2 apresentou melhor organização das fibras, porém similares às observadas no G1. Já no grupo G3 a melhor organização e arranjo das fibras colágenas foram evidentes. Dessa maneira, esses resultados permitem inferir que a engenharia de tecidos utilizando CTMs associadas a enxertos biológicos apresentam tratamento clínico promissor para a reparação de tendões / This project has as purpose to pick, cultivate, characterize and study the biological behavior of the Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the collagen scalffold, in the reconstruction of the connective tissue Tendons. It was decided to work with sheep and, therefore, three treatments were accomplished using Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells and applied in the superficial flexor tendon of the left thoracic member of the sheep, injured for the experience. The sheep were submitted to the wound in the superficial flexor tendon of the left thoracic limb that consisted of an accomplishment of a partial tenectomic measuring 1,5cm of length and 0,3cm of width. After 30, 60 and 90 days after the surgical procedure, the superficial flexor tendons of the left thoracic limb of the animals were withdrawed and the picked fragments were sent to histology procedure, and Scan electron microscopy. In the histopatology evaluations, there was an increase of fibroblast amount after 30, 60 and 90 days after the surgical intervention of the control group (G1), the one treated with collagen scalfod, and the one treated with collagen scalffold associated to the Mesenchymal Stem Cells, besides of sever disorganization of the main collage which was more severe at the 30 days in the different groups when compared to the normal tissue. The Scan electron microscopy showed in the tendons of the control group (G1) after, 30, 60 and 90 days after the surgical procedure thin collagen fibers, ramified with lose of arrangement, when compared to the collagen fibers of the normal tendon. Group G2 showed better organization of the fibers, however, similar to the ones observed in G1. In G3, the best organization and arrangement of the collagen fibers were evident. Finally, it can be verified that the implantation of collagen scalfold associated to Mesenchymal Stem Cells is of great importance to the wound healing

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1361.pdf: 7031010 bytes, checksum: e59579f600a182ade6d5f0cd26523978 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / There is a rapid increase in the size of the elderly population due to a complex interaction of medical and epidemiological factors. Also, there is a parallel increase in morbidity associated with age-related delayed tendinopathy healing, and treatment of such acute and chronic condition costs the Health Services over 1 Billion dollars per year. Despite the obvious clinical impact, the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying impaired human tendon healing are largely unknown. However, recent reports have showed the action mechanism of low level laser therapy (LLLT) in producing accelerated tendon healing, but the real effects of this therapy associated with aging effects are not yet known. This study evaluated the effects of the LLLT on repair process of rat calcaneal tendon in two different ages. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided in 2 experimental groups with 40 rats at each one: young group (4 weeks old, body mass = 111.3±34,3g) and mature adult group (27 weeks old, body mass = 385.4±34,3g). The young group was subdivided in subgroup Y3J (12 session, total energy = 101.7mJ, laser 685nm, 5.4W/cm2, 3J/cm2), subgroup Y10J (12 session, total energy = 339.6mJ, laser 685nm, 5.4W/cm2, 10J/cm2); subgroup YPL (placebo treatment) and subgroup YCL (no treatment). The mature adult group was subdivided in subgroup A3J (12 session, total energy = 101.7mJ, laser 685nm, 5.4W/cm2, 3J/cm2), subgroup A10J (12 session, total energy = 339.6mJ, laser 685nm, 5.4W/cm2, 10J/cm2); subgroup APL (placebo treatment) and subgroup ACL (no treatment). All animals had the medial region of right calcaneal tendon totally tenotomized. They were sacrified on the 13th post-operate day and their tendons were surgically removed for a quantitative and qualitative analysis The Atomic Force Microscopy analysis showed better organization quality (alignment, thickness and aggregation) of collagen bounds in mature irradiated groups. However, it was found differences (p < 0.05) in thickness of collagen bundles (TCBs) for several intersections among subgroups. The subgroup A10J presented greatest TCBs (5.69±0.69), and the ACL subgroup presented smallest TCBs (4.51±0.6) in the mature group. The dimensional data showed higher differences in the irradiated subgroup in mature group when compared to the same subgroup in young group. Histological analysis showed increase (p < 0.05) in the number of capillar vessels and fibroblast cell proliferation after LLLT in both young and mature groups, however the higher modulation was observed in the mature group. Minor influence of laser radiation in the young group may be justified by divergence on chemistry, physics and metabolic age-related. Maybe the accumulated oxidative stress resulting from a gradual shift in the redox status of tissues should be a key mechanism underlying the aging process and the higher laser effect noted in the mature group. Age should be considerated an important parameter to LLLT. / O envelhecimento biológico é uma das principais causas para a predisposição do tendão aos processos degenerativos, patológicos e retardo da reparação tecidual.Várias modalidades terapêuticas são utilizadas para promover a aceleração e melhora do reparo tendíneo, dentre elas a terapia laser de baixa intensidade (LLLT). Porém são pouco conhecidos os reais efeitos desta terapia quando se associa um fator potencialmente decisivo na resposta celular como o envelhecimento. Este estudo avaliou através de técnicas de microscopia de luz comum e de força atômica os efeitos da LLLT, aplicada na reparação do tendão calcanear em duas fases maturacionais. Um grupo de ratos jovens (4 semanas de idade, n = 40, massa = 111,3±8,3g), subdividido aleatoriamente em 4 subgrupos contendo cada um 10 animais: J3J (dose 3J/cm2, energia total = 101,7mJ), J10J (10J/cm2, energia total = 339,6mJ), placebo - JPL (dose 0J/cm2), controle - JCL (nenhum tratamento); e um grupo adulto (27 semanas de idade, n = 40, massa = 385,4±34,3g), subdividido aleatoriamente em 4 subgrupos: A3J (dose 3J/cm2, energia total = 101,7mJ), A10J (dose 10J/cm2, energia total = 339,6mJ), placebo - APL (dose 0J/cm2), controle - ACL (sem tratamento). Todos os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de tenotomia radical do tendão direito, entre a inserção calcanear e a transição miotendínea, sem posterior tenorrafia. O laser utilizado (685nm, 5,4W/cm2) foi aplicado em 12 sessões, uma vez ao dia, em um único ponto sobre a região da lesão. No 13º dia pós-operatório os animais foram sacrificados e seus tendões removidos, processados e analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente, por meio de microscopia de força atômica (MFA) e análise histológica por morfometria. A análise dos dados mostrou significativa alteração (p< 0,05) da resposta do tecido à irradiação laser, tanto de forma idade-dependente como dose-dependente, sendo que, os resultados demonstram maior relevância para o grupo adulto que para o jovem. Comparativamente, o grupo adulto apresentou qualitativamente maior resposta biológica na agregação, organização, alinhamento do colágeno. Quantitativamente, o grupo adulto apresentou melhor resposta para a dose de 10J/cm2 principalmente em relação à angiogênese, contagem de fibroblastos e espessura dos feixes de colágeno. Esses resultados possivelmente podem ter uma relação com o maior estresse oxidativo característico ao incremento da idade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3146.pdf: 7150693 bytes, checksum: cd6c8d53b2bd8f45e723e67ca13309e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-12 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Tendons remodeling relies upon extracellular matrix restructuring by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of this study was to investigate MMP-2 activity in different regions of the calcanear tendon after resistance training in ovariectomized rats. Wistar adult female rats were grouped into: sedentary (Sed-Intact); ovariectomized sedentary (Sed-Ovx); acute exercise (AcuteEx-Intact); ovariectomized acute exercise (AcuteEx-Ovx); resistance trained (ChronicEx-Intact) and ovariectomized resistance trained (ChronicEx-Ovx) (n= 10 each group). The resistance training protocol required the animals to climb a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tail was used. The sessions were performed once every 3 days with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per scaling. The acute groups performed one session, and the chronic groups underwent a 12-week of resistance training. There was an increase in total MMP-2 activity in Sed- Ovx, AcuteEx-intact and ChronicExintact compared with Sed-Intact in the proximal region of calcanear tendon. AcuteEx-Ovx exhibited higher total MMP-2 than Sed-Ovx and AcuteEx-Intact in the distal region of calcanear tendon. Chronic-Ovx presented lower total MMP-2 activity than Sed-Ovx and Chronic-Intact in the distal region of tendon. The active MMP-2 was higher for the AcuteEx- Ovx than Sed-Ovx and AcuteEx-Intact in proximal region of tendon. There was higher active MMP-2 in the distal region of tendon in the Acute-Ovx than Sed-Ovx and AcuteEx-Intact. Ovariectomy and resistance exercise modulate MMP-2 activity according to specific tendon region, indicating a differentiated tissue remodeling. / O remodelamento dos tendões depende da re-estruturação da matriz extracelular realizada pelas metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a atividade da MMP-2 em diferentes regiões do tendão calcâneo de ratas após ovariectomia e treinamento resistido. Ratas adultas Wistar foram agrupadas em: sedentário (Sed-Intacto); sedentário ovariectomizado (Sed-Ovx); exercício agudo (AgudoEx-Intacto); exercício agudo e ovariectomizado (AgudoEx-Ovx); treinado resistido (CrônicoEx-Intacto) e ovariectomizado treinado resistido (CrônicoEx-Ovx) (n= 10 por grupo). O protocolo de treinamento resistido exigiu a escalada dos animais em uma escada vertical de 1.1 metros com pesos atados a suas caudas. A sessão foi realizada uma vez a cada três dias de 4 a 9 escaladas com 8 a 12 movimentos dinâmicos em cada escalada. Cada sessão de treinamento consistia de no mínimo quatro escalas, com 50%, 75%, 90% e 100% da capacidade máxima de carregamento do animal, determinada anteriormente. Durante as escaladas subseqüentes (máximo de cinco escaladas) eram adicionados 30g até que uma nova capacidade máxima de carregamento fosse atingida. Os grupos agudos realizaram apenas uma sessão e os animais dos grupos crônicos foram submetidos a 12 semanas de treinamento resistido. Foi observado na região proximal do tendão calcâneo aumento da atividade total da MMP-2 no Sed-Ovx, AgudoEx-Intacto, CrônicoEx-Intacto comparados com o Sed-Intacto (p&#8804;0,05). Na região distal do tendão calcâneo, o AgudoEx-Ovx exibiu maior atividade da MMP-2 total do que Sed-Ovx e AgudoEx-Intacto (p&#8804;0,05). O CrônicoEx-Ovx apresentou na região distal do tendão calcâneo menor atividade total da MMP-2 em relação ao Sed-Ovx e CrônicoEx-Intacto (p&#8804;0,05). O AgudoEx-Ovx apresentou na região proximal e distal do tendão calcâneo maiores valores na forma ativa da MMP-2 comparado ao Sed-Ovx e AgudoEx-Intacto (p&#8804;0,05). Ovariectomia e treinamento resistido modulam a atividade da MMP-2 de acordo com a região específica do tendão calcâneo.

Tendinopatias são distúrbios comuns com uma variedade de tratamentos e terapias e a Laserterapia aparece como uma alternativa no tratamento destas doenças. Nós investigamos os efeitos da irradiação laser no modelo de tendinite induzida por colagenase, em tendões calcâneo de ratos, verificando sua ação em importantes marcadores inflamatórios. Métodos: Foram utilizados ratos machos (Wistar) divididos em grupos: Salina e tendinite tratados com Diclofenado de Sódio ou Laser (1J, 3J ou 6J). A tendinite foi induzida por colagenase (100<font face=\"Symbol\">mg/tendão) sobre o tendão calcâneo que foi removido para análises. Foi verificado a expressão de COX-1, 2, TNF-a, TGF-<font face=\"Symbol\">b, IL-10, MMP-3, 9 e 13 (RT-PCR), a produção de PGE2 (ELISA) e a expressão de NT, COX-2 e NK-1 (Western Blotting). Resultados e discussão: A laserterapia (810nm, 100mW, 3 J), utilizada no tratamento da tendinite induzida por colagenase em tendão calcâneo de ratos, foi eficaz na redução de importantes marcadores inflamatórios, tornando-se uma ferramenta promissora para o tratamento de lesões tendíneas. / Tendinopathy is a common disease with a variety of treatments and therapies. Laser therapy appears as a alternative treatment. We research the effects of the laser irradiation in tendinitis model induced by collagenase injection on Achilles tendon rats, verified its action in important inflammatory markers. Methods: The male rats (Wistar) were used and divided in groups: Saline and tendinitis, treated with Sodium diclofenac or Laser (1J, 3J or 6J). The tendinitis was induced by collagenase (100<font face=\"Symbol\">mg/tendon) on the Achilles tendon which was removed for analyzes. The genic expression for COX-1, 2; TNF-a, TGF-<font face=\"Symbol\">b; IL-10; MMP-3, 9, 13 (RT-PCR); PGE2 production (ELISA kits) and NT, COX-2, NK-1 expression (Western Blotting) was measured. Results and discussion: The Laser therapy (810nm, 100mW, 3 J) used in the treatment of the tendinitis induced by collagenase in Achilles tendon in rats, was effective in the reduction of important inflammatory markers, becoming a promising tool for the treatment of tendon diseases.

Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi Dolder / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_JulianaCastro_D.pdf: 3195959 bytes, checksum: df90aa1ceb6206d4b8d1a040083df0c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este estudo investigou os efeitos da infusão de Heteropterys aphrodisiaca no músculo esquelético, tendão e osso de ratos submetidos ao treinamento de endurance. Ratos Wistar machos foram agrupados da seguinte maneira: CS-controle sedentário, HS-H. aphrodisiaca sedentário, CT-controle treinado, HT-H. aphrodisiaca treinado. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu de corrida em esteira motorizada, cinco vezes por semana, com aumento semanal de velocidade e duração. Os animais dos grupos controle receberam água, enquanto HS e HT receberam infusão de H. aphrodisiaca, diariamente, por gavagem durante 8 semanas, correspondente ao período de treinamento. O sangue foi coletado para dosagem de testosterona. O músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL), tendão calcanear e a tíbia foram congelados para análises histoquímicas, bioquímicas, biomecânicas e para Western Blot, ou preservados em fixador Karnovsky, sendo posteriormente processados para análises morfométricas e estereológicas utilizando microscopia de luz e eletrônica. O conteúdo de hidroxiprolina, a tensão máxima e o módulo de elasticidade aumentaram (p<0,05) nos tendões dos animais do grupo HT. A atividade da metalopeptidase-2 foi reduzida significativamente nos tendões dos animais do grupo HT. A região de compressão dos tendões dos animais do grupo HT apresentou intensa metacromasia, o que sugere aumento na concentração de glicosaminoglicanos nessa região tendão. Foi observada intensa birrefringência nas regiões de tensão e compressão dos tendões dos animais do grupo HT, o que pode indicar maior nível de organização dos feixes de colágeno. Os níveis de testosterona plasmáticos e a concentração de receptores de andrógeno no músculo esquelético aumentaram significativamente nos animais do grupo HS. A área média de secção transversa das fibras musculares dos animais do grupo HT foi semelhante à área das fibras dos animais sedentários, e aumentou significativamente quando comparados com os animais do grupo CT. A vascularização intramuscular e a densidade volumétrica de mitocôndria foram significativamente maiores nos animais do grupo HT. Nenhuma alteração foi observada nos tipos de fibras musculares para todos os grupos. Os animais do grupo HT mostraram significativo aumento de força e tensão no limite elástico durante o teste biomecânico da tíbia. O conteúdo de colágeno e os dados morfométricos da tíbia não foram alterados nos diferentes grupos. A força e tensão máxima, rigidez e módulo de elasticidade da tíbia foram semelhantes em todos os grupos experimentais. As microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou aumento de lacunas e canais de Havers nos ossos dos animais treinados, além disso, os ósteons estavam mais desorganizados quando comparados com os ossos dos animais sedentários. Essas alterações podem indicar que os ossos dos animais treinados estavam sendo remodelados. Portanto, com oito semanas de treinamento não foi possível verificar alterações nas medidas morfométricas, composição e nas propriedades mecânicas (rigidez e módulo de elasticidade) dos ossos dos animais treinados e/ou tratados com a infusão da planta. Por outro lado, a associação do treinamento de endurance com H. aphorodisiaca resultou em tendões mais resistentes para suportar as altas cargas geradas pelas contradições musculares repetidas, aumentou a área de secção transversa das fibras musculares, a densidade volumétrica de mitocôndrias e a vascularização do músculo, assim, sugerindo um aumento da capacidade de endurance dos animais. / Abstract: This study investigated the effects of Heteropterys aphrodisiaca infusion on the skeletal muscle, tendon and bone of rats under endurance training. Male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: CS- control sedentary, HS- H. aphrodisiaca sedentary , CT-control trained, HT- H. aphrodisiaca trained. The training protocol consisted in running on a motorized treadmill, five times a week, with weekly increase in treadmill velocity and duration. Control groups received water while the HS and HT groups received H. aphrodisiaca infusion, daily, by gavage for the 8 weeks of training. The blood was collected for testosterone dosage. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, Achilles tendons and tibiae were frozen for histochemical, Western Blotting, biochemical and biomechanical analylis or preserved in Karnovsky's fixative, then processed for morphological analysis by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Biomechanical analysis showed significant increase (p<0.05) in maximum stress and modulus of elasticity of the tendons of the HT animal. The metalloproteinase-2 activity was reduced in the HT tendons. The compression region of tendons of HT animals had a stronger and more intense metachromasy, which suggests increase in glycosaminoglycan concentration in this region of the tendon. The most intense birefringence was observed in both compression and tesion regions of the tendon of HT animals, which may indicate a higher organizational level of collagen bundles. The tendon hidroxyproline content increased significantly is HS animals. The EDL mean cross-section area of HT group was similar to sedentary groups and increased significantly when compared with CT group. The intramuscular vascularization and mitochondria volume density were significantly greater in the HT group compared with other groups. No alterations were observed in the muscle fiber composition for all groups. The HT group showed significantly higher yield load and yield stress in the tibiae three-point bending test. The tibiae collagen content, morphometrical data were not significantly different for the four groups. The maximum load, stiffness, maximum stress and elastic modulus were statistically similar for all for the experimental groups. Scanning electron microscopy showed more lacunae and Havers canals in the bone of trained animals, moreover the osteons were more disorganized, when compared with sedentary groups. These alterations may indicate that the bone of trained animals was being remodeled. Possibly, the duration of training in this study was not sufficient to alter the bone morphometrical measurements, composition and mechanical properties (stiffness and modulus of elasticity) of the trained and treated animals. On the other hand, the association of endurance training with H. aphrodisiaca resulted in more resistant tendons to support high loads from repeated muscle contraction. Also, the association of H. aphrodisiacaI and the exercise protocol increased the mean area of muscle fiber, mitochondrial volume density and muscular vascularization , suggesting an increase of the endurance capacity of these animals. / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

OBJETIVO: Avaliar características clínicas, componente vertical da força de reação do solo e função muscular de flexores plantares e dorsais do tornozelo em corredores com e sem tendinopatia de calcâneo, e em indivíduos não corredores. MÉTODOS: Setenta e dois indivíduos (42H: 30M, idade 37,3 ±9,9 anos) foram divididos em três grupos: grupo tendinopatia de calcâneo (GTC, n= 24), grupo de corredores controle (GCC, n=24), e grupo de não corredores (GNC, n=24), sendo que em cada grupo ambos os tornozelos foram avaliados. A AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, parâmetros da força de reação do solo e dados isocinéticos foram avaliados usando plataformas de força e dinamômetro isocinético. RESULTADOS: A AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score foi significativamente menor no GTC. A FRS foi igual entre os grupos, porém o impulso vertical inicial foi maior no GTC que GCC e GNC. Não houve diferenças para o impulso total. O GTC demonstrou menor trabalho total na velocidade 120º/s que GCC. Não houve diferenças para as outras variáveis isocinéticas entre GTC e GCC, apenas em relação ao GNC. CONCLUSÃO: Os corredores com tendinopatia de calcâneo têm maior impacto no momento de aterrissagem, menor resistência muscular dos flexores plantares e maior comprometimento clínico e funcional. A associação do maior impulso e menor resistência pode ser um fator predisponente e mantenedor para lesão no tendão calcâneo / OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics, vertical component of the ground reaction force and muscle function of plantar flexors and dorsiflexors of the ankle in runners with and without Achilles tendinopathy and in non-runners. METHODS: Seventy-two subjects (42 M: 30W, 37.3±9.9 years old) were divided into three groups: Achilles Tendinopathy Group (GTC, n=24), Runners Control Group (GCC, n=24) and Non-Runners Group (GNC, n=24), in which both ankles were evaluated in each group. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, parameters of ground reaction force, and isokinetic data were evaluated by means of force platforms and isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: The AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was significantly lower in the GTC. The GRF was similar between the groups; however, the initial vertical impulse was higher in the GTC than in the GCC and GNC. There were no differences regarding the total impulse. The GTC presented lower total work in the 120º/s speed than the GCC. There were no differences regarding the other isokinetic variables between the GTC and GCC, only regarding the GNC. CONCLUSION: Runners with Achilles tendinopathy show higher impact at the moment of landing, lower muscle endurance of plantar flexors and higher clinical and functional damage. The association between higher impulse and lower endurance could be a predisposing and maintaining factor for Achilles tendon

Com o objetivo de analisar a influência do fenômeno de congelamento e o tempo de criopreservação sobre as propriedades biomecânicas de tendões, os autores estudaram 40 tendões de Aquiles obtidos de 20 cadáveres humanos. De cada cadáver foram retirados dois tendões, sendo que um foi testado a fresco e o contralateral congelado a - 85o C, durante um período de seis ou 12 semanas. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a ensaios de tração, com análise de suas propriedades biomecânicas. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente pelo método de "t-student", com índice de significância de 0,05, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos "congelado" e "a fresco" / For the purpose of analyzing the influence of the freezing phenomenon and cryopreservation time over the biomechanical properties of tendons, the authors studied 40 Achilles tendons from 20 human cadavers. Each cadaver had two tendons removed, one of which was tested whilst fresh and its contralateral whilst frozen at - 85o C, for a period of six or 12 weeks. The trial items were submitted to tensile testing in order to analyze their biomechanical properties. The results were compared statistically using the T-Student method, with a significance ratio of 0.05, there being no significant difference between the 'frozen' group and the 'fresh' group