The Israel/Palestine question, and its resonance for international peace and security, has turned into a central interest of the modern world. It also raises much controversy in the academic community. The Western support for Israel, a key factor in Israel's survival, is a significant feature of this issue. It has been revealed, through preceding studies, that Western policies towards Israel, foreign human rights policy for instance, are biased. The West appears biased, also, in what it produces about the question. Western products in the cinema and the mass media examined in this regard. How knowledge produced in the West is influenced by the pro-Israeli environment has been an academic concern. No empirical investigation, at the same time, has been made into how academic knowledge at university level treats the Israel/Palestine question. The popular belief about the scientific and impartial characteristics of Western knowledge has probably contributed to such a state of affairs. A sample of the most popular college level textbooks on the history of the Israel/Palestine question has been selected, through an extensive survey, to represent relevant Western knowledge. The selected textbooks have been analysed through a method of 'Historical Narrative Analysis' against a Zionist/pro-Israeli structure of Israel's history. The immediate context of the histories produced, the relevant historians and their background, are analysed to answer the second part of the key question of the research: ‘How the knowledge of history of the Israel/Palestine question is presented in Western academia, and why it has been presented in that particular way. The results of the first analysis, a textbook analysis, support the claim that textbook knowledge on the question is mainly pro-Israeli in bias. In relation to the question 'why', the analysis offers the 'Jewish pro-Israeli producer' as the main factor that can explain that bias in the products. Another factor is identified in this analysis as well; the relevant knowledge has been produced in a certain, American or Israeli, national and educational environment.

This study examines the factors that shape decision-making in relation to the development of Learner Teacher Support Materials (LTSMs) in South Africa by focusing on the processes that govern the development of Foundation Phase LTSMs, and on how publishers understand the educational nature of LTSMs that will lead to effective literacy acquisition. Findings are based on elite interviews with members of senior management in the publishing industry, and triangulated with interviews with authors and academic specialists of Foundation Phase. It was found that the close alignment between government directives and processes and the publishing industry form the core of all LTSM development and production, creating some symbiosis as well as restraints. Factors that shape the production of LTSMs include full compliance with the specific outcomes of the curriculum; producing LTSMs that are affordable in terms of set criteria by selection committees; selection committees that, determine acceptance of LTSMs for placement on approved lists; time frames that preclude in-depth research and trialling, a market that is deeply stratified and where this stratification is reinforced by curriculum imperatives relating to language; and the monitoring of classroom productivity through the filling in of Learner Book worksheets. Best practice strategies for literacy acquisition requires materials considerably beyond what the industry is producing for South Africa’s most disadvantaged markets, namely the English First Additional Language market. Teacher training done by both publishers and the Department of Basic Education suggest a different conceptualisation of Teachers’ Guides are required in order for professional development to take place through LTSMs.

This thesis deals with creation of new textbook for high schools and gymnasium students. The main focus of this work is mainly on general prinicples and laws in chemistry. Great attention is dediacted to atom structure,chemical bond, electronic effects, resonance theory, induction and mesomeric effect. The core content based on RVP is supplemented by parts for work with talented students. Every chapter is supplemented with number of excercises which should be used to complement the subject matter. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cette étude relève de la didactique des langues-cultures. Elle s’appuie sur une problématique constitutive de notre moment historique-social, la cohabitation avec un autre beaucoup plus proche de soi, et la reconnaissance de son égalité. Ce travail de recherche n’est qu’une approche dans un temps et un lieu spécifique : il se situe au Brésil, a pour toile de fond une société très diversifiée dans tous les sens et se soutient sur le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage du FLE d’un public étudiant d’une université publique au Minas Gerais. Parmi les différents vecteurs dont dispose l’apprenant pour construire des représentations sur l’étranger et les autres cultures, nous avons voulu vérifier la participation des manuels utilisés en salle de classe comme matériel de base de connaissance et reconnaissance de la langue-culture francophone, et nous avons posé les questions de recherche suivantes : - Les méthodes de FLE, vont-elles dans les sens de la construction d’une compétence pluriculturelle ? - La réalité française exposée dans le contenu de ces méthodes montre une France ouverte à d’autres cultures ? - L’espace représenté est de même, le plus souvent, celui de l’Hexagone. Qu’en est-il des pays francophones, qu’en est-il des pays où la langue est utilisée pour des raisons historiques, culturelles ou économiques ? Nous proposons une analyse du rôle des acteurs du processus d’enseignement-apprentissage d’une langue étrangère, et nous présentons les méthodes de FLE retenues pour ce travail, notamment en ce qui concerne le contenu culturel des manuels, divisé en deux catégories : la diversité des espaces et lieux et la diversité sociale. Pour mener bien à cette étude, nous avons conduit des enquêtes par questionnaires afin de mettre en évidence le contenu des représentations des apprenants utilisateurs des manuels choisis. / This dissertation highlights the didactics of languages-cultures. It is based on a constitutive problem of our socio-historical moment: living together with an Other a lot closer to Oneself, and recognizing this Other as an Equal. This research work is not but an approach in a specific time and place: it is located in Brazil; it has as a backcloth a society very diversified in all senses, and it has as a scope the process of teaching-learning French as a Foreign Language related to college students in a public university in Minas Gerais state. Among the various vectors that the learner deploys in order to build representations of foreign countries and other cultures, we have chosen to verify the role of the textbooks used in the classroom as basic material to acquire knowledge of the foreign language and recognition of the francophone culture. The research questions we have posed in this regard were the following: - Do the textbooks of French as a Foreign Language go in the direction of building multicultural competence? - Does the French reality exposed in the contents of these textbooks depict France as a country open to other cultures? - Since the space represented is, most of the time, just the Hexagon, what about the francophone countries, where the language is used for historical, cultural or economic reasons? We propose an analysis of the role the actors play in the process of teaching-learning a foreign language. We thus present the textbooks highlighted for this work, notably regarding the cultural contents they encompass, divided into two categories: the diversity of spaces and places, and the social diversity. To render this study feasible, we have conducted surveys using questionnaires, so that we could reveal the content of the representations of the learners using the chosen textbooks.

L’enseignement de l’histoire de l’Islam des Arabes tel qu’il est conçu dans les manuels scolaires d’histoire en France, entre 1948 et 2008, a-t-il pu constituer une image de l’Autre stéréotypée ? L’histoire véhiculée dans ces manuels présentent-ils une conception de l’altérité déformée et figée ? Cette recherche se base sur l’un des éléments les plus durables, constants et universels dans le système scolaire : le manuel scolaire. Véritable objet de représentation culturelle (Choppin, 1980), il est un outil multiple et ses responsabilités sont nombreuses. Résultat du difficile processus de transposition didactique, amenant l’objet culturel de référence à l’objet enseigné, il est source de savoirs, de connaissances et de représentations pour l’élève. Il est aussi le vecteur des compétences jugées nécessaires par la société et des valeurs de cohésion sociale et culturelle qu’elle veut pour ces futurs citoyens (programmes scolaires). Il est également le reflet de l’état des connaissances d’une époque et de la vision de son histoire. À partir de ces différentes demandes, des choix de contenus sont alors opérés, de manière autonome, par les auteurs de manuel scolaire. Outil influent donc, le livre scolaire est aussi support pour l’enseignant surtout lorsqu’il maîtrise peu le sujet. Bien qu’il soit complexe de connaître quelles utilisations les enseignants en font dans leur classe, ces derniers présentent à la lecture une vision de l’Autre (pas toujours étranger) parfois alter et parfois alien. La recherche sur les manuels scolaires est donc un terrain d’exploration idéal pour comprendre comment l’histoire de l’Islam et des Arabes est enseignée dans les manuels scolaires et ses conséquences sur la conception de l’Autre, à travers sa relation avec l’Un. À travers un corpus de deux-cent-vingt-deux manuels scolaires d’histoire, édités entre 1948 et 2008, quatre-vingts photos, plus d’une centaine d’extraits et une dizaine de cartes ont été sélectionnés.Inscrire l’analyse des manuels scolaires dans le champs de l’histoire culturelle permet de faire émerger la dimension sociale de ce sujet, c'est-à-dire « l'ensemble des représentations collectives propres à une société » (Ory, 1987). L’analyse culturelle des représentations de l’Islam et des Arabes s’inspire alors à la fois des études sur la constitution de l’altérité et sur les manuels scolaires. En liant « étroitement l’étude des textes, celle des objets matériels et des usages qu’ils engendrent dans la société » (Chartier, 1992), une combinaison d’analyses (quantitative et qualitative) ainsi que des critères de stéréotypie ont été établis pour examiner ces manuels et répondre à nos questionnements de départ. Les relations entre la France et l’Islam sont très anciennes, semées de controverses, de tourmentes, de passions et de partages. Elles sont le résultat d’expériences historiques propres à ce rapport si particulier et transmettent une mémoire forte, présentant à la fois des incompréhensions, réciproques, et des idéaux. Ce qui sépare a plus tendance à faire recette que ce qui rapproche mais se pourrait-il que ces incompréhensions proviennent de manuels scolaires enclin à produire une image stéréotypée de l’Autre afin de renforcer les croyances dans un conflit entre deux mondes ? De nombreuses études (Nasr, 2001 ; Mc Andrew & Oueslati, 2010 ; Costa-Lascoux & Choppin, 2011) et des rapports (Sellier, 2007 ; l’UNESCO, 2005 ; la HALDE, 2007) mettent en avant l’importance du rôle des manuels scolaires dans la reproduction des clichés, la persistance des stéréotypes et parfois du racisme sous des formes plus subtiles.Toutes ces dimensions entremêlées donnent à cette étude une vision originale et intéressante et apportent un regard différent sur la représentation de l’altérité. / The teaching of the history of Islam of the Arabs as it was conceived in history textbooks in France, between 1948 and 2008, could it constitute an image of the Other one stereotyped ? Does the story conveyed in these textbooks present a distorted and frozen conception of the otherness ? This research is based on one of the most enduring, consistent and universal elements in the school system : the textbook. True object of cultural representation (Choppin, 1980), it is a multiple tool and its responsibilities are numerous. Result of the difficult process of didactic transposition, bringing the cultural object of reference to the taught object, it is source of knowledges, understandings and representations for the pupil. It is also the vector of skills deemed necessary by society and values ​​of social and cultural cohesion that it wants for these future citizens (school programs). It is also a reflection of the state of knowledge of an era and the vision of its history. From these various requests, content choices are then made, autonomously, by textbook authors. Influential tool thus, the textbook is also support for the teacher especially when he has little knowledge over the subject. Although it is complex to know which uses the teachers make it in their classrooms, the latter present to the reading a vision of the Other (not always foreigner) sometimes alter and sometimes alien. Textbook research is therefore an ideal field for exploring how the history of Islam and Arabs is taught in textbooks and its implications for the conception of the Other, through its relationship with the One. Through a corpus of two-hundred and twenty two history textbooks, published between 1948 and 2008, eighty photos, more than a hundred extracts and about ten maps were selected.To include the analysis of textbooks in the field of cultural history makes it possible to bring out the social dimension of this subject, that is to say "the set of collective representations specific to a society" (Ory, 1987). The cultural analysis of representations of Islam and Arabs is then inspired by both studies on the constitution of otherness and textbooks. By linking "closely the study of texts, that of material objects and the uses they engender in society" (Chartier, 1992), a combination of analyzes (quantitative and qualitative) as well as criteria of stereotypy have been established to review these manuals and answer our initial questions.Relations between France and Islam are very old, full of controversy, torment, passions and sharing. They are the result of historical experiences peculiar to this particular relationship and transmit a strong memory, presenting at the same time misunderstandings, reciprocal, and ideals. What separates is more likely to be successful than what brings people together, but could it be that these misunderstandings come from textbooks prone to producing a stereotypical image of the Other in order to reinforce beliefs in a conflict between two worlds?All these intertwined dimensions give this study an original and interesting vision and bring a different perspective on the representation of otherness.

Cette thèse explore les méthodologies de la traduction arabe et la place qu’occupent les manuels de traduction dans son enseignement. À partir de l’étude des manuels irakiens et de l’enquête menée auprès des enseignants et des étudiants, nous présentons le portrait des méthodes de cet enseignement dans les universités irakiennes. Pour les réévaluer, elles sont mises en perspective avec la pédagogie de la traduction arabe hors de l’Irak par le biais de l’étude d’un échantillon de manuels de traduction français-arabe et du projet d’étude de l’École de traduction (l’ÉTIB) de Beyrouth. Puis, l’examen des principales approches pédagogiques de la traduction permet de revisiter la notion de l’acte de traduire et les compétences requises pour l’exercice de la traduction sous l’optique pédagogique en ces temps-ci, et d’établir un ensemble de propositions visant à optimiser la formation des traducteurs et l’élaboration des manuels de traduction en Irak. / This thesis explore the situation of methodologies of teaching Arabic translation and the role of textbooks in teaching translation in Iraqi universities by studying translation textbooks and conducting interviews with teachers and students. In order to reevaluate the Iraqi teaching methods, they have been compared to their respective counterparts out of Iraq’s borders. By using the samples of French-Arabic translation textbooks and the study project of the School of Translators and Interpreters of Beirut, we reach a clear understanding of translation methods which are used in teaching the foreign language or training Arabic translators. A survey of the principal approaches of teaching translation resulted in revisiting the concept of translation and the necessary skills to translate in the present time from a new standpoint. Thus, a set of suggestions were established so as to optimize the methods of teaching translation in Iraqi universities.

A imagem é um recurso muito utilizado por professores de línguas estrangeiras. Seja uma ilustração, seja uma foto, seja um filme, estes elementos funcionam como um elo entre a língua estrangeira e o aluno, pois estabelecem uma conexão com aquilo que ele já conhece (imagens são universais) com o que desconhecem (língua estrangeira), por estarem sendo iniciados nela. Kress e Van Leeuwen, criadores da Gramática do design visual, afirmam que imagens podem disseminar discursos e posições ideológicas, e por esta razão o indivíduo deve ter um olhar crítico sobre a linguagem visual. É neste sentido que se instaura a necessidade de técnicas que auxiliem o espectador da imagem a decodificá-la. O letramento visual é uma dessas ferramentas. Assim como usamos inferências, analogias e nosso conhecimento de mundo para interpretar textos, o letramento visual é um recurso de leitura que ajuda a decifrar mensagens subjacentes às imagens, decodificando estas últimas em todos os seus aspectos (social, cultural, econômico). Diante do exposto acima, este trabalho se propõe, a partir do letramento visual, a fazer uma leitura de algumas imagens presentes em livros didáticos de língua italiana usados no Italiano no Campus, da Universidade de São Paulo, e nos cursos de línguas abertos à comunidade (CLAC), na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, a fim de verificar se essas imagens possuem mensagens ideológicas ou estereotipadas nas entrelinhas, averiguando, além disso, se foram usadas de forma coerente com a unidade didática, se estão contextualizadas com o diálogo, o texto e o ascolto. / The image is a resource frequently used by foreign language teachers. May be in an illustration, a picture or a film, these elements work like a link between the foreign language and the student, because they establish a connection with what he already knows (images are universal) and what he doesn´t know (foreign language), for he is being initialized in it. Kress and Van Leeuwen, creators of the visual design Grammar, affirm that images can disseminate speeches and ideologies, and that it´s why the individual must take a critical look at the visual language. It is in this sense that it emerges the need of techniques that help the image viewer to decode it. The visual literacy it one of those tools. The same way we use inferences, analogies and our world knowledge to interpret texts, the visual literacy is a reading resource that helps to interpret messages underlying to the images, decoding such images in all its aspects (social, cultural, economic). Taken that for granted, this research aims, from the visual literacy, to do a reading of some images present in textbooks in Italian language used in Italian on Campus of the University of São Paulo and in language courses open to the community (CLAC), in Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, in order to verify whether that images have ideological or stereotypical messages between its lines, checking, moreover, whether they were used in a coherent way to the teaching unit and whether they are contextualized with the dialog the text and the listening.

O presente estudo analisa o conteúdo relativo ao continente africano no livro escolar. O recorte temporal abrange desde a introdução de conteúdos sobre a África nos manuais de Geografia, em 1890, pela reforma educacional Benjamin Constant, até a implementação da obrigatoriedade desse conteúdo no currículo básico em 2003, com a Lei nº 10.639/03. A análise está dividida em quatro partes, abordando um livro didático por período, priorizando aqueles que atingiram um maior número de alunos, segundo o Ministério da Educação (MEC). Nosso objetivo foi debater a forma como esse continente foi tratado pela Geografia escolar presente do livro didático. Nossa hipótese de trabalho é a de que o conteúdo sobre a África é tratado nos livros didáticos com um enfoque de dominação territorial de caráter colonial imperialista. / The present study analyzes the content on the African continent in the textbook. The time frame covers from the introduction of the content, about Africa in the manuals of Geography in 1890 by Benjamin Constant education reform, through the implementation of the mandatory content of the basic curriculum, in 2003 with the Law No. 10.639/03. The analysis is divided into four parts, addressing a textbook per period, prioritizing those who have attained a greater number of students according to the Ministry of Education (MEC). Our goal was to discuss how this continent was treated by the present school Geography textbook. Our working hypothesis is that the content about Africa is treated in textbooks with a focus on territorial domination of the imperialist colonial character.

Essa dissertação trata das abordagens sobre as obras literárias de Graciliano Ramos, José Lins do Rego, Jorge Amado, Rachel de Queiroz e José Américo de Almeida em livros didáticos de Português produzidos entre 1944 e 1987. Para tanto, foi necessário considerar as transformações ocorridas no núcleo da vulgata da disciplina escolar nesse período, dominada pelo ensino de literatura. Isso demandou a consideração do intercâmbio estabelecido entre a disciplina escolar e a crítica literária. O corpus documental da pesquisa foi constituído, em primeiro lugar, por dezesseis títulos didáticos editados após as mudanças definidas pela Reforma Capanema. Associados a eles, foram considerados outros documentos. Destes, os principais eram programas e propostas do governo federal e do Estado de São Paulo para a disciplina. Tais programas e propostas foram elaborados em um contexto educacional que foi retomado (Reforma Capanema, LDB de 1961 e de 1971). Para um exame mais abrangente da produção didática, empreendemos a investigação da trajetória formativa, profissional e intelectual dos autores de livros didáticos e a configuração da disputa editorial pelo mercado do ensino médio. Nisso, um aspecto era a transformação pela qual passou a crítica literária, que se tornou acadêmica e elaborou novas referências bibliográficas. Os referencias teóricos foram as proposições de Bittencourt, Chervel e Choppin. Pelos exames realizados foi possível verificar que as obras literárias eram, nos livros didáticos destinados ao curso colegial, abordadas através de um esquema interpretativo de cunho regional e ocupavam uma posição de adendo na vulgata da disciplina. Houve um período de oscilação dessa vulgata e do critério para a abordagem das obras literárias: uma indefinição entre o critério regional e o temporal na produção didática do início dos anos 1970. Nesse mesmo período, entretanto, novos títulos didáticos estavam em elaboração e, publicados em 1975, definiram uma nova vulgata para a disciplina, um novo esquema interpretativo e um novo lugar para as obras literárias: 2ª fase da prosa modernista. As abordagens das obras de cada um dos escritores também foram examinadas e constatamos que foi mais enfatizado o diálogo com a realidade brasileira, relegando a um segundo plano pouco desenvolvido a dimensão propriamente literária das obras, as razões do valor literário delas. / This dissertation comes to the approaches to literary works of Graciliano Ramos, Jose Lins do Rego, Jorge Amado, Rachel de Queiroz and José Américo de Almeida in textbooks of Portuguese produced between 1944 and 1987. Therefore, it was necessary to consider the changes in the core of the vulgate of this school subject in this period, dominated by the teaching of literature. This required the consideration of the exchange established between the school discipline and literary criticism. The documentary corpus of this research primarily comprises sixteen textbooks published after the changes set by the Capanema reform. In association with them, other documents were considered, mainly the pedagogical programs and proposals set by the federal government and the State of Sao Paulo for the school discipline. Such programs and proposals have been developed in an educational context that was reconsidered (Capanema Reform, LDB of 1961 and of 1971). For a more comprehensive investigation of this didactic production, we researched the formative, professional and intellectual trajectory of the textbooks authors and also the configuration of the editorial battle for the secondary teaching market. One of the studied aspects is the transformation of the literary criticism, which turned academic and developed new bibliographic references. Bittencourts, Chervels and Choppins propositions were the theoretical references. After the investigation on these textbooks, we could observe that the approach to those literary works was made through an interpretive scheme of regional base, as an addendum in the vulgate of the subject. There was a period of oscillation of the vulgate and its criteria for the approach of literary works: an indefinition between the regional and temporal criterion in the production of textbooks in the early 1970s. During that same period, however, new textbook titles were being drafted and when they were published, in 1975, set a new vulgate for the subject, a new interpretive scheme and a new position to those literary works: 2nd phase of the modernist prose. The approaches of the works of individual writers were also examined and we could realice that the emphasis was given to the dialogue with the Brazilian reality, relegating to an underdeveloped background the properly literary dimension of these works, the reasons for their literary value.

O presente trabalho visa contribuir para as reflexões acerca da filosofia da Química, em especial as relacionadas às estratégias e especificidades empregadas na comunicação de seu conhecimento. Como objeto de pesquisa apresentam-se as imagens empregadas nas discussões de conteúdos que são abordados em livros didáticos de Física e Química aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático de 2015 (PNLD - 2015), analisadas à luz da semiótica peirceana. Tais imagens, bem como seu contexto, foram analisadas sob duas perspectivas: o que se pretende comunicar, através da categorização das imagens frente ao tipo de conteúdo veiculado, e como tal comunicação é realizada, utilizando-se da classificação dos signos proposta pela semiótica peirceana. Em relação ao primeiro aspecto, percebeu-se que as imagens referentes ao \"Cotidiano\" e \"Laboratório e Experimentação\" predominam em ambas as disciplinas, com destaque para \"Gráficos\", nos livros de Física e \"Tabelas\", nos livros de Química. Quanto ao tipo de imagens apresentadas pelos livros há predominância de Fotografias e Desenhos, sendo que há mais desenhos nos livros de Física e mais Fotografias em livros de Química. Analisando a função das imagens presentes nos livros, pode-se inferir que elas são usadas principalmente para exemplificação e contextualização dos assuntos trabalhados, bem como representação dos aparatos usados para experimentação. Tendo esse uso, as imagens são majoritariamente sin-signos indiciais, pois representam um objeto existente. Há, no entanto, imagens que apresentam caráter mais icônico, uma vez que buscam representar e demonstrar o comportamento das partículas submicroscópicas. Uma vez que essa iconicidade reflete um tipo de postura adotado pelos autores do livro, percebeu-se que os livros de Química tendem a ter posturas mais realistas que os livros de Física, uma vez que foi observado a presença de mais imagens icônicas, que representam e \"materializam\" as partículas presentes nessas representações. / This work aims to contribute to the reflections on the philosophy of Chemistry, those related to the strategies and characteristics used in the communication of their knowledge. As a research object are the images used in the content of discussions that are covered in textbooks of Physics and Chemistry approved by the National Textbook Program 2015 (PNLD - 2015), analyzed in the light of Peirce\'s semiotics. Such images and their context were analyzed from two perspectives: what you want to communicate through the categorization of images of the type of content posted, and as such communication is carried out, using the classification of the proposed signs by Peirce\'s semiotics. Regarding the first point, it was noticed that the images for the Daily Life and Laboratory and Experimentation predominate in both disciplines, especially charts in Physics Books and tables in Chemistry books. Regarding the type of images displayed by the books there is a predominance of Photographs and Drawings, there are more designs in Physics books and more photos in Chemistry books. Analyzing the function of these images in the books, it can be inferred that they are mainly used for exemplification and contextualization of the issues worked as well as representation of the objects used for experimentation. With this use, the images are mostly indexical sin-signs, they represent an existing object. There are, however, images that have more iconic character, since seek to represent and show the behavior of submicroscopic particles. Since this iconicity reflects a posture adopted by the authors of the book, the Chemistry books tend to have more realistic positions that Physics books, as it was observed the presence of the most iconic images representing and \"materialize\" the particles present in these representations.