Anthropologists claim that people in a variety of human societies differ enormously in how they experience, express and understand emotion (Kalat & Shiota, 2007). Research on emotions, around the world, has become increasingly popular during the past few decades. Emotion is involved in the mainstream of topics in psychology, be it about antecedents, emotional expressions and responses, or about the dimensions underlying the large emotion lexicon (Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987). While the study of emotion is of universal interest, emotions are of special interest for South-Africa. By studying the emotion lexicon of the Setswana culture, an evidence-based intervention program could be implemented by the SAPS, which will be relevant and practical to address emotional needs and support for South African Police members to express their emotions more accurately. This will help to ensure a healthy, productive and motivated police service which is an important contributor to the society (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999). South Africa, a multi-cultural country, with its eleven official languages, makes an exceptional country for studying emotion as presented in different cultures. The main objective of this study was to investigate emotion and culture in accordance with a literature study, and to identify the different emotion words within the Setswana language group and determine the prototypical emotion words as well as the cognitive structure (different dimensions) of emotion concepts. A survey design with convenience sampling was used to achieve the research objectives in a series of three phases (studies). The study population for the first (N=154) and third (N=140) phases consisted of entry level police applicants (students) from the South African Police Services. The study population (N=51) of the second phase consisted of Setswana language experts. Free Listing questionnaires, Prototypicality questionnaires and Similarity rating questionnaires were administered. Statistical methods and procedures (Multidimensional Scaling and Descriptive Statistics) were used and Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated to analyse the results. Results of the Free Listing task gave a strong indication that basic emotion concepts of joy, sorrow and love readily came to mind in the Setswana group. Most prototypical concepts listed by the Setswana-speaking group were those of: “lela” (cry), “rata” (like), “go tenega” (fed up), “kgalefo” (warning), “lerato” (love), “boitumelo” (joy), “go utlusiswa botloko” (being hurt), “kwata” (anger), “amego maikutlo” (affection), “itumeletse” (elation), “botlhoko” (disappointment) and “itumela” (happiness). In order to determine the cognitive structure of emotion concepts, a multi-dimensional scaling was performed. A five-factorial solution was created with dimensions of Pleasantness, Yearning, Arousal, and Potency with the last dimension, “Go amega maikutlo”, being unique to the Setswana group. Suggestions were made concerning future studies on the emotion lexicon. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

Anthropologists claim that people in a variety of human societies differ enormously in how they experience, express and understand emotion (Kalat & Shiota, 2007). Research on emotions, around the world, has become increasingly popular during the past few decades. Emotion is involved in the mainstream of topics in psychology, be it about antecedents, emotional expressions and responses, or about the dimensions underlying the large emotion lexicon (Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987). While the study of emotion is of universal interest, emotions are of special interest for South-Africa. By studying the emotion lexicon of the Setswana culture, an evidence-based intervention program could be implemented by the SAPS, which will be relevant and practical to address emotional needs and support for South African Police members to express their emotions more accurately. This will help to ensure a healthy, productive and motivated police service which is an important contributor to the society (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999). South Africa, a multi-cultural country, with its eleven official languages, makes an exceptional country for studying emotion as presented in different cultures. The main objective of this study was to investigate emotion and culture in accordance with a literature study, and to identify the different emotion words within the Setswana language group and determine the prototypical emotion words as well as the cognitive structure (different dimensions) of emotion concepts. A survey design with convenience sampling was used to achieve the research objectives in a series of three phases (studies). The study population for the first (N=154) and third (N=140) phases consisted of entry level police applicants (students) from the South African Police Services. The study population (N=51) of the second phase consisted of Setswana language experts. Free Listing questionnaires, Prototypicality questionnaires and Similarity rating questionnaires were administered. Statistical methods and procedures (Multidimensional Scaling and Descriptive Statistics) were used and Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated to analyse the results. Results of the Free Listing task gave a strong indication that basic emotion concepts of joy, sorrow and love readily came to mind in the Setswana group. Most prototypical concepts listed by the Setswana-speaking group were those of: “lela” (cry), “rata” (like), “go tenega” (fed up), “kgalefo” (warning), “lerato” (love), “boitumelo” (joy), “go utlusiswa botloko” (being hurt), “kwata” (anger), “amego maikutlo” (affection), “itumeletse” (elation), “botlhoko” (disappointment) and “itumela” (happiness). In order to determine the cognitive structure of emotion concepts, a multi-dimensional scaling was performed. A five-factorial solution was created with dimensions of Pleasantness, Yearning, Arousal, and Potency with the last dimension, “Go amega maikutlo”, being unique to the Setswana group. Suggestions were made concerning future studies on the emotion lexicon. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

This thesis is devoted to optical properties of Aharonov-Bohm quantum rings in external electromagnetic fields. It contains two problems. The first problem deals with a single-electron Aharonov-Bohm quantum ring pierced by a magnetic flux and subjected to an in-plane (lateral) electric field. We predict magneto-oscillations of the ring electric dipole moment. These oscillations are accompanied by periodic changes in the selection rules for inter-level optical transitions in the ring allowing control of polarization properties of the associated terahertz radiation. The second problem treats a single-mode microcavity with an embedded Aharonov-Bohm quantum ring, which is pierced by a magnetic flux and subjected to a lateral electric field. We show that external electric and magnetic fields provide additional means of control of the emission spectrum of the system. In particular, when the magnetic flux through the quantum ring is equal to a half-integer number of the magnetic flux quantum, a small change in the lateral electric field allows tuning of the energy levels of the quantum ring into resonance with the microcavity mode, providing an efficient way to control the quantum ring-microcavity coupling strength. Emission spectra of the system are calculated for several combinations of the applied magnetic and electric fields.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus in this paper is on terms of endearment, and initially linking it with love, affection and care, which prominently feature in the oldest ancient languages. Users of dictionaries are motivated by finding and understanding the unbelievable variety of words in languages. In many faiths/religions people give credence to a perception that love and understanding of one another's needs and aspirations form the true basis of successful interpersonal relationships but as yet no consensus has been reached. The data was empirically collected through personal conversations with local people, including children, the young generation, parents and grandparents, staff of banks, supermarkets and bookshops. A distinction is made between terms generally used for kids, adults, men and women according to context in usage and the meanings thereof as reported by respondents, varying from seriously meant (dearest), to affectionate (darling, beloved) to mere superficial friendship (pal, love). As the focus was on Afrikaans which is the home language of the most residents in the Western Cape, according to information received from Statistics South Africa, and the knowledge as well as present usage of the word 'troetel' as a term of endearment, the English equivalents and additional similar terms are not of importance here. The impression is, however, that a special nuance of emotion is attached to the usage of the mentioned examples. Dictionaries should include terms of endearment known in the colloquial language at the time of their compilation and must be reliable sources of information regarding vocabulary, ways to address people and the varying degrees of communication in the wide distinguishable variety of contexts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Woordeboekverklarings vir die woord troetel sluit onder meer in met liefde behandel, liefkoos, streel en versorg. Hierdie besonder positiewe konnotasie het gelei na ʼn soekroete in die oudste antieke tale as vertrekpunt om die ontstaan, bekendheid en gebruik van hierdie woordjie in Afrikaans te probeer vasstel. Omdat liefde in verskeie gelowe as basis vir suksesvolle menseverhoudinge deur die eeue aanbeveel, uitgeleef of geopponeer is, en tog nog geen algemeen aanvaarde konsensus, ten spyte van al die slim argumente en beredenerings deur briljante geleerdes bereik is nie, kan troeteltaal wat meestal met ʼn ondertoon van ʼn nuanse van liefde gepaard gaan, gebruikstaal positief beïnvloed. Deur middel van onoffisiële proefvraelysies aan die publiek plaaslik en op die platteland en deur persoonlike empiriese navorsing in gemeenskappe is die verlangde inligting by oud en jonk versamel, bank-, supermark- en boekwinkelpersoneel se menings is ingewin. Daar is onderskei tussen troetel- of troetelverwante name vir babas tot jongmense en seniors, mans en dames, met betekenisse volgens konteks soos deur respondente verstrek. Alhoewel troetel as sulks nie by die jonger geslag juis algemeen, soos vroeër, bekend is nie, veral in dorpsgemeenskappe, kom dit nog redelik wyd in die Wes-Kaap, streek- en gesinsgebonde voor. Daar word probeer om leksikograwe te beïnvloed om meer aandag aan troetelwoordjies soos bokkie, dingetjie, kleintjie en pikkie in woordeboek te gee en die gebruik daarvan en krag daarin opgesluit by gebruikers te laat ervaar en weer in gebruik te laat herlewe, veral by ouers en jongmense. ʼn Doel van woordeboeke vir die algemene taalgebruiker is in hoofsaak om ʼn data-aanbod daar te stel wat verteenwoordigend is van die gewone omgangstaal in die tydsgewrig van samestelling, maar om verder ook as interessante inligtingsbronne van data in gebruikstaal te dien.

Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International sales contracts have very specific needs that stem from the multiplicity of legal systems which apply to such contracts. In addition to harmonised law, mercantile custom is able to address many of these needs. Mercantile custom represents usages which are clear, certain and efficient and are expected to be known and applied by merchants in a particular trade or region. To this extent mercantile custom fulfils an automatic harmonisation function. However, where a custom does not enjoy uniform application across all branches of trade, the harmonisation function of mercantile custom is limited, as is the case with trade terms. Trade terms reflect mercantile customs and usages which developed over a long time in order to simplify the trade in goods that are transported from one place to the other. They regulate the delivery obligations of the seller and buyer as well as associated obligations such as the passing of risk. Trade terms negate the need for elaborate contract clauses and appear in abbreviated form in contracts of sale. Although they provide a uniform expression of mercantile custom in a particular location or trade, the understanding of trade terms tend to differ from country to country, region to region or from one branch of trade to the next. The ICC INCOTERMS is an effort to standardise trade term definitions at the hand of the most consistent mercantile customs and practices. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law. For purposes of the investigation the focus is limited to the passing of risk. Although national laws usually have a default risk regime in place, merchants still prefer to regulate risk by means of trade terms. This study will investigate the legal position in the case of FOB, CIF and DDU terms. An analysis of the risk regimes of a few selected national systems will show that each has their own understanding of these trade terms. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not refer to trade terms, but many commentators have concluded that the CISG risk rule is consistent with INCOTERMS. The study will discuss this in more detail. To determine the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law, the study examines their characteristics, legal nature as well as their limited scope of regulation. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and INCOTERMS and the possibility of some form of interaction and collaboration between the two instruments. It is concluded that collaboration between INCOTERMS and the CISG adds value to the international law of sales by increasing the efficiency of an international business transaction and thereby facilitating international trade. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale koopkontrakte het spesifieke behoeftes wat voortspruit uit die veelvoudigheid van regstelsels van toepassing op so ‘n kontrak. Baie van hierdie behoeftes kan aangespreek word deur geharmoniseerde regsreëls in samehang met handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Handelsgewoontes verteenwoordig duidelike, seker en effektiewe gebruike. Daar word dus van handelaars wat in ‘n bepaalde bedryf of streek handel dryf, verwag om van hierdie gebruike kennis te neem en hulle toe te pas. In hierdie konteks vervul handelsgebruike ‘n outomatiese harmoniseringsfunksie. Waar ‘n gebruik nie eenvormig toegepas word oor alle bedrywe heen nie, is die harmoniseringsfunksie van handelsgebruike egter beperk. Handelsterme bied ‘n tipiese voorbeeld hiervan. Handelsterme verteenwoordig bepaalde handelsgewoontes en –gebruike wat oor ‘n geruime tyd ontwikkel het ten einde handel in goedere wat van een plek na die ander vervoer word, te vergemaklik. Hulle reguleer die leweringsverpligtinge van die verkoper en koper asook ander verpligtinge wat met lewering verband hou, soos byvoorbeeld die oorgang van risiko. Handelsterme doen weg met lang en omslagtige kontraksbedinge aangesien hulle in die vorm van afkortings in die kontrak figureer. Alhoewel handelsterme ‘n uniforme uitdrukking van gebruike in ‘n bepaalde gebied of bedryf verteenwoordig, is dit egter so dat die inhoud van handelsterme van land tot land, streek tot streek of van een tipe bedryf tot die ander verskil. INCOTERMS is ‘n poging om die inhoud van handelsterme te standaardiseer aan die hand van die mees eenvormige handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS as ‘n vorm van standaardisering in die internasionale koopreg te ondersoek. Vir doeleindes van die ondersoek word die fokus beperk tot die oorgang van risiko. Al het nasionale regstelsels gewoonlik ‘n verstek risiko-reël in plek, verkies handelaars steeds om risiko by wyse van handelsterme te reguleer. Die studie ondersoek die regsposisie in die geval van FOB-, CIF-, en DDU-terme. ‘n Analise van risiko-regulering in ‘n aantal nasionale sisteme toon dat elk hul eie betekenis heg aan die inhoud van hierdie terme. Alhoewel die Weense Koopkonvensie geensins na handelsterme verwys nie, voer verskeie kommentatore aan dat die Konvensie se risiko-bestel verenigbaar is met dié van INCOTERMS en sal hierdie aspek gevolglik in meer besonderhede in die studie aangespreek word. Ten einde die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS te bepaal, word daar ondersoek ingestel na hulle kenmerke, regsaard en beperkte aanwendingsgebied. Spesiale klem word gelê op die wisselwerking tussen die Weense Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS asook die moontlikheid van interaksie en samewerking tussen die twee instrumente. Die gevolgtrekking is dat interaksie tussen die Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS waarde toevoeg tot die internasionale koopreg deur die effektiwiteit van die internasionale besigheidstransaksie te verhoog en gevolglik internasionale handel te bevorder. / Harry Crossley Fund / NRF Thuthuka Fund

論文摘要 本論文由兩篇獨立的文章所構成，第一篇文章從個體角度出發，探討臺灣產業出口與成長之間的關聯性；第二篇文章則以總體的角度，分析世界各主要國家經濟成長的型態(包括出口偏向型的成長與進口偏向型的成長)對該國貿易條件的影響。 長久以來，出口與產出之間的相互影響向來是廣受重視的議題。在國際經濟領域中，多數研究均專注於兩者間理論之建立，關於實證方面的探討並不多見，而個體角度來探討產業出口與成長之間的文獻更是稀少，以臺灣產業出口與成長之間因果關係為對象的研究則付之闕如。臺灣的經濟成就向來被歸功於出口擴張政策的成功，但出口導向的影響範圍究竟擴及多少產業的效果仍不明朗，因此第一篇文章關心的重點，在於探討對我國的產業而言出口擴張是否是個有效的政策？而究竟出口導向和產出導向哪一種政策的效果較好，也是本文所關心的目標。 第二篇文章討論成長型態對貿易條件的影響。由於出口偏向型的成長會使本國願意以更多出口財來換取進口財，將會使本國出口財的國際價格相對下降，進而惡化本國的貿易條件，改善外國的貿易條件；反之，在進口偏向型成長的情況下，出口財的減少則會使本國貿易條件改善，外國貿易條件惡化。是以一國的經濟成長對該國貿易條件的影響，將取決於其生產可能曲線外移的方向。本文嘗試以八個工業化國家和七個開發中國家為對象，在加入成長偏向政策、物價、匯率、所得移轉、對外投資、貿易平衡、貿易開放程度等因素的考慮下，來驗證成長型態對其貿易條件的影響效果是否符合理論的規範。 / The purpose of first paper is to investigate the empirical relationships between exports and domestic production in 22 Taiwan main industries, using time series data for the period 1982:01~2002:07. Different from the previous literatures, this paper examines the relations by taking into account industrial data because we are wondering whether the causal links between exports and outputs still sustain in individual industry, and either export promotion or production-led policies are more effective for industrial production. Hence, three related topics will be discussed: to recognize the incidence of export promotion policy in Taiwan industries, to explore either export promotion or production-led policies is more effective for industrial production, and to detect whether all exportation-oriented industries would simultaneously support export promotion hypothesis. The findings of the econometric analysis employing Granger causality test do not have enough evidence to support that the proportion of exports to production is a necessary condition for generating export promotion. Nevertheless, this study suggests that production makes great influence on exports in Taiwan individual industry but the effects of exports on production is not so prevailing as we thought before. Therefore, the influence of production to exports in Taiwan industry is more prevalent than that of exports to outputs. The purpose of the second paper is to examine the impacts of growth types on terms of trade by making a comparison between 8 industrial countries and 7 developing countries (involving 3 NICs countries). This paper finds that the theories seems not be supported because evidence shows the occurrence of positive effects of export-biased growth to terms of trade are more prevalent than negative ones. Moreover, the empirical results of negative incidence shown by import-biased growth come into conflict with theories, and the impacts of import-biased growth on terms of trade are indefinite. In addition, most results reveals that export-biased growth and import-biased growth policies in industrial countries are invalid, and most results in NICs and developing countries are ambiguous while export-biased growth or import-biased growth policies are adopted. Furthermore, the empirical results reveal that income transferring have great or opposite influence in NICs and developing countries, and trade openness is advantageous to NICs and developing countries but is disadvantageous to developed ones.

Advances in numerical optimization have raised the possibility that efficient and novel aircraft configurations may be ``discovered'' by an algorithm. To begin exploring this possibility, a fast and robust set of tools for aerodynamic shape optimization is developed. Parameterization and mesh-movement are integrated to accommodate large changes in the geometry. This integrated approach uses a coarse B-spline control grid to represent the geometry and move the computational mesh; consequently, the mesh-movement algorithm is two to three orders faster than a node-based linear elasticity approach, without compromising mesh quality. Aerodynamic analysis is performed using a flow solver for the Euler equations. The governing equations are discretized using summation-by-parts finite-difference operators and simultaneous approximation terms, which permit nonsmooth mesh continuity at block interfaces. The discretization results in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are solved using an efficient parallel Newton-Krylov-Schur strategy. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is adopted. The gradient is evaluated using adjoint variables for the flow and mesh equations in a sequential approach. The flow adjoint equations are solved using a novel variant of the Krylov solver GCROT. This variant of GCROT is flexible to take advantage of non-stationary preconditioners and is shown to outperform restarted flexible GMRES. The aerodynamic optimizer is applied to several studies of induced-drag minimization. An elliptical lift distribution is recovered by varying spanwise twist, thereby validating the algorithm. Planform optimization based on the Euler equations produces a nonelliptical lift distribution, in contrast with the predictions of lifting-line theory. A study of spanwise vertical shape optimization confirms that a winglet-up configuration is more efficient than a winglet-down configuration. A split-tip geometry is used to explore nonlinear wake-wing interactions: the optimized split-tip demonstrates a significant reduction in induced drag relative to a single-tip wing. Finally, the optimal spanwise loading for a box-wing configuration is investigated.

Ricardo est célébré pour ses théories- sa théorie de croissance qui nous enseigne le concept de la trappe à stagnation industrielle et sa théorie de l'avantage comparatif selon laquelle les différences de technologie déterminent la direction de l'échange international. Quel rôle les théories ricardiennes ont a-t-elles consacré à l'investissement direct étranger (IDE) demeure une question peu explorée. Il s'avère ainsi approprié d'étudier les implications de l'IDE et du transfert technologique vis-à-vis de ces théories. Cette thèse met l'accent sur les approches ricardiennes de croissance et de commerce international pour traiter l'IDE, le transfert technologique et le commerce international, construit et développe de nouvelles approches théoriques et prédictions ricardiennes. Des analyses économétriques sont ensuite effectuées pour tester ces prédictions.Cette thèse se compose de quatre chapitres. Deux parties qui contiennent chacune deux chapitres sont présentées. La première partie propose une revisitation et une reformulation des approches macroéconomiques de l'IDE suivant une approche ricardienne. La deuxième partie traite les relations entre l'IDE, le transfert technologique, la sophistication des exportations et les termes de l'échange des pays en développement et fournit des analyses empiriques à l'appui pour tester les prédictions ricardiennes.Le premier chapitre réexamine et généralise l'approche de l'IDE par la théorie ricardienne de croissance. Ce chapitre prolonge l'analyse d'Ozawa, met l'accent sur « les goulots d'étranglement ricardiens » et le risque de trappe à stagnation industrielle à la Ricardo-Hicks et examine les facteurs « push » expliquant l'investissement direct sortant. Les prédictions de cette approche sont ensuite testées sur un panel de pays émergents et en transition. Les résultats économétriques portant sur un panel de pays émergents et en transition confirment les prédictions théoriques de l'approche macroéconomique d'Ozawa en matière d'IDE sortant.Le second chapitre développe un modèle ricardien classique en introduisant l'IDE Nord Sud. Nous reformulons « le principe de correspondance » développé par Kojima. Nous montrons que la correspondance entre les taux de profits absolus et les avantages comparatifs explique l'émergence de l'IDE originaire des secteurs comparativement désavantagés dans les pays développés et destinés aux secteurs comparativement avantagés dans les pays en développement.Le troisième chapitre, dans sa première section, développe un modèle ricardien Nord-Sud avec transfert de technologie. Notre contribution consiste à examiner le rôle de l'élasticité de substitution entre les biens dans les conséquences du transfert technologique sur les termes de l'échange et le bien-être des pays. Les conditions d'une baisse des termes de l'échange pour le pays en développement sont explicitées, et finalement sont précisées les conditions dans lesquelles le bien être du pays en développement peut baisser à la suite de ce transfert de technologie. La seconde section prolonge l'analyse aux cas du transfert technologique via l'IDE et les licenses. Les tests empiriques montrent que les IDE entrants et le versement de royalties s'accompagnent d'une baisse des termes de l'échange pour les pays en développement.Le quatrième chapitre associe le modèle ricardien avec un continuum de biens aux travaux empiriques de Hausmann, Hwang et Rodrick (2007) et de Rodrik (2006) sur la sophistication des exportations. Un modèle empirique est développé afin d'établir les liens qui existent entre la présence des firmes étrangères et la sophistication des exportations des pays en développement. Ensuite, la question des termes de l'échange des pays en développement est mise en évidence. Les tests empiriques sur un panel de pays en développement montrent que l'augmentation de la sophistication des exportations des pays en développement s'accompagne d'une baisse de leurs termes de l'échange. / Ricardo is commonly celebrated for the theoretical achievements -his theory of growth which introduces us to the concept of trap of industrialism and his theory of comparative advantage that introduces us to the idea that technological differences across countries is the basis of international trade. What role Ricardo's theories have given to foreign direct investment (FDI) has remained a less explored issue. Thus, it is certainly relevant to study the implications of FDI and technology transfer for these theories. This thesis puts back the Ricardian growth bottleneck and the Ricardian trade approaches toward FDI and technology transfer at the forefront of analysis, builds and develops new theoretical settings and predictions. Moreover, this thesis provides new empirical applications.This thesis consists of four chapters. Two parts emerge. In the first part, we mainly revisit and reformulate the Japanese economic thought toward outward FDI, within the Ricardian context. We also implement econometric estimation to test the relevance and usefulness of this theoretical approach to outward FDI from catching-up countries. In the second part, we provide theoretical frameworks with empirical applications. We focus on the effects of technological inflows, especially via inward FDI, on the developing receiving countries and we develop new Ricardian approaches with empirical follow-up on the predictions.In chapter 1, we focus on outward FDI as an escape response to home country growth bottlenecks, which represents an important but under-explored phenomenon in the FDI literature. We review the push-factor approaches based on the pressure effect of the “Ricardian bottlenecks” to explain outward FDI. We reconsider Ozawa's macroeconomic theory of outward FDI, extend it and argue for a widespread applicability of FDI aimed at overcoming generalized “Ricardian bottlenecks”, especially, nowadays, natural resource-scarcity and the insatiable quest for energy, industrial raw materials and fuels. Our empirical findings confirm that outward FDI from emerging countries and transition economies (catching-up countries) acts as an escape response from “Ricardian bottlenecks” and strengthen the reasonableness, the usefulness and the empirical robustness of Ozawa's macroeconomic theory of FDI.In chapter 2, we reformulate Kojima's correspondence principle within Ricardian setting and point out that OFDI originating from the comparatively disadvantaged industry in the developed country and going to the comparatively advantaged industry in the developing country should follow the direction of absolute profit rates which is a reflection of the comparative advantage patterns.In chapter 3, we mainly focus, in the first section, on the welfare effect of North-South technology transfer within Ricardian setting. We single out the respective role of the relative size of both countries, the efficiency of the technology which is transferred, and the elasticity of substitution between the goods which are produced. In the second section of chapter 3, we explore what are the consequences of free technology transfer, licensing and FDI on the North-South welfare. We also provide an empirical analysis of the effect of licensing and foreign presence on the developing countries' terms of trade. We find that inward FDI and royalties' payment deteriorate the terms of trade of the developing and emerging countries.In chapter 4, we combine an extended continuum Ricardian trade setting which rank sophistication of exports by their technology intensity with the new advanced wave of empirical literature on export sophistication. Using data from the developing and emerging countries, we test the core theoretical prediction that foreign involvement and export penetration facilitate technological progress and upgrades export sophistication of a country by leading it to expand the range of goods that it produces toward sectors with rising productivity. In our next step, we bring the debate on the deterioration of the developing countries' terms of trade back into the limelight. Importantly, we show that despite the increase in their export sophistication, the developing countries continue to face terms of trade deterioration.

- THE CURRENT ACCOUNT CONTRACT CONSIDERING GERMAN LEGISLATION In my diploma thesys I have focused on legal regulation of current account contract not only in czech law but also in german law. Is not comparison in strict sence, but just a considiration of in my opinion more exact and explicit legislation of legal institute. In introduction part I have pointed out the term of current account, its purpose and fuction. The main part is focused on applicable legislation of current account contract, its characteristic and to statutes concerning above mentioned questions (for example Act on banks, Act on payment system act). I also mention issuies of contracting parties position, management of banc account , fee for account maintenance, interest on the balance of funds on accounts, termination of contract, account owners death, payments and related deadlines for execution of payment transactions or unilateral changes to terms and conditions. I also consider to be relevant that the czech legislator introduced dual regulation of current account contract in connection with the implementation of european directive. Czech legislator distinguish between current account contract that is not a payment service contract and current account contract that is payment service contract. In my opinion this duality causes...

I. Abstract The thesis deals with the concept of time and its conceptualisation in the Czech language. It is based on the theory of conceptual metaphor and the theory of linguistic worldview. Within the field of cognitive linguistics, the theory of conceptual metaphor is mainly applied in the identification of the source domains of metaphors used for language expression of the target domains. The first part of the thesis deals with the reflection of the "time" phenomenon, with its non- linguistic concept. Attention is paid to the concept of the cyclical and linear time. The second part aims to identify metaphors used in Czech for the expression of time relations and for the expression of the time phenomenon. The paper analyses the language plane in order to find such metaphors. It employs semantic and etymological analysis of words used when expressing the notion of time, i.e. nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions, and interjections.