CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O uso de textos argumentativos cresceu muito, hoje, tanto em vestibulares, concursos e, mais notadamente, na redaÃÃo do Enem, que exige um texto dissertativo-argumentativo. Dada a importÃncia desse tipo de texto para a formaÃÃo de cidadÃos crÃticos e que saibam expressar pontos de vista sobre assuntos polÃmicos, faz-se, cada vez mais, atenÃÃo quanto à formulaÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa tem como foco o estudo da argumentaÃÃo nos livros didÃticos, para o que se vale da perspectiva de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), e a SequÃncia Argumentativa, de Adam (1992, 2008), com o objetivo de investigar quais teorias argumentativas estÃo subjacentes Ãs propostas de produÃÃo de texto encontradas nos gÃneros argumentativos em livros didÃticos do Ensino MÃdio analisados. Para selecionarmos os gÃneros argumentativos nas trÃs coleÃÃes de LÃngua Portuguesa direcionadas ao ensino mÃdio e 37 propostas de produÃÃo de texto selecionadas baseadas em propostas do Enem e na redaÃÃo escolar, pautamo-nos em Dolz, Noverraz e Schneully (2004). Assim, por meio da anÃlise das propostas, verificamos que a maioria das produÃÃes de texto sÃo exploradas seguindo os critÃrios da SequÃncia Argumentativa, como defende Adam, porÃm, as estratÃgias argumentativas, como propÃe a Nova RetÃrica, passa ao largo. Os resultados nos permitem concluir que, nesse tema, o avanÃo teÃrico aliado à prÃtica ainda à âtÃmidoâ, logo, os professores devem ficar atentos para complementar com as informaÃÃes necessÃrias à construÃÃo do texto argumentativo ou dissertativo-argumentativo, como quer o gÃnero redaÃÃo escolar e a proposta do Enem. / The use of argumentative texts has grown today, both in vestibular, contests and, most notably, in the writing of Enem, which requires a dissertative-argumentative text. Given the importance of this type of text to the formation of critical citizens and able to express views on controversial issues, it is, more and more attention on the formulation of the argument. As a result, this research focuses on the study of argument in textbooks, for what is worth the prospect of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), and the Argumentative Sequence, of Adam (1992, 2008), in order to investigate argumentative theories which underlie text production proposals found in the argumentative genres in textbooks for high school analyzed. Select for the argumentative genres in three collections of Portuguese Language directed to high school and 37 texts production proposals selected based on Enem proposals and school essay, we support us in Dolz, Noverraz and Schneully (2004). Thus, by analyzing the proposals, we find that most of the text productions are explored following the criteria of Argumentative Sequence, as Adam defends, however, the argumentative strategies, as proposed by the New Rhetoric, passes off. It follows that, on this issue, the theoretical allied advance the practice is still "shy", so teachers should be alert to complement with the necessary information for the construction of argumentative or dissertative-argumentative text, whatever school essay and the proposal on Enem.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förekomsten av icke-västerländska författarskap i läroböcker för svenska på gymnasiet. Undersökningens grund är en pedagogisk textanalys, vilket är en form av innehållsanalys. Fyra läroböcker avsedda för svenskämnet på gymnasiet har analyserats genom en pedagogisk textanalys med såväl kvantitativa som kvalitativa inslag. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt har främst varit Edward Saids postkoloniala teori och Mekkonen Tesfahuneys tankar om ett eurocentriskt utbildningssystem. Vikten av ett etnografiskt förhållningssätt i skolan är också en del av teorin. Resultatet visar att icke-västerländska författarskap ges skiftande utrymme i de olika läroböckerna. I den lärobok med störst andel icke-västerländska författare utgör dessa 22 procent av den totala andelen författarskap, medan motsvarande andel för läroboken med minst representation är 2,5 procent. De didaktiska utgångspunkterna för hur de icke-västerländska författarskapen enligt läroböckerna ska behandlas i undervisningen skiljer sig också åt. Eftersom det finns stora skillnader både vad gäller innehåll och didaktiska utgångspunkter i olika läroböcker riskerar undervisningen i skolan att inte bli likvärdig, beroende på i hur hög utsträckning lärarna använder sig av läroböckerna i undervisningen. / The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of non-Western authorships in textbooks for Swedish at upper secondary school. The study is an educational text analysis, which is a form of content analysis. Four textbooks intended for the Swedish subject in upper secondary school have been analyzed by an educational text analysis of both quantitative and qualitative elements. Thesis theoretical base has been primarily Edward Said´s postcolonial theory and Mekkonen Tesfahuneys thoughts about a Eurocentric education system. The importance of an ethnographic approach in schools is also part of the theory. The result shows that non-Western authorships are given diverse space in the different textbooks. In the textbook with the highest proportion of non-Western writers, these are 22 percent of the total proportion authorship, while the corresponding proportion of the textbook with the least representation is 2,5 percent. The didactic starting points for how non-Western writers should be treated in teaching according to the textbooks also differ. Because of the big differences in terms of both content and didactic starting points in the various textbooks, the education in schools risk to not be equal, depending on the extent to which teachers using the textbooks in teaching.

According to research, problem solving is one of mathematics most important content, since teaching problem solving helps students to develop a deeper understanding of mathematics. At the same time, research shows that through history and even today, the majority of mathematics education consists of students working individually with information in the textbook that deals with methodology. This means that students are taught to develop their procedural skills, thus not being able to develop their problem solving skills and deeper understanding of mathematics. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the extent to which different textbooks for grade three deal with problem solving as well as the strategies and perspectives on problem solving that are identifiable in the textbooks. To find answers to my purpose, a study component analysis has been carried out on textbooks published in the following years: 1979, 1984, 2005, 2006 and 2012. The results show that textbooks handle problem solving in different ways but that similarities can also be identified. All books contain problem solving tasks that can be solved through different strategies, but the perspective of problem solving differs between the textbooks. The relationship between textbook and syllabus varies among the textbooks, which proves the importance of the teacher being able to influence the pupils' learning opportunities when selecting textbooks. / Enligt forskning är problemlösning ett av matematikens viktigaste innehåll, då undervisning av problemlösning utvecklar en djupare förståelse för matematik hos eleverna. Samtidigt visar forskning att genom historien och även idag består majoriteten av matematikundervisningen av att eleverna arbetar enskilt med uppgifter i läroboken som behandlar metodinlärning. Detta innebär att eleverna undervisas till att utveckla sin procedurförmåga och därmed inte får möjlighet att utveckla sin problemlösningsförmåga och djupare förståelse för matematik. Syftet med den här undersökningen var därför att undersöka i vilken utsträckning olika läroböcker för årskurs 3 behandlar problemlösning samt vilka strategier och perspektiv på problemlösning som är identifierbara i läroböckerna. För att söka svar på mitt syfte har en läroboksanalys genomförts på läroböcker som utgivits följande år: 1979, 1984, 2005, 2006 samt 2012. Resultatet visar att läroböckerna behandlar problemlösning på olika sätt men att likheter dessutom går att identifiera. Samtliga böcker innehåller problemlösningsuppgifter som kan lösas genom olika strategier, men perspektiven på problemlösning skiljer sig mellan läroböckerna. Relationen mellan lärobok och kursplan varierar bland läroböckerna, vilket bevisar vikten av att läraren kan påverka elevernas möjligheter till lärande vid val av lärobok.

The aim of the study is to investigate how upper secondary school teachers of Swedish work with female authors writing in the period 1900–1940. The research questions concern how upper secondary school teachers work with the female authors, how their work interacts with steering documents and textbooks, whether the teachers show any similarities and differences in their work, and how female authors are treated in the textbooks and steering documents that are used. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with three upper secondary school teachers and one textbook per teacher was analysed together with the steering documents. The study reveals clear similarities and differences in the teachers’ work. The teachers work chronologically, period by period, and they deal with female authors in terms of a societal context, but they do not think that the work with women has any intrinsic value. Textbooks and steering documents have a central role to play in the teaching and are used together with other teaching material. The textbooks have an over-representation of male authors and the female authors are treated on their own, separated from the rest of the text and viewed in relation to male authors. The textbooks maintain a gender system where the man is the norm and the sexes are kept apart. The steering documents explicitly deal with female authors to a small extent and are shown to dictate of fundamental principles for what is considered valuable to consider in school work.

This thesis focuses on how school textbooks and teachers present models of chemical bonding in upper secondary schools in Sweden. In science, as well as in science education, models play a central role, but research has shown that they often are difficult for students to understand. In science education, models are presented to students mainly through textbooks and teachers, and textbooks influence teachers’ teaching. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how textbooks and teachers present models of chemical bonding with respect to students’ difficulties in understanding. To analyze representations of models, an analytical framework based on research reports of students’ difficulties in understanding related to models in general and chemical bonding in particular was developed. The chapters of chemical bonding in five chemistry textbooks were analyzed. Further, ten Chemistry teachers’ lesson plans about chemical bonding and semi-structured interviews with the teachers concerning their teaching were analyzed. This analysis concerned teachers pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of teaching chemical bonding, with focus on knowledge of students’ difficulties in understanding and teaching strategies that take these difficulties into account. The results show that the teachers could specify examples of students’ learning difficulties, but the teaching strategies to promote the students’ understanding were limited. This indicates a deficient interaction between knowledge of difficulties in understanding and teaching strategies, two essential components of teachers’ PCK. Further, the models of chemical bonding represented in the textbooks and by the teachers might cause students’ difficulties in understanding. This indicates a gap between research of students’ difficulties in understanding and teaching practices as well as textbooks’ development. Further, the teachers’ representations of models were strongly influenced by the textbooks. Implications for textbooks’ authors, pre-service as well as in-service teachers are addressed. / <p>Papper 2 "Upper secondary teachers knowledge..." ingick i lic.uppsatsen som manuskript med titeln: "Swedish upper secondary teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge to teach chemical bonding". Nu publicerad. </p>

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förekomsten av de matematiska kompetenserna i läroböcker för Matematik A. Centralt i studien är de sex matematiska kompetenser, som Palm et al. (2004) analyserat fram ur de nationella styrdokumenten. Dessa kompetenser är: kommunikationskompetens, modelleringskompetens, resonemangskompetens, begreppskompetens, problemlösningskompetens och algoritmkompetens. För att nå syftet genomfördes en analys av uppgifter i två läroböcker för Matematik A. Undersökningens resultat visar att alla sex matematiska kompetenser finns representerade i läroböckernas uppgifter. Begrepps- och algoritmkompetenserna dominerar starkast i båda läroböckerna (85-95 %) medan de övriga kompetenserna är svagt representerade. Resultatet som också relaterats till strävansmålen för matematik i gymnasieskolan, visar att det blir svårt att utveckla samtliga kompetenser och nå alla strävansmål enbart genom arbete i läroboken. / The purpose of this essay is to study how mathematical competences appear in text books for Mathematics A. The main objective is the six mathematical competences, which Palm et al. (2004) analysed from the national curriculum. These competences are: communication competence, modelling competence, reasoning competence, concept competence, problem solving competence and algorithm competence. To reach the purpose, an analysis of tasks in two Mathematics A text books was conducted. The result of the analysis shows that all six mathematical competences are represented in the textbooks, but the concept and algorithm competences appear extensively more in both textbooks (85-95 %) while the other competences appear briefly. The result which also is connected to the curriculum, may result in difficulties not only in developing the competences but also in reaching all curriculum goals by working solely with the textbooks.

Enligt forskningen är förmågan att lösa problem något som tar lång tid för eleverna att utveckla, vilket betyder att det måste introduceras tidigt i undervisningen. Samtidigt visar forskningen att de problemuppgifter som eleverna får arbeta med i sina böcker, inte gynnar deras förmåga att lösa kreativa problem i den utsträckningen de borde. Syftet med den här undersökningen var därför att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning olika läromedel för årskurs ett behandlar problemlösning, samt hur stor del av dessa som verkligen kan klassas som riktiga problem.För att få svar på mitt syfte har jag genomfört en läromedelsanalys av fyra olika läromedel för årskurs ett. Resultatet pekar på att flera av läromedlen behandlar problemlösningen i en relativt stor utsträckning, men att flera av uppgifterna som behandlas inte uppfyller de krav som ställs på ett riktigt problem. Resultatet visar också att ett av läromedlen i stor utsträckning behandlar kreativa problem, vilket visar att lärarens val av läromedel kan bli avgörande för elevernas lärande. / According to research, the skill of problem solving takes a long time for students to develop. This means that it must be introduced early in school. At the same time, studies show that the problems that students encounter in their textbooks do not contribute to their problem solving skills to the same extent as it should. The purpose of this study, was therefore, to determine to which extent different textbooks deal with problem solving, and see how many problems really should be classed as real problems.To get an answer to my purpose, I conducted a content analysis of four different textbooks for grade one. The result indicated that several of the textbooks are dealing with problem solving to a relatively large extent, but that several of the problems in the books do not meet the requirements to be considered a real problem. The results also show that one of the textbooks largely deals with creative problems, which shows that the teacher's choice of teaching materials can be crucial to student learning.

This study analyses the textbook Veckans ord 5 by Britta Redin and Görel Hydén (2003), which is used as a teaching aid in Swedish as a second language. The aim is to examine the theories of vocabulary learning and the learning strategies revealed in the content and design of the textbook and thereby examine its functionality for Swedish L2 pupils. We use content analysis as a method and apply it to selected chapters in the book connected to vocabulary learning and how pupils are expected to consolidate the words they learn. The analysis also considers whether the exercises deal with the form of words (morphology, orthography, phonology) or their content (syntax, lexical field, synonyms, hyponyms, antonyms).   The result shows that the arrangement of the textbook agrees with some common theories and vocabulary learning strategies such as repeating words, linking them to synonyms and learning words through pictures. Another finding is that the exercises highlight the form of words more than their content and meaning.

九年一貫課程實施以來，國小英語教育起初由五年級開始進行，許多國小英語教材陸續送審上市；三年後改由國小三年級開始實施正式英語教學後，各出版社無不積極改編、增編教科書以因應政策之改變，也因此，舉凡國內或進口之英語教材，版本相當繁多。 本研究旨在調查台灣現行國小英語教科書之使用現況、國小英語教師使用這些教材後的評鑑與建議以及國小英語教科書之選用情形。首先以問卷及訪談調查法針對全國國小英語教師進行研究，從而了解國小英語教師使用教材的意見；主要探討的為: (1) 國小英語教師對所使用之英語教材在整體方面、課本、習作、教師手冊以及輔助教具等五大部分進行評析；(2) 國小英語教師使用教材時之困難與建議；(3) 國小英語教科書之選用狀況。 研究對象為全國共兩百三十九位英語教師，根據問卷調查以及訪談結果所做的資料分析，得到以下主要的發現: 1.英語教師對於所使用之審定版教材，整體看來各版本之間並無顯著之 差異。而針對教材之課本內容，翰林版本教材在「字彙透過有意義、 真實的情境加以介紹及練習」該項目之評析結果優於康軒版，而另兩 版之教材在此評比項目無顯著之表現。 2.不論是何版本，大多數英語教師不滿意於學生習作與教師手冊。 3.大多數英語教師不論在使用何種版本教材，所遇到之最大之困難在於學 生英語程度差異太大。 4.對於選用教材所秉持之各項標準，英語教師們認為其重要性依序為出版 社服務態度、教材主題多樣性、活動設計、符合課程綱要及其編輯理 念、字彙量之多寡、文法之難易、出版社之規模與信譽、教師手冊以及 出版社是否舉辦教師研習及師訓活動。 5.各校英語教科書評選委員主要由英文老師組成，然而大多數學校評選教 科書時並未採用任何評選指標。 6.評選流程大致為瀏覽各版本教科書、邀請出版商舉辦說明會以及英語教 師評選之會議。 / Since 2001 when English education was introduced into elementary schools, all the publishers in Taiwan have been required to compile the appropriate textbooks for the elementary school students in a very short time. As a result, there are a great variety of teaching materials available on the market. Thus, textbook selection becomes crucial for elementary schools. In response to this situation, this study aims to survey teachers’ evaluation and selection of the elementary English textbooks by using questionnaires and conducting interviews. The study focuses mainly on the following issues: (1) teachers’ evaluation of the elementary English textbooks, including students’ books, workbooks, teachers’ manuals and the teaching aids,(2) problems teachers encounter when using those textbooks, and (3) the selection of the textbooks. The subjects are 239 elementary English teachers across Taiwan. In the survey, four versions of textbooks are observed, compared and evaluated by the respondents of the questionnaires. After data analysis, the main findings are obtained as follows: 1. Among the four textbooks in use, there is no significant difference between each version in 　　　 overall evaluation, except that the content of the textbook published by Hanlin is superior to that published by Kang Hsuan in terms of providing the meaningful and realistic learning situation in vocabulary learning and practices. 2. Most English teachers are dissatisfied with the students’ workbook and teacher’s manual. 3. A great diversity of students’ English proficiency levels is the greatest problem teachers encountered when using all those textbooks. 4. The service and attitude of the publishers is seen as the most important criterion for selecting the materials. 5. In most schools, textbooks are selected mainly by English teachers, but no checklists or criteria are used in selecting the textbooks. 6. The common procedure of selecting the textbook is a browse of the materials, an introduction seminar held by the publishers, and then a meeting for the decision of textbook selection.

Den latinamerikanska befrielseteologin är en kristen teologi som har sitt ursprung i slutet av 1960 och vill befria de fattiga och förtryckta människor i latinamerika. Denna rörelse uppstod på grund av sociola orättvisor, fattigdom och mänskliga rättigheter i utvecklingsländer i Sydamerika och har kritiserats av den romersk-katolska kyrkan. Därför, från ett pedagogiskt perspektiv, är det en intressant fråga om denna teologi är representerad i läroböcker i religionsämnet. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera om den latinamerikanska befrielseteologin är presenterad i läroböckerna. Denna forskning bygger på fem läroböcker som har granskats genom en textanalys och en enkel kvantitativ analys för att besvara studiens frågor. Resultatet visar att latinamerikanska befrielseteologin presenteras i de analyserade läroböckerna, men mämns inte vid namn i de två senast skrivna. / The Latin America liberation theology is a Christian theology that originate in the late 1960s regarding the liberation of the poor and oppressed people of Latin America. This independent movement emerged due to issues of social injustice, poverty and humans rights in underdeveloped societies of South America and has been criticized by the Roman Catholic Church Therefore, from a pedagogical point of view, it is an interesting question if this theology is represented in teaching material when it comes to the subject religion. The aim of this study is to analyze if the Latin American liberation theology is expressed in Swedish schoolbooks. This research is based on five textbooks, which have been reviewed by a coparative textual analysis and a simple quantitative analysis to answer the study questions. The result shows that Latin American liberation theology is presented in the analyzed textbooks, but is not mentioned by name in the two most recently written ones.