A partir du constat fait auprès des étudiants d’espagnol langue étrangère qui ont beaucoup de difficultés à maîtriser l’utilisation des termes d’adresse, ce travail tente d’en élucider les raisons et propose des réflexions pour parvenir à régler le problème. Les termes d’adresse en tant que déictiques personnels et sociaux sont les marqueurs de la relation interpersonnelle que tout locuteur construit avec son interlocuteur. En espagnol, le système de l’adresse est complexe de par ses variations diatopiques ainsi que par les spécificités de son système, notamment du pronom usted, qui tout en désignant un allocutaire a une morphologie de troisième personne. De plus, il faut tenir compte de la situation de communication, qui est variable selon les cultures et les sociétés. A partir d’un corpus de données provoquées composé d’interactions orales d’étudiants français universitaires, nous faisons une analyse interactionnelle et pragmalinguistique qui permet de dégager les difficultés majeures que pose l’apprentissage et la maîtrise en contexte des termes d’adresse, pronoms de deuxième personne et formes nominales. Il est démontré que les erreurs présentes dans les discours des étudiants ne sont pas uniquement d’origine linguistique, mais sont aussi induites par un manque d’adéquation à la situation de communication. Ainsi, les termes d’adresse sont l’un des éléments dont l’utilisation ne dépend pas uniquement du niveau d’interlangue mais aussi de la compétence socioculturelle des locuteurs. / From the observation made with the spanish foreign language students have great difficulty in mastering the use of terms of address, this work tries to elucidate the reasons which offers reflections to the problem. Terms of address as a personal and social deictic are markers of the interpersonal relationship that all speakers built with his interlocutor. In spanish, the address system is complex variations diatopiques as well as the specific features of its system, including the pronoun usted, which designated an allocutaire has a morphology of third person. Furthermore, it must take into account the situation of communication, which is variable depending on the cultures and societies. From a corpus of data consisting of oral interactions of french university students, we make an interactional and pragmalinguistic analysis which allows to identify the major difficulties posed by learning and mastery in context of the terms of address, second-person pronouns and nominal forms. It is shown that these errors in the speech of the students are not only of linguistic origin, but are also induced by a lack of fitness for the communication situation. Thus, the address terms are one of the elements whose use depends not only on the level of interlanguage, but also of socio-cultural competence of the speakers.

This thesis studies numerical methods for integrating the master equations describing Markov chain models of cardiac ion channels. Such models describe the time evolution of the probability that ion channels are in a particular state. Numerical simulations of such models are often computationally demanding because many solvers require relatively small time steps to ensure numerical stability. The aim of this project is to analyse selected Markov chains and develop more efficient and accurate solvers. We separate a Markov chain model into fast and slow time-scales based on the speed of transitions between states. Eliminating the fast transitions, we find an asymptotic reduction of zeroth-order and first-order in a small parameter describing the time-scales separation. We apply the theory to a Markov chain model of the fast sodium channel INa. We consider several variants for classifying some transitions as fast in order to find reduced systems that yield a good accuracy. However, the time step size is still restricted by numerical instabilities. We adapt the Rush-Larsen technique originally developed for gate models. Assuming that a transition matrix can be considered constant during each time step, we solve the Markov chain model analytically. The solution provides a recipe for a stable exponential solver, which we call "Matrix Rush-Larsen" (MRL). Using operator splitting we design an even more flexible "hybrid" method that combines the MRL with other solvers. The resulting improvement in stability allows a large increase in the time step size. In some models, we obtain reasonably accurate results 27 times faster using a hybrid method than with the forward Euler method, even with the maximal time step allowed by the stability constraint. Finally, we extend the cardiac simulation package BeatBox by the developed exponential solvers. We upgrade a format of "ionic" modules which describe a cardiac cell, in order to allow for a specific definition of Markov chain models. We also modify a particular integrator for ionic modules to include the MRL and the hybrid method. To test the functionality of the code, we have converted a number of cellular models into the ionic format. The documented code is available in the official BeatBox package distribution.

The aim of the thesis is the analysis of the relation of the place of VAT taxation, i.e. the destination of the country in which the goods is subject to taxation, and the INCOTERMS terms of delivery so that their mutual connection can be found out although primarily no direct connection is discovered.

La thèse est préparée dans le cadre d’une convention de cotutelle sous la direction des Professeurs Jean-Hugues Chauchat (ERIC-Lyon2) et N.V. Charonova (Université Nationale Polytechnique de Kharkov en Ukraine).1. Les résultats obtenus peuvent se résumer ainsi : Rétrospective des fondations théoriques sur la formalisation des connaissances et langue naturelle en tant que précurseurs de l’ingénierie des ontologies. Actualisation de l’état de l’art sur les approches générales dans le domaine de l’apprentissage d’ontologie, et sur les méthodes d’extraction des termes et des relations sémantiques. Panorama des plateformes et outils de construction et d’apprentissage des ontologies ; répertoire des ressources lexicales disponibles en ligne et susceptibles d’appuyer l’apprentissage d’ontologie (apprentissage des concepts et relation). 2. Propositions méthodologiques : Une méthode d’apprentissage des patrons morphosyntaxiques et d’installation de taxonomies partielles de termes. Une méthode de formation de classes sémantiques représentant les concepts et les relations pour le domaine de la sécurité radiologique. Un cadre (famework) d’organisation des étapes de travaux menant à la construction de l’ontologie du domaine de la sécurité radiologique.3. Implémentation et expérimentations : Installation de deux corpus spécialisés dans le domaine de la protection radiologique, en français et en russe, comprenant respectivement 1 500 000 et 600 000 unités lexicales. Implémentation des trois méthodes proposées et analyse des résultats obtenus. Les résultats ont été présentés dans 13 publications, revues et actes de conférences nationales et internationales, entre 2010 et 2016, notamment IMS-2012, TIA-2013, TOTH-2014, Eastern-European Journal of Eenterprise Technologies, Bionica Intellecta (Бионика интеллекта), Herald of the NTU «~KhPI~» (Вестник НТУ «~ХПИ~»). / The thesis has been prepared within a co-supervision agreement with the Professors Jean-Hugues Chauchat (ERIC-Lyon2) and N.V. Charonova (National Polytechnic University of Kharkov in Ukraine).The results obtained can be summarized as follows:1. State of the art:Retrospective of theoretical foundations concerning the formalization of knowledge and natural language as precursors of ontology engineering.Update of the state of the art on general approaches in the field of ontology learning, and on methods for extracting terms and semantic relations.Overview of platforms and tools for ontology construction and learning; list of lexical resources available online able to support ontology learning (concept learning and relationship).2. Methodological proposals:Learning morphosyntactic patterns and implementing partial taxonomies of terms.Finding semantic classes representing concepts and relationships for the field of radiological safety.Building a frame for the various stages of the work leading to the construction of the ontology in the field of radiological safety.3. Implementation and experiments:Loading of two corpuses specialized in radiological protection, in French and Russian, with 1,500,000 and 600,000 lexical units respectively.Implementation of the three previous methods and analysis of the results obtained.The results have been published in 13 national and international journals and proceedings, between 2010 and 2016, including IMS-2012, TIA-2013, TOTH-2014, Bionica Intellecta (Бионика интеллекта) , Herald of the NTU "~ KhPI ~" (Вестник НТУ "~ ХПИ ~").

Este trabalho de dissertação tem como objetivo central a criação de um glossário bilíngue (português-inglês) de termos institucionais da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Sua construção é de extrema importância para a tradução dos materiais institucionais que apresentam a universidade e permite que ela se comunique com o mundo globalizado. Ressalta-se, ainda, o valor do trabalho para a construção da identidade universitária e de sua memória institucional, pois apresenta os termos correspondentes aos utilizados pela UERJ para denominar suas estruturas e cargos, compreendendo sua Administração Central e Unidades Acadêmicas e Administrativas, Para chegar ao glossário, dividimos nosso trabalho em capítulos. O primeiro trata do processo de globalização e seu impacto na universidade: a internacionalização. Utilizamos como exemplo do processo a internacionalização da UERJ não esquecendo de analisar a importância do uso da língua inglesa como língua franca e, consequentemente a relevância da tradução nesse contexto. No segundo capítulo, resumimos as teorias terminológicas, enfatizando a Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia, de Maria Tereza Cabré e as características do bom glossário apontadas por Anna Julia Perrotti-Garcia, privilegiando o termo e seu contexto real de uso como ponto de partida. No terceiro capítulo, revelamos a macroestrura e a microestrutura do glossário, apresentado logo em seguida. O glossário reúne, então, cerca de setenta termos em língua portuguesa, com exemplos acompanhados dos termos em língua inglesa, com seus exemplos de uso real. Nas considerações finais, comentam-se os resultados da pesquisa, as adaptações necessárias e a contribuição do trabalho para a universidade e para a tradução e a terminologia. É um trabalho que pretende tratar da terminologia a serviço da tradução de textos institucionais, produzindo uma ferramenta importante para tal tarefa / This present work aims at building a bilingual glossary (Portuguese-English) of the institutional terms of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). This work is extremely important to the translation of institutional materials which present the university and allows it to communicate with a globalized world. We must add that this work should contribute to the building of the university identity and its institutional memory, as far as it presents the terms the university uses, on an everyday basis, to nominate its structures and positions, bringing together its central administration as well as administrative and academic units. In order to achieve the purpose of this work, that is, the glossary, we divided the dissertation in chapters. The first one deals with the process of globalization and it is impact on the university: internationalization. We refer to the internationalization process, using as an example the process at UERJ, not leaving behind the importance of the use of the English language as a lingua franca and, therefore, the relevance of translation in this context. In the second one, we sum up the terminology theories, emphasizing the Communicative Theory, by Maria Tereza Cabré and the characteristics of a good glossary pointed by Anna Julia Perrotti-Garcia, using the term and its real context of use as a starting point. The second chapter reveals the macro and microstructure of the glossary, presented afterwards. The glossary contains, then, about seventy terms in Portuguese with examples, followed by the terms in English, also followed by their real use examples. For final considerations, we discuss the results of the research, the necessary adaptations as well as the contribution of the work to the university, to translation and to terminology. It was a work worried about dealing with terminology serving the translation of institutional texts, when it produces such an important tool to that task

Cette thèse présente des propositions pour les professeurs concernés par la formation des traducteurs de l'arabe en français et vice-versa. Elle suggère un cadre de référence qui fournit une conception globale de la formation des traducteurs dès le plus bas niveau jusqu'au niveau le plus élevé. Le cadre de référence sert de base pour une étude de terrain de la formation des traducteurs à Lyon 2, au Centre Culturel Français de Damas et à l'Université de Damas. / This thesis presents suggestions for teachers involved in the training of translators from Arabic into French and vice versa. It suggests a framework that provides a comprehensive approach to the training of translators from the lowest to the highest level. The framework provides the basis for a field study of the formation of two translators in Lyon, the French Cultural Center in Damascus and Damascus University.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T14:29:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriel de Avila Batista - 2018.pdf: 2567575 bytes, checksum: 6cfc976ffbec0e51a1f601f6d594c3c0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T15:19:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriel de Avila Batista - 2018.pdf: 2567575 bytes, checksum: 6cfc976ffbec0e51a1f601f6d594c3c0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T15:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriel de Avila Batista - 2018.pdf: 2567575 bytes, checksum: 6cfc976ffbec0e51a1f601f6d594c3c0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-09 / The Brazilian federal government assumes the imminence of an energy crisis. Thus, hydroelectric projects appear as a preventive response to the reduction of energy resources and to eventual socioeconomic instability arising from this problem. Therefore, it becomes pertinent to several sectors the discussion about the socioeconomic, physical and biotic aspects that are affected by the implantation of hydroelectric dams. Despite the legal, technical and scientific aspects of the brazilian Environmental Licensing (EL) process, it is part of an administrative process, and comply with protocols defined in Reference Terms (RT). Thereby their stages, including the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), must conform to the proposal of these documents to enable the flow of the EL process. The literature indicates shortcomings in environmental licensing processes related to EIAs, with the nature of these gaps varying from administrative, legal, technical, and scientific methods. Still in this plea, the literature also points out problems regarding the biotic aspects of environmental impact assessment. These errors lead to environmental impacts that are difficult to mitigate, since they were not predicted or evaluated during the studies. Observing these premises and considering the RT as the base of the methods used in these studies, it is possible to suppose that this document is one of the problems origins observed in the subsequent phases. Are the guidelines for the biotic environment in RTs in line with what is proposed by science? The analyzes in this study demonstrate that the scientific quality of the biotic environment protocols is low. It is known why sample – as this question answers a legal requirement too –, but it is not known the best sample targets neither the adequate way to sample, which may lead to irreversible impacts. The prognosis is disappointing, with an increase of 0.53% in quality per year, considering 1988 as the starting year, it will still take 158 years to reach the ideal. / O governo federal brasileiro assume a iminência de uma crise de energia. Assim, os projetos hidrelétricos aparecem como uma resposta preventiva à redução de recursos energéticos e à eventual instabilidade socioeconômica decorrente desse problema. Portanto, torna-se pertinente em vários setores a discussão sobre os aspectos socioeconômicos, físicos e bióticos que são afetados pela implantação de hidrelétricas. Apesar dos aspectos legais, técnicos e científicos do processo de Licenciamento Ambiental (LA) brasileiro, faz parte de um processo administrativo e cumpre os protocolos definidos nos Termos de Referência (TR). Assim, suas etapas, incluindo a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA), devem estar em conformidade com a proposta desses documentos para permitir o fluxo do processo de LA. A literatura indica deficiências nos processos de licenciamento ambiental relacionados a AIA, com a natureza dessas lacunas variando de métodos administrativos, legais, técnicos e científicos. Nessa razão, a literatura também aponta problemas relacionados aos aspectos bióticos da avaliação de impacto ambiental. Esses problemas levam a impactos ambientais que são difíceis de mitigar, já que não foram previstos ou avaliados durante os estudos. Observando essas premissas e considerando o TR como a base dos métodos utilizados nesses estudos, é possível supor que este documento é uma das origens dos problemas observados nas fases subsequentes. As diretrizes para o ambiente biótico em TRs estão de acordo com o que é proposto pela ciência? As análises nesse estudo demonstram que a qualidade científica dos protocolos para o meio biótico nesses documentos é baixa. Sabe-se porque amostrar – já que essa pergunta responde também a um requisito legal –, mas não são conhecidos os alvos ideais de amostragem nem a forma mais adequada de amostrar, o que possibilita impactos ambientais irreversíveis. O prognóstico é desanimador, com um incremento de 0,53% de qualidade ao ano, considerando 1988 como ano de partida, ainda levaremos 158 anos para atingir o ideal.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-25T17:28:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elliot Santovich Scaramal - 2016.pdf: 1887253 bytes, checksum: c1a9c0be427247b15b8143650b62f8bc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-25T17:28:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elliot Santovich Scaramal - 2016.pdf: 1887253 bytes, checksum: c1a9c0be427247b15b8143650b62f8bc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T17:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elliot Santovich Scaramal - 2016.pdf: 1887253 bytes, checksum: c1a9c0be427247b15b8143650b62f8bc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The main goal of this dissertation is to offer both an interpretation to the theory of singular representations as presented by Leibniz in his writings from the 1680’s, as well as a hypothesis of a criticism made by Kant to what we take to be the cornerstones of such a theory. These cornerstones consist in (i) the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles (ii) the Doctrine of the Complete Notion of the Individual Substance (iii) the Intensional Definitions of the Truth Values. Once the writings in which (ii) and (iii) are presented only began to be published in the XIX century, we argue in favor of the plausibility of such a hypothesis by means of logical arguments, which intend to show that Kant could have deduced (ii) and (iii) from Leibniz’ commitment to (i) as well as to the existence of a parfaite représentation of ordinary objects in the divine understanding, and historical arguments, which intend to show that Kant could have had access to both (ii) and (iii) and even ascribed these to Leibniz by means of Meier’s Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre and Wolff’s Philosophia Rationalis sive Logica. We will add to these, also textual arguments in order to show that there is in Kant’s philosophy not only a critique to (i), but also to (ii) e (iii), as well as an interpretation of what this criticism consists in. / O objetivo dessa dissertação é o de oferecer tanto uma interpretação para a teoria das representações singulares conforme apresentada por Leibniz principalmente em escritos da década de 1680, assim como uma hipótese de crítica por parte de Kant ao que tomamos como os pilares centrais da mesma. Esses pilares centrais consistem em (i) o Princípio de Identidade dos Indiscerníveis (ii) a Doutrina da Noção Completa da Substância Individual (iii) as Definições Intensionais dos Valores de Verdade. Dado que escritos em que são apresentadas (ii) e (iii) só começaram a ser publicados a partir do século XIX, apresentaremos aqui uma argumentação para tornar plausível uma tal hipótese, dividida entre argumentos lógicos, que mostrariam como Kant poderia ter deduzido (ii) e (iii) a partir dos comprometimentos de Leibniz com (i) e com a existência de uma parfaite représentation dos objetos ordinários por parte do entendimento divino, e argumentos históricos que mostrariam que Kant poderia ter acesso a (ii) e (iii) e mesmo as atribuído a Leibniz mediante sua leitura do Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre de Meier e da Philosophia Rationalis sive Logica de Wolff. Acrescentaremos ainda uma argumentação textual para mostrar ainda como há na Filosofia de Kant, além de uma crítica explícita a (i), também uma crítica a (ii) e (iii), assim como uma interpretação de em que consiste uma tal crítica.

La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le champ d’études sur la politesse verbale et se concentre en particulier sur l’emploi des termes d’adresse en polonais et en français. Inspirée par les études sur l’ethos communicatif (Béal, 1993, Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1992), elle se donne comme objectif d’étudier les besoins des locuteurs natifs concernant l’expression de la relation interpersonnelle et de la politesse verbalisées par les termes d’adresse. Selon l’hypothèse de départ, en polonais l’expression de la relation est plus détaillée et, par conséquent plus précise, qu’en français. Malgré les similarités systémiques (le choix de formes est globalement comparable), la façon dont les termes d’adresse sont employés dans les deux langues n’est pas identique. L’étude prouve que les locuteurs français emploient les termes d’adresse de façon plutôt pragmatique, comme une nécessité communicationnelle, tandis que les locuteurs polonais y trouvent une réelle expression des relations sociales et des attitudes. Cette étude entreprend une approche empirique basée sur l’exploration du corpus. L’analyse des emplois en contexte doit permettre une meilleure compréhension de la valeur réelle de chaque terme d’adresse. Elle propose une évaluation des facteurs contextuels le plus influant sur le choix de la forme ainsi qu’une estimation du degré de politesse ou de familiarité exprimé par chaque terme d’adresse. L’objectif étant d’aider les locuteurs non-natifs à comprendre le fonctionnement des termes d’adresse dans une langue dont ils n’ont pas l’intuition, cette étude propose, comme résultat des analyses, les équivalents « prêt-à-parler » des formules d’adresse dans les deux langues. / This dissertation presents research based on studies in the field of verbal politeness and inspired by the studies on communicative ethos (Béal, 1993; Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 1992). It investigates the use of terms of address in Polish and French. The aim was to analyze the needs of native speakers in terms of expression of interpersonal relation and politeness, as they are verbalized through terms of address. The hypothesis was that in Polish the expression of politeness is more detailed, and thus more precise, than in French. Despite systemic similarities (the choice of forms is similar on the whole), the way of using terms of address in conversation is not the same. This study demonstrates that French speakers use terms of address in a more pragmatic way, as a communicational obligation, whilst Polish speakers tend to use them to express a whole range of different types of social relations and attitudes. The study uses a corpus-based approach. Analyzing uses in context should lead to a better understanding of the real value of each term of address. This dissertation presents an analysis of the contextual factors that influence the choice of the proper form, as well as an estimation of the degree to which each term of address expresses either politeness or familiarity. The main objective being to help non-native speakers to understand how terms of address function in a language for which they have little or no intuition, this study offers, as a result of analysis, “ready-to-speak” equivalent formulas for address exchanges in both languages.

It is my wish that the Sepedi language speakers, through the development and technologization of certain Sepedi ICT terminology, are able to operate a computer in their own language, and implement the new developed and technologized ICT terminology (technologization). The pupils and students at their various institutions should be made comfortable in using the developed and technologized Sepedi language terminology. In the long run the Sepedi language speakers should be ensured access to the web in order to find information about Sepedi language, culture and terms in disciplines such as ICT. It is recommended in this thesis that higher learning institutions offer bursaries to students to develop all South African languages in such a manner that they can be used in all high status functions.