Despite the voluminous literature on North-South macroeconomic interactions and the key role of terms of trade variations in growth transmission from one region to another, a significant research gap persists for two reasons. First, there has been very little empirical work on testing of the relationships between growth patterns and terms of trade movements. Second, the empirical studies dedicated to testing the Prebisch-Singer Thesis (PST) focused on testing the long-run tendency for the terms of trade of primary commodities to deteriorate and neglected the joint nature of the predictions arising out of a complete formulation of PST. This dissertation seeks to properly specify the PST, provide a generalization of it to the case of imbalanced trade, and extend it to a three-region framework through a structuralist North-South model. Multiple paths of growth divergence/convergence and terms of trade deterioration/improvement emerge depending on the structural changes influencing the income-elasticity differentials. I carry out two sets of empirical analyses. First, I use aggregate data on North-South terms of trade indices to test the presence and significance of a downward trend. Second, I use panel data analysis and rolling regressions to show the evolution of income-elasticity differentials. The results suggest that the growth rates of developing countries during the 1980s declined in both absolute and relative terms partly as a result of the downward trend in terms of trade and partly as a result of income elasticity differentials reflecting the productive and technological asymmetries between the developed and developing economies. However, these structural asymmetries have not remained constant: the results show that they changed both over time and over cross-sections of different groups of countries. In general the countries that diversified towards manufactured exports had better chances of eliminating the elasticity differentials, and thus attaining relatively higher rates of growth. The cross-country study is complemented by a comparative case study of Turkey and Malaysia. The results show that industrial and trade policies, if carefully designed and effectively implemented, can counter potential costs of external market dynamics while taking advantage of the opportunities for advancing dynamic comparative advantages.

Reduction orderings that are compatible with an equational theory E and total on (the E-equivalence classes of) ground terms play an important rôle in automated deduction. We present a general approach for combining such orderings. To be more precise, we show how E1-compatible reduction orderings total on Σ1-ground terms and E2-compatible reduction orderings total on Σ2-ground terms can be used to construct an (E1[E2)-compatible reduction ordering total on (Σ1 [Σ2)-ground terms, provided that the signatures are disjoint and some other (rather weak) restrictions are satised. This work was motivated by the observation that it is often easier to construct such orderings for „small” signatures and theories separately, rather than directly for their union.

[pt] A evidência empírica demonstra que termos de troca e produtividade flutuam juntos para economias grandes exportadoras de commodities. O modelo semi estrutural estimado nesta dissertação visa representar uma pequena economia aberta, na qual as flutuações dos termos de troca impactam de forma direta a produtividade da economia. A partir de métodos Bayesianos, o modelo testa se existe correlação positiva entre períodos de expansão dos termos de troca e períodos de expansão da produtividade, com o objetivo de analisar a influência dos termos de troca na dinâmica da economia brasileira de 2000 a 2019. Os resultados obtidos corroboram a correlação positiva prevista nos dados. / [en] The empirical evidence shows that terms of trade and productivity move in the same direction for commodity exporting economies. The semi structural model estimated in this paper of an small open economy introduces a direct impact of fluctuations in terms of trade on the productivity. Using Bayesian methods of estimation, we analyze whether there is a positive correlation between periods of terms of trade booms and periods of productivity growth in Brazilian economy fluctuations from 2000 to 2019. The results show that a positive shock in the terms of trade leads to an increase in productivity, proving the positive correlation predicted in the data.

Because adverse childhood and family of origin experiences may have implications for adult relationships, it is important to understand what can help buffer potential negative effects. The current study was designed to understand the relationship between childhood family of origin adversities, coming to terms with family of origin issues and events, and adult romantic relationship quality for African Americans (N = 1613). A path analysis was conducted using data from the RELATE assessment (see www.relate-institute.org). Results indicated that, taken together, coming to terms, self-esteem, and depression likely partially mediated the relationship between family of origin adversity and adult relationship quality. Results also suggested that if African Americans were able to come to terms, they reported less depression and higher levels of self-esteem. Clinicians may find it useful to focus on assisting African American individuals in coming to terms with childhood family of origin adversity as part of treatment for depression, self-esteem issues, and adult romantic relationship problems. Additional clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена сопоставительному анализу терминологических словосочетаний на английском и русском языке, представляющих собой двухкомпонентные цепочки слов. Исследование проводилось на материале инструкций. Материал исследования составляет 152 термина на английском языке и 173 термина на русском языке. В ходе исследования рассмотрена специфика употребления терминов, а также теория словосочетания. Было определено, при помощи каких моделей построены англоязычные термины и их переводные соответствия; выявлены особенности использования структурных моделей при переводе словосочетаний. Результаты исследования можно использовать как материал для практических занятий по теории и практике перевода, для спецкурсов по научно-техническому переводу и др. / The master's thesis is devoted to the comparative analysis of terminological phrases in English and in Russian, which grammatically are two-component word chains. The study was carried out on the material of instruction manuals. The material of the study consists of 152 terms in English and 173 terms in Russian. In the course of the study, the peculiarities of the use of terms as well as the theory of phrases are considered. It was determined which models were used to build English-language terms and their translational correspondences; the peculiarities of the use of the structural models in the translation of phrases were identified. The results of the study can be used as a material for practical classes on the theory and practice of translation, for special courses on scientific and technical translation, etc.

[pt] Os termos de bem viver, medida preventiva presente no Código de Processo Criminal de 1832, são elaborados como um instrumento da lei que pretendia prevenir a criminalidade. Pessoas acusadas de embriaguez, vadiagem e perturbação da ordem assinavam nas delegacias um comprometimento de, a partir daquela ocorrência, bem viverem em comunhão com a lei, e apareciam nas folhas da imprensa periódica como ociosos suspeitos. A legislação emancipacionista e a crise da ordem escravocrata, especialmente a partir da década de 1870, apontam para o fortalecimento dos termos de bem viver enquanto mecanismo de coação ao trabalho. Usada como ferramenta no combate à ociosidade, a medida preventiva passou a fazer parte do esforço de construir novas definições de ocupação e, também, de encarceramento, diante do fim da forma legítima de coação ao trabalho: a escravidão. Essa dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a construção dos elementos de suspeição em torno das pessoas policiadas por termos de bem viver, para pensar o combate à ociosidade e o trabalho compulsório como parte da lógica de Estado do Segundo Reinado. Com o objetivo de ampliar os estudos a respeito da ociosidade no século XIX, é importante examinar as implicações do controle policial a partir dos termos de bem viver na experiência de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras informais. / [en] The terms of good living, a preventive measure present in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1832, were drawn up as an instrument of the law intended to prevent crime. People accused of drunkenness, vagrancy, and disturbance of order signed a commitment at the police stations, from that occurrence on, to live well in communion with the law, and appeared in the periodic press sheets as idle suspects. The emancipation legislation and the crisis of the slave order, especially from the 1870s on, point to the strengthening of the terms of good living as a mechanism of coercion to work. Used as a tool to combat idleness, the preventive measure became part of the effort to construct new definitions of occupation and, also, of imprisonment, in face of the end of the legitimate form of coercion to work: slavery. This dissertation aims to analyze the construction of the elements of suspicion around the people policed by terms of good living, in order to think the combat against idleness and compulsory labor as part of the logic of the State of the Second Reign. In order to broaden studies of idleness in the nineteenth century, it is important to examine the implications of police control through the terms of good living in the experience of informal workers.

Yes / The importance of including members of the public has been accorded a significant position in health planning, service delivery and research. But this position masks a lack of clarity about terms that are used. This paper identifies terms that are in common use in the lexicon of community based involvement and engagement in health with the intention of clarifying meaning and thus reducing ambiguity. We define and distinguish between key terms related to inclusion, we consider the terminology attached to community processes and to the challenges of inclusion and we engage with the strengths and weaknesses of the commonly used metaphor of "a ladder of participation". We wish to contribute to the clear communication of intentions, challenges and achievements in pursuing varied forms of inclusion in health.

Den svenska e-handeln har under de senaste åren rapporterat en markant ökning av returer som en följd av den växande onlinemarknaden där allt från kläder, accessoarer och skor går att beställa hem med några enstaka knapptryck. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda hur kunderna ställer sig till de nuvarande köpvillkoren i e-handelsbranschen, samt hur villkoren påverkar kundens köpprocess. För att uppfylla vårt syfte har tretton semistrukturerade intervjuer undersökt unga vuxna kvinnliga konsumenters uppfattningar och inställningar till mode e-handelns aktuella köpvillkor. Resultatet tyder på att märkbara ändringar i köpvillkor har skett oannonserat i form av tillkomna avgifter och kortare tidsram för retur, vilket har inverkan på faktorer som kundvärde och kundnöjdhet. Aspekterna är viktiga ur företagens konkurrenssynpunkt, som ger dem fördelar gentemot andra företag i branschen. Kundens köpprocess grundas till stor del på bekvämlighet vilket gör att beställningar av kläder sker rutinmässigt och det belyser vikten av att företag skapar relation till kunderna för att uppnå ökade köptillfällen. Företagen behöver hitta en balans mellan att möta kundens förväntningar samtidigt som de förhåller sig till den rådande situationen på e-handelsmarknaden som uppstått av kunders sätt att konsumera och returnera. Uppsatsen är skriven på svenska. / In recent years, Swedish e-commerce has reported a noticeable increase in returns as a result of the growing online market, where everything from clothes, accessories and shoes can be ordered home with a few clicks of a button. The purpose of this study was to investigate how customers feel about the current purchase conditions within the fashion industry, as well as how these conditions affect the customers' purchase process. In order to fulfill our purpose, thirteen semi-structured interviews investigated the perceptions and attitudes of young adult female consumers towards the current purchase conditions of e-fashion retail. The result suggests that noticeable changes in terms of the conditions have taken place unannounced in the form of added fees and shorter timeframes for returns, which has an impact on factors such as customer value and customer satisfaction. The aspects are important from the companies' competitive point of view, which gives them advantages over other companies in the industry. The customers' buying process is largely based on convenience, which means that orders for clothes are made routinely and this highlights the importance of companies creating relationships with customers in order to achieve increased purchase opportunities. The companies need to find a balance between meeting the customer's expectations while dealing with the current situation in the e-commerce market caused by the way customers consume and return. The paper is written in Swedish.

The Inferno from La Commedia, by Dante Alighieri has been translated into Japanese about a dozen times in the past 110 years. In this comparative analysis, seven of those are analysed and compared with regards to how cultural terms were translated and to what degree the different translators tried to make a word-by word translation for certain selected passages. Nine such passages, with a total of 93 lines were chosen. About 60 words were analysed per translator and the main goal was to determine whether if they have a tendency towards foreignisation or domestication. A Natural Language Processing analysis was also conducted to assess the similarity of translations in terms of word usage. Besides the oldest translation, which is quite different when it comes to both word usage and grammar and is therefore considered an outlier, two main groups emerge. One that tends to translate more word-by-word than the other, which is freer. All in the first group imitate the Italian pronunciation of cultural terms using katakana, while most in the latter prefer the current Japanese term. In between these groups appears one translator, which is more consequently following the change of words in a similar way like Dante did when referring to Virgilio, while others tend to use the same word several times.

The aim of the study is to perform a linguistic analysis of mathematics textbooks. Mathematical text exercises are built up of linguistic structures which are significant for the pupil’s understanding of text exercises. Two different mathematics textbooks for grade three are analysed: Prima matematikand Tummen upp. The aim is to investigate how text exercises in mathematics textbooks are linguistically structured. The study analyses the style, form and content of the text and its relation to the reader. The result shows that the content of the text exercises is close to the pupil’s everyday reality, which ensures a close and strong relationship between the writer and the reader. Something which can entail difficulties for reading comprehension, however, is that the form consists of meaning-bearing mathematical terms which it can be difficult to relate to. Since the mathematical language and the everyday Swedish language meet in text exercises, it is important that they interact well with each other.