The aim of this work was to create a set of didactic/methodological games for teaching biology, that would be appropriate to be realized on school gardens. The games were constructed for the broader cross-curricular usage within the secondary schools. The thesis consists of two parts. Firstly, the theoretical part was processed as literary research with the use of available Czech and German resources. Secondly, the practical part contains a set of games, complemented by methods for teachers. There were special aids created for every single game. Finally, four of the games were verified in practice.

A despeito de ser considerado o único animal consciente de sua própria finitude, sendo capaz de raciocinar e elaborar ritos para lidar com esta realidade, o ser humano, principalmente a partir da modernidade, nega cada vez mais sua mortalidade. Apesar da superexposição decorrente da violência dos grandes centros e da mídia, a morte, no contexto atual, geralmente é pensada como um fato abstrato, colocada de forma longínqua, do outro. Dentro deste quadro, diversos autores relacionam este \"tabu\" em relação ao tema com o desenvolvimento de novas formas de lidar com os mortos. A cremação, prática relativamente recente nos meios urbanos ocidentais, foi considerada como um método que possivelmente poderia reforçar esta mentalidade de interdição: dispensaria os túmulos e locais para homenagem, sendo uma maneira racional de lidar com o cadáver e sua decadência após o falecimento. Diante do exposto, a presente dissertação busca uma crítica a esta visão a partir das atitudes encontradas no Crematório Municipal de São Paulo. Constituído por um edifício locado em meio a um jardim que se assemelha a uma configuração de parque, seus espaços livres possuem as mais diversas apropriações, dentre as quais chamam a atenção as delimitações constituídas pelos enlutados para a disposição de cinzas de seus entes queridos. Locais de homenagem e retorno para visitação, delineados à moda de pequenos jardins dentro de um grande jardim, são muitas vezes cercados e personalizados, de maneira a se constituírem como únicos e identitários de seus mortos. Assim, estes lugares, por suas características e papel evocativo de lembrança, foram denominados pela pesquisa de \"jardins de memória\". Entendendo-se paisagem como uma categoria sensível e ligada a natureza, poder-se-ia estabelecer um diálogo com esta forma de lidar com a morte no Crematório expressa pelos jardins. Assim, procurou-se um embasamento nos estudos da filósofa Adriana Serrão, que muito se apoia em Rosário Assunto, filósofo que entende o sentimento de paisagem ligado a um tempo circular, ligado à natureza, onde a apreensão estética humana, com um sentimento de pertença, seria fundamental. Desta forma, assumindo a existência de um sentido de paisagem no local, buscou-se entender em que medidas este poderia se relacionar com tais expressões nos espaços livres do Crematório, estabelecendo-se um diálogo entre a morte, símbolo da finitude, com a vida, em uma dialética revelada pela paisagem. / In spite of be considered the only animal conscious of his own finitude, being able to reason and elaborate rituals to deal with this reality, the human being, especially from modernity, increasingly deny their mortality. Although the overexposure due to the violence of the urban centers and the media, death, in the current context, it is generally thought as an abstract fact, placed distantly on the other. In this framework, several authors relate this \"death taboo\" with the development of new ways of dealing with the dead. Cremation, relatively recent practice in Western urban areas, was considered as a method that could strengthen this mentality: dispense the tombs and places to honor, being a rational way to deal with the body and its decay after death. Therefore, this research seeks a critique of this view from the attitudes found in the São Paulo Municipal Crematorium. Formed by a building within a garden that resembles a park, its open spaces have the most diverse appropriations, of which draw attention the places established by the mourners for the disposal of their loved ones ashes. Sites for reverence and visit, like little gardens in a big garden, most of them are surrounded and presents individual objects in reference to the dead. Therefore, by reason of this characteristics, this places were named \"memory gardens\". Considering Landscape as a sensitive category and connected to the nature, it can establish a dialogue with the way of dealing with death expressed by the memory gardens. Thus, were studied texts of the philosopher Adriana Serrão, that much is based in philosopher Rosario Assunto: he consider the sense of landscape related to a circular time, connected to the nature, where the human aesthetic apprehension, with a sense of belonging , be essential. Therefore, assuming the existence of a landscape sense on site, it looked for to understand how could to relate this with the memory garden in Crematorium spaces, establishing a dialogue between death and life in a dialectic revealed by the Landscape.

Esta pesquisa propõe analisar o papel o dos artefatos na promoção da sociabilidade no Jardim da Luz, entre os anos de 1870 a 1930. As decisões políticas sobre os espaços públicos verdes tiveram suma importância, pois eram responsáveis pela inserção, reforma ou demolição de artefatos no espaço. Os artefatos, por sua vez, foram muito utilizados na composição das imagens presentes nos cartões postais e circularam pela cidade com o objetivo de exaltar os pontos modernos de São Paulo. No caso do Jardim da Luz, os postais circulados colaboraram para criar o imaginário a respeito do espaço como um local moderno e de sociabilidade. O local passou a ser usado para apresentações musicais, festas e encontros. Foram estudados três principais grupos no espaço: a elite paulistana, os trabalhadores e os fotógrafos lambe-lambe. O Jardim se tornou local representativo para esses grupos, um espaço de festas para alguns e para outros, ambiente de trabalho. Esta pesquisa, pelo estudo da cultura material, pretende compreender os usos dos espaços do Jardim da Luz como um espaço de sociabilidade e suas transformações ao longo do período em questão. / This research intends to analyse urban artifacts\' influence on Jardim da Luz\'s sociability from 1870 to 1930. Political decisions concerning green public spaces had extreme importance on it, as responsibles for artifacts insertion, reform or demolition ion the garden. Artifacts, in turn, were largelly used as background for postcard\'s which circulated through the city to exalt São Paulo\'s modern sights. In Jardim da Luz, Tthose postcards helped to create the ideia of a modern and social place in Jardim da Luz. It had begun to host musical presentations, parties and meetings. In this workstudy, were studied examined three major social groups which attended those events: elite from São Paulo, workers and street photographers. Jardim da Luz became a representative local for those groups, a party place for some and a work site for others. This research, through the study of material culture, intendsaims to understand Jardim da Luz\'s social usage and its transformation through the study of material culture through during the time studied.

This dissertation responds to Joan Thirsk's call for historians to undertake a closer investigation of commercial gardening. It adopts a micro-historical approach, to address two questions, 'What was a gardener?', and 'What was a garden business?'' Based in the parish of Fulham (including the hamlet of Hammersmith), Middlesex, the parish with the largest acreage of commercial gardening in England in 1796, the study applies nominal linkage to a variety of sources to understand more fully the gardeners, garden businesses, and gardening families between 1680 and 1861. The dissertation exploits sources with occupational descriptors, including livery company apprentice registers, bankruptcies and insolvencies, clandestine marriage registers, Bank of England accounts, and fire insurance policies, not used previously for a statistical examination of gardening. Quantitative data are set in a rich context using qualitative sources such as newspapers, Old Bailey proceedings and property surveys. Tracing occupational terms through the sources shows that records created by parish and government bodies relied on a few customary terms, each encompassing several different functions in gardening, for much longer than commercial documents, demonstrating how reliance on one source can be misleading. In this study I argue that occupational descriptors in gardening reflected the focus, but failed to capture the entirety, of what was produced in a garden business. From the early eighteenth century garden businesses should not be viewed simply as a market garden or nursery; they cultivated a diversity of horticultural products, but are also found to have had a variety of other agricultural interests and economic pursuits, introducing new products and responding to new opportunities: gardeners did not only garden. Contrary to the claims of some historians this was not just an early phase in the transition from agriculture to specialist gardening but persisted into the nineteenth century. This study contributes not only to the history of commercial gardening but also to wider debates in agricultural and business history. From four land-use maps, dated between 1747 and 1843/5 the changing acreage and locations of gardens have been identified, and the first graphical representation of the land use in the parish from the tithe apportionment schedules is presented. The complex interaction between competing land uses is examined providing new findings about how the garden industry adapted in the face of pressures from urban development and other agricultural needs. Examination of the occupational structure of the industry has been approached through several sources. Very few gardeners were apprenticed, but some families continued to obtain training as gardeners and commercial advantages through one of five different livery companies, as well as the Gardeners' Company. The parish registers give the first tentative estimate of the size of the industry, while registers of clandestine marriages suggest that gardeners were a significant proportion of the middling sort in Fulham in the early eighteenth century. Comparison of gardening occupations in the 1841, 1851 and 1861 census enumerators' books provide insights into the structure of the industry but also reveal the inconsistent application of terminology, resulting in the reliability and validity of some of the data being questioned. The implication is that only the 1851 census gives an accurate occupational structure for gardening industry. The findings of previous studies that most gardeners rented their land have been confirmed. On the bishop of London's estate the rents were low during the eighteenth century, but few gardeners were his head lessees and therefore able to benefit. Gardeners had a range of wealth, sufficient for some to have a comfortable living as part of the middling sort while a few had accrued greater wealth from gardening. Garden businesses rarely became bankrupt or insolvent and mainly when there were general economic downturns. Businesses were left predominantly to widows or sons, with the intention of keeping businesses operating and resulting in the establishment of garden business dynasties. The wealth of some businesses demonstrates the benefit of trans-generational transfer, others fared well enough for their business to continue on a smaller scale, but many names came and went from Fulham and Hammersmith commercial gardens in one generation.

Dans les récits médiévaux, la réalité littéraire du décor est avant tout l'expérience imaginaire qu'introduit l'acte de lecture, avant d'être instrument qui permet au lecteur de réaliser l'image. Dans notre étude, il nous importe de préciser les éléments descriptifs, naturels et architecturaux, ou les visions du décor servant de cadres aux romans médiévaux. Avec une grande économie de moyens, la langue médiévale dit tout sur le sujet. En effet le stéréotype fonctionne toujours parfaitement, mais nous avons aussi de belles, brèves – mais énergiques – descriptions de châteaux et de villes. Les éléments du paysage peuvent s'ordonner en un panorama cohérent qui sait se mettre au service de l'action. Répondant aux nécessités du récit et sous forme de mentions généralement brèves, nous voyons apparaître peu à peu les éléments constitutifs des décors, naturels et urbains. Les rapides indications sont celles qui font apparaître le mieux la réalité d'un château ou d'une ville des XIIe et XIIIe siècles, telle qu'un romancier pouvait les présenter et les donner à voir à son public. / For a reader of medieval narratives the literary of the scenery, is in the first place an imaginary experience introduced by the act of reading and only subsequently it serves the role of an instrument necessary to reconstruct the image. In the present study, I discuss and reflect upon the natural and architectural elements of description and also the visions of the scenery recurrent in the medieval novel. The medieval language is extremely efficient in its descriptions of subject. The stereotypes are ever present, though punctuated by beautiful, short, yet vivid, descriptions of castles and cities. The elements of the landscape at times form a coherent panoramic setting for the action. Brief descriptions and mentions of the elements of the scenery, both natural and urban, appear as they are called for by the narrative. Such short indications appear to best show the reality of the castles or cities of XII and XIII century.

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Numerous research studies have shown that when teachers take children outdoors to learn, children show an increase in cognitive, physical, social, and emotional skills. Few researchers have focused, however, on teachers and their decision to use the outdoors as a way of teaching. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore whether life experiences impact a teacher's choice to not use the outdoor environment. Ham and Shuman's model of environmental education commitment and Kaplan and Kaplan's environmental cognition theory served as the conceptual frameworks for this study. The research question was designed to explore the experiences and barriers of teachers and how these experiences and barriers affected a teacher's decision to use or not use an outdoor classroom when one was available. Data were obtained using individual interviews of a purposeful sample of seven elementary teachers from a large school district in the U.S. state of Georgia who were not using outdoor classrooms at the time of the study. Themes that emerged from data analysis were lack of time in tightly controlled class schedules, lack of administrator support, lack of staff development for teachers, weather, and lack of time to research and prepare lessons. Study findings have the potential to engender positive social change by increasing insight about the barriers teachers perceive to using the natural environment in instruction. With more knowledge about such barriers, administrators may able to encourage teachers to use the natural environment as an extension of the indoor classroom to increase academic achievement and lifelong behaviors in nature among students.

Most scientists agree that the earth's temperature continues to rise. The heat gain is more pronounced in urban areas due to a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect. The urban heat island effect is a seemingly inevitable result of urban development, which has far reaching consequences. With energy costs skyrocketing and the destruction of the environment at risk, urban structures and buildings must do more to make our urban settings more environmentally friendly. So far, there are two well known ways to combat these effects. First, the heat island can be slightly be negated by adding well-watered vegetation to a site. Second, is to use building materials and systems that reflect the light, thus increasing the overall albedo of an urban area. Albedo is the ratio of the light energy is reflected compared that of which is absorbed. The combinations of these two practices are some of the components in green architecture. To Date, the United States has been slow to adopt policies that reduce the urban heat gain. Likewise, developers have been hesitant to construct these buildings due to implied cost and lack of knowledge. The intent of this project is to show that there are many strategies and design features that can be implemented to combat the urban heat island effect, even in the most challenging locations. The project will also employ green architecture methods in a commercial sector that has yet to fully grasp the potential to reduce heat gain and lower the urban heat island effects. To aid in the research, this project will detail buildings that are already addressing the urban heat island. The document will identify the most effective and inexpensive ways to solve this problem. It will also describe what can be done to reduce heat waste generated by lighting and cooling. In doing so, the information garnered should lead to design strategies that new buildings can utilize to reduce the urban heat island effect.

This thesis explores interwar town planning in Australia, focusing on the period of large-scale urban expansion in the 1920’s. It problematises aspects of Australia’s urban planning history, particularly the 1920s ‘garden suburb. It also investigates the question of the use of international planning ideas in Australia, and the assertion or creation of authority by the Australian planning movement. The thesis additionally investigates the use of authoritative planning rhetoric for commercial or creative advantage. The thesis argues that the majority of innovative planning projects in the interwar years took place in the formation and foundation of the garden suburb. It shows that the garden suburb – assumed in much planning history to be an inferior form of Ebenezer Howard’s ‘garden city’ ideal – has, in fact, a number of precedents in 19th century Australian suburbia, some of which were retained in 20th century commercial estate design. Much of the Australian town planner’s authority at this time required recognition and awareness of the interests and needs of the general public, as negotiated through land vendors. As Australians looked to the future, and to the US for guidance, they were invited to invest in speculative real estate development modelled on this vision. The thesis concentrates primarily on the lives, careers and work of the British-Australian architect-planner Sir John Sulman; the Chicagoan architect-planners Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin; and the Australian surveyor-planner Saxil Tuxen. These individuals were among the most prominent planners in Australia in the interwar years. All designed Australian garden suburbs, and combined advocacy with practice in private and public spheres. The thesis examines images and personas, both generic and individual, of the planner and the vendor. It shows that the formulation of the garden suburb and design practices, and the incorporation of international elements into Australian planning, are important in the creation of planning practice and forms. It also outlines the way these continue to have significant impact, in diverse and important ways, on both the contemporary built environment and planning history itself.