Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations From 17 December 2009 the courts of all EU Member States other than Denmark are obliged to determine the applicable law for contracts with an international element entered into on or after this date on the basis of a Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (the Regulation). The Regulation applies to most commercial and civil law contracts. These rules are not a radical departure from the rules previously applicable in the Czech Republic, i.e. the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations from 1980 (the Convention). The Convention was published in the Collection of the International Treaties as notification No 64/2006 Coll. and it applies to contracts concluded after 1 July 2006. Where neither the Convention nor the Regulation applies, the Czech courts will generally look to the relevant national law, Act No 97/1963 Coll. on Private International and Procedural Law as amended. The purpose of this thesis was to provide an overview of some of the most important provisions of the Regulation in comparison to the Convention, to highlight the areas of change in this new instrument. The first part of the...

Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations The purpose of my thesis is to analyse some main aspects of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (the Regulation) especially with regard to the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations from 1980 (the Convention) and to provide an overview of changes compared to the Convention. The Convention was published in the Collection of the International Treaties as notification No 64/2006 Sb. m. s. and it applies to contracts concluded after 1 July 2006. The Regulation oblige the courts of all EU Member States except Denmark to determine the applicable law for contracts with an international element entered into on or after 17 December 2009 according to the Regulation's provisions. Where neither the Convention nor the Regulation applies, the Czech courts will generally look to the relevant national law, Act No 97/1963 Sb. on Private International and Procedural Law as amended. From 1 January 2014 would be applied its superseder Act No 91/2012 Sb. on Private International Law. The thesis is composed of ten chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of choice of law rules applicable to contractual...

Protection of a Weaker Contract Party and Private International Law The topic of this dissertation thesis is the protection of weaker parties in the context of determination and application of the applicable law. The dissertation seeks anchor and concept of protection of weaker parties in the Rome I Regulation. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part deals with the basis for protection of weaker parties, linking the theoretical and value foundations on which the protection stands with practical implications that ignorance of significantly unequal position might have. For a comprehensive understanding, it is necessary to look at the background of individual legal rules. However, dealing with these issues cannot be viewed solely in the context of private international law. Certain legal institutions of private international law may not be designated solely for the protection of certain categories of weaker parties but may be used to protect a weaker party with regard to the concept of a weaker party and the importance of its protection in substantive law (especially civil law). The second part, which is the focal point of this thesis, consists in the analysis of ways of protecting the weaker parties, both at a more general methodological level and in the form of a more detailed...

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the proper law under the Rome I Regulation and the Rome II Regulation and find out the differences and similarities between them. The thesis is composed of introduction, four parts and conclusion. The part One describes general and theoretical topics of European Private International Law (EPIL) - explains the notion and methods of regulation of Private International Law, notion, meaning, and sources of law and principles of application of EPIL. The part Two is concerned with the history of creation, structure, and scope of the Rome I and Rome II Regulations. Parts Three and Four represent the core of this thesis. The part Three analyzes the proper law of contract under the Rome I Regulation and non- contractual obligations under the Rome II Regulation. It focuses on ascertaining of the applicable law for obligations, on limits of the proper law and other related questions. Part Four summarizes all knowledge. It illustrates the results of comparison of the Rome I and Rome II Regulations.

In this paper we examine contractual and non-contractual obligations in situations involving a conflict of law. The special emphasis is given to overriding mandatory rules, the importance and impacts of these rules of law on civil and commercial relations with international element. This thesis is composed of four parts and each of them is subdivided into further sections and paragraphs. In the first part, we introduce the general theory as theoretical base of the subject and we define the key terms. The question concerning the role of Czech courts in the application of foreign law is also mentioned. Subsequently, we analyze national Czech legislation and we focus on the relevant provisions contained in the draft of new Private International Law Act. By becoming Member State of the European Union in 2004, Czech Republic undertook to accede to the 1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. Second chapter is dedicated to this international treaty which has clarified the concept of "mandatory rules" but has also given rise to some qualification problems. We discuss the relationship between overriding mandatory rules and protective mandatory rules (particularly rules of consumer and labour law) and present the main approaches to this problem. Rome I and Rome II regulations...

Die Arbeit setzt sich mit dem neuen europäischen Anknüpfungskonzept für ausländisches Eingriffsrecht in der Rom I-VO auseinander. Im Fokus der Untersuchung steht die politisch motivierte und restriktiv ausgefallene Regelung des Art. 9 Abs. 3 Rom I-VO. Zudem widmet sich ein Teil der Untersuchung allgemein der hinter dem Eingriffsrecht – insbesondere dem Konzept des ausländischen Eingriffsrechts im IPR – stehenden Dogmatik, die aus einer dogmatisch-historischen Perspektive beleuchtet wird. Schwerpunktmäßig gilt es der Frage nachzugehen, welche Überlegungen hinter der neuen Kollisionsnorm stehen und ob die Sonderanknüpfung des Art. 9 Abs. 3 Rom I-VO einen dogmatisch geeigneten, mit der Zielsetzung der Rom I-VO vereinbaren rechtlichen Rahmen für die einheitliche kollisionsrechtliche Berufung der berücksichtigungswürdigen ausländischen Eingriffsnormen in den Mitgliedstaaten schafft. / The thesis examines the European concept of the newly defined connecting factor for foreign overriding mandatory rules in the Rome I Regulation. The central attention of the study is the analysis of the politically motivated and restrictive regulation of Art. 9 (3) of the Rome I Regulation. In addition, the first part of the study is dedicated to the examination of the general approach behind the application of foreign overriding mandatory rules in private international law from a dogmatic-historical perspective. The main focus of the thesis, however, is on the research of the considerations behind the new conflict of laws rule. The author specifically questions whether the new connecting factor defined in the Art. 9 (3) Rome I Regulation provides a worthy and sufficient legal framework for the application of foreign overriding mandatory rules.

Cette étude se livre à l’analyse de la faculté de "dépeçage" du contrat dont disposent les parties à un contrat international afin de le soumettre à différents systèmes de règles. Permise par le principe d’autonomie de la volonté, cette figure a été consacrée par la Convention de Rome, devenue règlement Rome I, qui constitue le droit international privé français et européen en matière contractuelle. L’intérêt de cette technique a ensuite été renouvelé par la Proposition de règlement Rome 1 dont la nouveauté réside dans l'admission de la combinaison non seulement entre différentes lois étatiques comme c'est le cas actuellement, mais également entre des lois étatiques avec des lois a-étatiques. A cet égard, les contours théorique du terme sont explorés. Le droit des contrats étant avant tout un droit pratique, cette étude se propose d’évaluer l'intérêt réel de la mesure envisagée pour les opérateurs du commerce international. L’intérêt de la démonstration repose notamment sur la méthodologie de recherche employée, la question du dépeçage du contrat étant étudiée tant sur un plan théorique que précisée sur le plan pratique. / This study aims at analyzing contractual “dépeçage” or “contractual splitting”. This ability allow the parties to an international contract to distribute it between different laws. The figure has been enshrined in the Rome Convention, that became the Rome I Regulation, which now constitutes the actual French and European private international law of contract. The advantage of this technique was then renewed by the Proposal for a Regulation Rome 1 whose novelty lies in the admission of the combination, not only between different state laws as it is currently the case, but also, between state laws and non-state laws. In this respect, the theoretical contours of the term are explored. And since contract law is primarily a practical law, this study aims to assess the real value of the measure for international operators. The interest of the demonstration is therefore based on the methodology of the research, the issue split the contract being discussed both on a theoretical level, as on a practical point of view.

Pendant longtemps, la qualification lege fori a dominé la scène internationale. D'une conception stricte, témoin d'une analyse particulariste du droit international privé, elle a progressivement évolué vers une conception assouplie. Aujourd'hui, les auteurs s'accordent à voir dans la qualification lege fori, une méthode de qualification appropriée. Confrontée au droit des obligations, la qualification lege fori révèle ses faiblesses. Elle est atteinte d'un vice originel qui implique de s'interroger sur son bien-fondé. Même assouplie, la qualification lege fori est incapable de se détacher des concepts du for. Une situation internationale sera donc résolue selon des concepts dictés pour les besoins du droit interne. Ces insuffisances s'observent à l'étude de cas hybrides. Il s'agit d'hypothèses particulièrement délicates à qualifier car elles se situent à la lisière de la matière contractuelle et de la matière délictuelle. La présente étude se propose de rechercher un modèle de qualification qui puisse répondre à la fonction internationale de la règle à appliquer. À côté de la qualification lege fori, il existe une appréhension européenne de la qualification. Celle-ci s'organise autour de l'élaboration de qualifications autonomes, a priori distinctes de la qualification lege fori. La Cour de justice a ainsi opté pour une qualification autonome des notions de matière contractuelle et de matière délictuelle. Confrontée à la qualification lege fori, la qualification autonome révèle sa véritable nature. Sous certains aspects, elle est une forme de qualification lege fori. Sous un autre angle, elle s'en éloigne et peut être analysée comme une véritable qualification internationale. Contrairement à la qualification lege fori, la qualification autonome répond à la fonction internationale de la règle de droit international privé. Elle est donc adaptée aux besoins de la vie internationale. Une fois le bien-fondé de l'approche autonome posée, il était nécessaire de s'interroger sur sa généralisation. En effet, l'adoption d'un ensemble complet de textes en droit international privé européen des obligations a fait émerger un débat sur l'opportunité d'adopter une qualification unitaire des notions communes aux textes de Bruxelles et de Rome. La présente étude se propose de retenir un modèle autonome et moniste de la qualification borné aux seules relations internationales. / For a long time, the lege fori characterisation has dominated the international scene. It has evolved from a strict conception, witness of a particularistic approach of private international law, towards a more flexible conception. Nowadays, authors accept the lege fori characterisation as an appropriate characterisation method. Faced with the law of obligations, the lege fori characterisation shows its weaknesses. It is suffering from an original defect which prompts interrogations on its merits. Even relaxed, the lege fori characterisation cannot be detached from the concepts of the lex fori. An international situation will therefore be resolved according to concepts dictated based on the needs of the law of the forum. Such inadequacies can be observed when studying hybrid cases. Hybrid cases hypotheses are extremely difficult to classify as they stand on the border between matters relating to tort/delict and matters relating to contracts. The present study will search for a characterisation model able to fulfil the international function of the rule to apply. A European understanding of characterisation exists beside the lege fori characterisation. It revolves around the elaboration of autonomous characterisations, in principle distinct from the lege fori characterisation. The European Court of Justice chose an autonomous characterisation for the notions of matter relating to contract and matter relating to tort/delict. Faced with the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation reveals its true nature. In some respects, it is a type of lege fori characterisation. From another perspective, it diverges from it and can be interpreted as a true international characterisation. Unlike the lege fori characterisation, the autonomous characterisation fulfils the international function of the private international law rule. Therefore, it is suitable to the needs of international affairs. Once the merits of the autonomous approach have been established, it is necessary to consider whether it can be generalized or not. Indeed, the adoption of a complete set of rules in European private international law relating to contractual and non-contractual obligations highlights a debate on the opportunity to adopt a unitary characterisation for the common notions of the Rome and Brussels Conventions and Regulations. The present study suggests to consider an autonomous and monistic model for characterisation but only to the extent international relations are involved.

Disputes involving emerging technology, often leave a grey area on applicable law, as it is unlocated in the physical world. The problem with crypto-assets is partly driven by their underlying technology, allowing for the assets to be distributed in an international, digital sphere, and making it hard to pinpoint their territorial location and solve legal issues. This thesis, therefore, aims to clarify the questions of qualification and connecting factors for the choice of law when dealing with disputes concerning crypto-assets under a cross-border contractual agreement. It particularly seeks to examine consumer protection and the predictability of the choice of law in cryptocurrency trading. The thesis concludes that, for some specifically listed contracts, the applicable law is determined through hard and fast rules, but for other more complex contracts, the applicable law is determined by primarily examining the habitual residence of the operator of the characteristic performance, and secondarily, the closest connection. As to consumer contracts, a special rule appoints the law of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, but only when several requirements are met. The rules pose problems with predictability and finding a territorial connection when the location of the assets or parties cannot be located. It is particularly a problem in decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges. Regarding the qualification, the thesis concludes that the current rules and statements do not provide a definite answer to the characterization of crypto-assets and require technically complex interpretations. Crypto-assets are mainly categorized based on their purpose, and the parties’ expectations. Therefore, fictional objectification of cryptocurrencies as movable property is possible when accepted as such by the parties. Moreover, cryptocurrency trading does not fall within traditional financial regulations but can be categorized as a service where the coins constitute a means of payment. Although the views are divided, causing uncertainty in the market, the obligations of traders are expected to be clarified through upcoming regulations.

This thesis discusses the limits of statute of contractual obligations solely from the perspective of conflict of law rules. It is based primarily on the analysis of national conflict of law rules contained in Act No. 91/2012 Coll., On Private International Law. There are also analyzed relevant standards of the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No. 593/2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) and conflict of law rules in the German Initial Act to the Civil Code, as well as in the Swiss Act on Private International Law. The primary hypothesis of this work is the concept of a single contractual statute, which governes contractual relationship since the early beginning to the end. The secondary hypothesis follows the departure of German international private law from the principle of seat for the principle of incorporation. Another hypothesis explores the safeguarding of property rights once acquired, if the substantive legal facts are in the mode of the original substantive statute closed that no means no and yes means yes, but ... This work also examines the question of whether the European legislator through the unification of rules of conflict of law removed the deficiencies that resulted from the application of autonomous national conflict of law rules or...