L’objet de cette thèse est une comparaison entre les dispositifs de gestion du personnel des administrations publiques françaises et italiennes, afin d’explorer leur efficacité et d’identifier les principaux problèmes qui émergent à la suite de leur application. La loi italienne assimile le dirigeant à l’employeur privé. Il est donc le titulaire formel et substantiel des prérogatives de l’employeur public. En ce qui concerne les relations de travail, à l’exception de normes spéciales de droit public qui sont à l’intérieur du Texte unique de l’emploi public, le législateur renvoie à la négociation collective et aux mêmes règles qui régissent la relation de travail au sein de l’entreprise privée. Dans la fonction publique française le droit du travail est inapplicable . Toutefois, on remarque l’influence réciproque de celui-ci et du droit de la fonction publique. Il n’y a pas de place pour la négociation : le fonctionnaire doit accepter le régime juridique imposé par l’employeur public. En dépit des apparences et malgré deux différents régimes juridiques, les deux systèmes en évoluant montrent toujours davantage de ressemblances, notamment en ce qui concerne les outils de gestion du personnel, le recours aux contractuels et le rôle de la négociation collective. Il se trouve que la souplesse dans la gestion des ressources humaines n’est pas nécessairement liée à la forme juridique de la relation de travail des fonctionnaires. Le choix unilatéralisme/négociation, régime de droit public ou de droit privé est mal posé. Même le statut constitue un cadre souple, ce sont plutôt certaines pratiques politiques et administratives qui causent des dysfonctionnements. Pour gagner en efficacité, il ne s’agit pas, pour l’Italie, de supprimer la privatisation de l’emploi public, et non plus pour la France de supprimer le régime statutaire. Il se trouve que les deux administrations publiques n’utilisent pas toutes les possibilités offertes par les normes. Il faut investir sur les ressources humaines afin que les hauts fonctionnaires deviennent de vrais managers, plutôt que de continuer à envisager sans cesse des réformes radicales. / This research consists in a comparison between the legal instruments of human resource management in the French and Italian public service sector. The objective is to evaluate their efficacy and uncover the main problems linked to their implementation. In the Italian public service sector, the manager is assimilated to the employer found in private firms. The link between the public servant and the administration is first regulated by a specific law, then by collective bargaining and labour law. In the French system, labour law isn’t applied to the public service sector. However, labour law has an influence on it, and vice versa. Collective bargaining doesn't have any formal rule because the civil servant must accept conditions imposed by the administration. Despite appearances, throughout their evolution the two systems seem to increasingly resemble each other, particularly in the realm of human resource management legal instruments, the use of temporary jobs and the rule of collective bargaining. It seems that flexibility in human resource management isn’t necessarily associated to the nature – public, private or mixed - of the link between the public servant and the administration. The choice between unilateralism and negotiation, administrative law and labour law doesn’t matter so much. Though French statute law is flexible, there are some political and administrative customs which are damaging. In both Italy and France, public administrations do not need to ignore - respectively - privatisation and statute law in order to become more effective. It seems that public administrations do not use all the possibilities offered by existing laws. They have to invest in human resources in order to transform office directors into real managers, rather than to continuously work on useless or damaging radical reforms.

我國目前正值非常時期，政府以有限財源，肆應各方重大需要，公教人員待遇自難臻 於理想。 社會保險在理論上乃是解決薪俸階級生活問題增進其經濟安全與福利的有效工具，現 為世界各國普遍採行，就我國一般公教人員目前的經濟生活條件而言，此種制度的性 質與作用似頗符合彼等生活方面的實際需要，若設計妥善，應可發揮相當良好的功效 。而現行公保制度即屬利用此種措施。 就結構及內容而言，本論文共分八章，凡屬公保制度之各重要部分大致均已論及。茲 將各章內容分別簡述如下： 第一章為「公保制度建立之背景與目的」，主要是從公務人員生活問題及其解決途徑 ，論及公保建立的經過與目的。 第二章為「公保之立法」，主要內容在說明公保各種法規立法的情形，所含重要立法 原則、立法技術、修正及解釋、法規的性質、效力及地位等事項。 第三章為「公保行政系統」，係分別就公保行政系統中三個構成分子─主管機關、承 保機關及監理會的組織、職權及相互業務關係等加以說明，並對現行行政系統提出批 評，陳述改進意見及對未來行政系統發展的展望。 第四章為「公保之要保機關及被保險人」，本章係以要保機關為主體，說明其條件、 範圍、職責及業務程序。此外並論及被保險人的資格條件、範圍及未來擴充的可能性 。其中關於各種業務程序析述甚詳，其原因即認為程序雖係微末細節，但其對被保險 人權益及公保實施的效果俱有極大的影響，所以值得重視。 第五章為「承保項目及各種給付」，主要係說明現有承保項目的範圍、各種承保項目 設置的意義、與外國社會保險承保項目的比較、及未來擴充的可能性。 第六章為「公保財務」，主要係說明公保財源的範圍、經費支出的情形、虧損發生原 因的分析、歷年虧損的情形、未來財務危機的測度、及應付虧損危機與健全財務基礎 所應採取的對策。 第七章為「公保意見調查報告」，係專門就對被保險人所作意見調查的結果，進行統 計分析，說明其各種意見內容與趨勢，並解釋其成因與背景。 第八章為「對公保之評價、建議與展望」，關於對公保效果的評價部分，係分別依據 官方統計意見調查及個案三方面資料，對公保實施的效果予以合理的評議。關於建議 部分，係選擇各章中重要意見作扼要說明與補充。雖然，部分意見可能在目前似嫌陳 義過高，不易實現，但作為公保日後改進的理想目標則未嘗不可。關於對公保未來發 展的展望，則係說明對公保業務與財務方面未來發展途徑所作的蠡測，並論及其與全 面社會保險制度配合的可能性，另外提出數點研究公保制度的綜合心得。 /

我國目前正值非常時期，政府以有限財源，肆應各方重大需要，公教人員待遇自難臻 於理想。 社會保險在理論上乃是解決薪俸階級生活問題增進其經濟安全與福利的有效工具，現 為世界各國普遍採行，就我國一般公教人員目前的經濟生活條件而言，此種制度的性 質與作用似頗符合彼等生活方面的實際需要，若設計妥善，應可發揮相當良好的功效 。而現行公保制度即屬利用此種措施。 就結構及內容而言，本論文共分八章，凡屬公保制度之各重要部分大致均已論及。茲 將各章內容分別簡述如下： 第一章為「公保制度建立之背景與目的」，主要是從公務人員生活問題及其解決途徑 ，論及公保建立的經過與目的。 第二章為「公保之立法」，主要內容在說明公保各種法規立法的情形，所含重要立法 原則、立法技術、修正及解釋、法規的性質、效力及地位等事項。 第三章為「公保行政系統」，係分別就公保行政系統中三個構成分子─主管機關、承 保機關及監理會的組織、職權及相互業務關係等加以說明，並對現行行政系統提出批 評，陳述改進意見及對未來行政系統發展的展望。 第四章為「公保之要保機關及被保險人」，本章係以要保機關為主體，說明其條件、 範圍、職責及業務程序。此外並論及被保險人的資格條件、範圍及未來擴充的可能性 。其中關於各種業務程序析述甚詳，其原因即認為程序雖係微末細節，但其對被保險 人權益及公保實施的效果俱有極大的影響，所以值得重視。 第五章為「承保項目及各種給付」，主要係說明現有承保項目的範圍、各種承保項目 設置的意義、與外國社會保險承保項目的比較、及未來擴充的可能性。 第六章為「公保財務」，主要係說明公保財源的範圍、經費支出的情形、虧損發生原 因的分析、歷年虧損的情形、未來財務危機的測度、及應付虧損危機與健全財務基礎 所應採取的對策。 第七章為「公保意見調查報告」，係專門就對被保險人所作意見調查的結果，進行統 計分析，說明其各種意見內容與趨勢，並解釋其成因與背景。 第八章為「對公保之評價、建議與展望」，關於對公保效果的評價部分，係分別依據 官方統計意見調查及個案三方面資料，對公保實施的效果予以合理的評議。關於建議 部分，係選擇各章中重要意見作扼要說明與補充。雖然，部分意見可能在目前似嫌陳 義過高，不易實現，但作為公保日後改進的理想目標則未嘗不可。關於對公保未來發 展的展望，則係說明對公保業務與財務方面未來發展途徑所作的蠡測，並論及其與全 面社會保險制度配合的可能性，另外提出數點研究公保制度的綜合心得。 /

我國目前正值非常時期，政府以有限財源，肆應各方重大需要，公教人員待遇自難臻於理想。 社會保險在理論上乃是解決薪俸階級生活問題增進其經濟安全與福利的有效工具，現為世界各國普遍採行，就我國一般公教人員目前的經濟生活條件而言，此種制度的性質與作用似頗符合彼等生活方面的實際需要，若設計妥善，應可發揮相當良好的功效。而現行公保制度即屬利用此種措施。就結構及內容而言，本論文共分八章，凡屬公保制度之各重要部分大致均已論及。茲將各章內容分別簡述如下： 第一章為「公保制度建立之背景與目的」，主要是從公務人員生活問題及其解決途徑，論及公保建立的經過與目的。 第二章為「公保之立法」，主要內容在說明公保各種法規立法的情形，所含重要立法原則、立法技術、修正及解釋、法規的性質、效力及地位等事項。 第三章為「公保行政系統」，係分別就公保行政系統中三個構成分子─主管機關、承保機關及監理會的組織、職權及相互業務關係等加以說明，並對現行行政系統提出批評，陳述改進意見及對未來行政系統發展的展望。 第四章為「公保之要保機關及被保險人」，本章係以要保機關為主體，說明其條件、範圍、職責及業務程序。此外並論及被保險人的資格條件、範圍及未來擴充的可能性。其中關於各種業務程序析述甚詳，其原因即認為程序雖係微末細節，但其對被保險人權益及公保實施的效果俱有極大的影響，所以值得重視。 第五章為「承保項目及各種給付」，主要係說明現有承保項目的範圍、各種承保項目設置的意義、與外國社會保險承保項目的比較、及未來擴充的可能性。 第六章為「公保財務」，主要係說明公保財源的範圍、經費支出的情形、虧損發生原因的分析、歷年虧損的情形、未來財務危機的測度、及應付虧損危機與健全財務基礎所應採取的對策。 第七章為「公保意見調查報告」，係專門就對被保險人所作意見調查的結果，進行統計分析，說明其各種意見內容與趨勢，並解釋其成因與背景。 第八章為「對公保之評價、建議與展望」，關於對公保效果的評價部分，係分別依據官方統計意見調查及個案三方面資料，對公保實施的效果予以合理的評議。關於建議部分，係選擇各章中重要意見作扼要說明與補充。雖然，部分意見可能在目前似嫌陳義過高，不易實現，但作為公保日後改進的理想目標則未嘗不可。關於對公保未來發展的展望，則係說明對公保業務與財務方面未來發展途徑所作的蠡測，並論及其與全面社會保險制度配合的可能性，另外提出數點研究公保制度的綜合心得。 /

A Constituição Federal não estabeleceu o perfil do princípio da não-cumulatividade da Contribuição para os Programas de Integração Social (PIS) e de Formação do Patrimônio do Servidor Público (Pasep) e da Contribuição para o Financiamento da Seguridade Social COFINS (PIS/COFINS) nela previsto, mas o legislador ordinário deve se pautar em três parâmetros quando da instituição da sua sistemática: (i) obedecer os princípios constitucionais em geral; (ii) observar o núcleo de materialidade constitucional do PIS/COFINS; e (iii) respeitar a finalidade que justificou a criação desta sistemática. O insumo se trata de um conceito jurídico indeterminado e possui zonas de certeza positiva (núcleo), de incerteza (halo) e de certeza negativa, tendo cada uma delas parâmetros para as suas respectivas definições. Por isto, o conceito de insumo no PIS/COFINS não se equipara ao insumo no Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados (IPI), nem aos custos e despesas necessárias no Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ), possuindo sentido próprio. Foi ainda verificado o entendimento adotado nos precedentes administrativos e judiciais acerca do conceito de insumo no PIS/COFINS que já chegaram aos nossos tribunais. / The Federal Constitution did not establish the profile of the non cummulativity principle of the Contributions for the Social Integration Programs (PIS), for the Formation of the Public Servant Patrimony (Pasep) and for the Financing of Social Security - COFINS (PIS/COFINS) disposed in it, but the ordinary legislator shall base on three parameters when establishing its systematic: (i) obey the constitutional principles in general, (ii) observe the materiality constitutional core of the PIS/COFINS; and (iii) respect the purpose that justified the creation of this systematic. The input is a undetermined legal concept and has areas of positive certainty (core), of uncertainty (halo) and of negative certainty, having each of them parameters for its respective definitions. Therefore, the concept of input at PIS/COFINS shall not be treated as the input at industrialized products tax (IPI), neither as the costs and necessary expenses at the corporate income tax (IRPJ), having thus its own concept. It was also verified the understanding adopted at the administrative and judicial precedents about the concept of input at PIS/COFINS that have already reached our courts.

Text in Afrikaans / The URCSA's synod of Northern Transvaal consists of 128 congregations of which 48 are at present without a minister. Of the 48 congregations, 23 are small rural congregations. This does not include the numerous ward churches of large rural congregations that are in essence also small congregations. The URCSA has two historical legacies; namely, material poverty and the Presbyterian form of church governance known as the tipple office-bearers' doctrine (manus triplex) with a built-in hierarchy that affords pastors a prominent leadership role in congregations. The assumption can thus be made that each congregation should have a church council and pastor. As small rural congregations cannot afford the expense of their own minister, they therefore have to cope without one. Against this background one must understand the importance of elders in small rural congregations of the URCSA where the role of pastor is assumed and performed by elders, yet without any official training. This compels the church to probe alternative ways to become a pastor. The former DRMC and DRCA subscribed to an ecclesiastical practise whereby proven church leaders could be admitted as pastors on the grounds of their unique spiritual gifts. This practise has been accepted by the general synod of the URCSA. It is clear from this empirical study that the top leadership of the URCSA should adapt this accepted practise to accommodate the situation of the rural congregations. The possible synthesis of the apprentice, in-service-training, and tent-making models as general models for ministerial training amongst Protestants in the past, could pave the way for an adapted Pauline tent-maker model that will lead to the admittance of proven local church leaders as pastors in the URCSA's rural ward churches and small congregations. The prevailing situation of the rural church necessitates this mode of ministry as a supplementary alternative to the existing training of ministers. As it addresses a critical situation, it does not stand in opposition to the full-time ministry or the thorough theological training of especially the younger people. What does emerge from the context of the rural church, is the need for both modes of ministry. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th.

This study investigated integrated learning at a Christian university, the Christian Bilingual University of the Congo (UCBC) with the view to improving higher education practice in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which is tasked with addressing social problems. Higher education in the DRC is shaped by its colonial legacy and a teacher-centred approach focused on theory, typical of a banking-type learning and a lack of integration. These factors stifle critical thinking and initiative in students and prevent them from developing into service-oriented agents for change in their communities. The advent of Christian universities has heralded a quest for holistic training to foster character and produce civic-minded and service-oriented citizens. A qualitative study using a phenomenology as methodology investigated the lived experiences in integrated learning and service in the community of twelve purposefully selected UCBC alumni. Data was obtained through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Findings indicated that integrated learning is holistic education which engages mind, heart, soul and body; it combines practice and theory in training and prepares students to contribute to national welfare. It occurs in a multiple component and dimensional context and is characterized by learner-centeredness, active learning and constant interaction among the school community members. It is focused on the building of the inner person of the learner. Further, participants understood transformation as part of personal development, a lifelong process that moves a person to act differently in community after his personal assumptions have been deeply revised through his encounter with integrated learning. Its impact is character development as foundation for bold action in the community, the rediscovery of one’s identity, the development of servant leadership, team work and social networking and dependence on God. Findings revealed that transformed learners initiated a change of mentality and experienced culture conversion in their communities through confronting problems and modelling servanthood. It also established the enactment of integrated learning as a contributor to personal and community transformation as a result of students’ ‘echoed words’ and actions as learning-teachers. Based on the findings recommendations were made for the strengthening of integrated learning in Christian universities. / Educational Foundations / D. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Para abordarmos o tema aposentadoria por invalidez, revisamos os conceitos de invalidez, incapacidade laborativa na literatura. A fundamentação teórica mostra a discussão de riscos, cargas e exigências do trabalho e os históricos da Previdência Social no Brasil e da Previdência dos Servidores Públicos do Rio de Janeiro (PREVI-RIO). A aposentadoria por invalidez pauta-se em critérios médico-periciais, administrativos e legais. A presente dissertação visa descrever o perfil da morbidade dos servidores públicos municipais do Rio de Janeiro aposentados por invalidez no período de 1997 a 2008. Como objetivos específicos, propomos verificar as patologias que culminam com a invalidez do grupo estudado por função exercida e por gênero; relacionar a invalidez com o tempo do exercício da função pública; estabelecer o impacto em anos perdidos devido à invalidez e conseqüente aposentadoria e quantificar os casos de invalidez dos servidores públicos municipais por acidente de trabalho e doença profissional na série histórica estudada. Desenvolvemos um estudo epidemiológico descritivo de morbidade a partir das causas de invalidez baseadas na Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID10). Criamos um novo banco de dados a partir de e dados das Gerências de Perícia Médica (GPM) da Secretaria Municipal de Administração (SMA) e da PREVI-RIO. Analisamos esses dados pelo pacote estatístico SPSS. Confirmamos a hipótese de que há funções municipais mais vulneráveis à invalidez. Com significância estatística, afirmamos que as merendeiras e auxiliares de enfermagem são mais vulneráveis a doenças osteomusculares e os artífices mais propensos às lesões por causas externas (traumatismos). Destaca-se a magnitude dos casos de aposentadoria por transtornos psiquiátricos como primeira causa de invalidez para todos os cargos estudados. Elaboramos uma tabela que demonstra com nitidez a diferença de gênero quanto à morbidade e propicia a elaboração de uma agenda preventiva. Em vista da preponderância do sexo feminino na série estudada, observamos o maior impacto de anos perdidos para as servidoras públicas. Como relevância do estudo, ressaltamos que há a recente discussão de uma Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde do Servidor Público, escassez de trabalhos científicos sobre o tema proposto conforme revisão bibliográfica e o intuito que o mesmo forneça subsídios às gerências da prefeitura para promoção à saúde, vigilância do trabalho (condições de trabalho e processo de trabalho) e recuperação funcional dos servidores públicos municipais. / To approach the subject disability retirement, we review the concepts of disability, labor incapacity in the literature. The theoretical discussion shows the risks, burdens and demands of work and the history of Social Security in Brazil and Welfare of the Public Servants of Rio de Janeiro (Previ-Rio). Retirement for disability staff in forensic-medical criteria, administrative and legal. This thesis aims to describe the morbidity of municipal civil servants in Rio de Janeiro retired on disability in the period 1997-2008. As specific objectives, we verify the conditions that culminate with the disability of the group studied by occupation and by gender, disability relate to the time of exercise of public service, establish the impact in years lost due to disability and consequent retirement and quantify cases of disability of the municipal public servants of occupational accidents and occupational diseases in the series studied. We developed a descriptive epidemiological study of morbidity from causes of disability based on International Classification of Diseases (CID10). We create a new database and data from the Managements of Medical Examination (GPM) of the Municipal Administration (SMA) and PREVI-RIO. We analyzed these data by SPSS package. We confirm the hypothesis that there are municipal functions most vulnerable to disability. With statistical significance, we affirm that the cooks and nursing assistants are more vulnerable to musculoskeletal diseases and the craftsmen more prone to injuries due to external causes (injuries). Highlights the agnitude of the cases of retirement for psychiatric disorders as primary cause of disability for all positions studied. We developed a table that shows clearly the gender difference regarding morbidity and fosters the development of a preventive agenda. Given the preponderance of females in the series studied, we observed the greatest impact of lost years for public servants. As the study's relevance, we note that there is the recent discussion of a National Health Care of Servants, a scarcity of scientific studies on the topic proposed as a literature review and order that it provide subsidies to the management of the municipality to promote health, surveillance of work (working conditions and work process) and functional recovery of municipal public servants.

A Constituição Federal não estabeleceu o perfil do princípio da não-cumulatividade da Contribuição para os Programas de Integração Social (PIS) e de Formação do Patrimônio do Servidor Público (Pasep) e da Contribuição para o Financiamento da Seguridade Social COFINS (PIS/COFINS) nela previsto, mas o legislador ordinário deve se pautar em três parâmetros quando da instituição da sua sistemática: (i) obedecer os princípios constitucionais em geral; (ii) observar o núcleo de materialidade constitucional do PIS/COFINS; e (iii) respeitar a finalidade que justificou a criação desta sistemática. O insumo se trata de um conceito jurídico indeterminado e possui zonas de certeza positiva (núcleo), de incerteza (halo) e de certeza negativa, tendo cada uma delas parâmetros para as suas respectivas definições. Por isto, o conceito de insumo no PIS/COFINS não se equipara ao insumo no Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados (IPI), nem aos custos e despesas necessárias no Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ), possuindo sentido próprio. Foi ainda verificado o entendimento adotado nos precedentes administrativos e judiciais acerca do conceito de insumo no PIS/COFINS que já chegaram aos nossos tribunais. / The Federal Constitution did not establish the profile of the non cummulativity principle of the Contributions for the Social Integration Programs (PIS), for the Formation of the Public Servant Patrimony (Pasep) and for the Financing of Social Security - COFINS (PIS/COFINS) disposed in it, but the ordinary legislator shall base on three parameters when establishing its systematic: (i) obey the constitutional principles in general, (ii) observe the materiality constitutional core of the PIS/COFINS; and (iii) respect the purpose that justified the creation of this systematic. The input is a undetermined legal concept and has areas of positive certainty (core), of uncertainty (halo) and of negative certainty, having each of them parameters for its respective definitions. Therefore, the concept of input at PIS/COFINS shall not be treated as the input at industrialized products tax (IPI), neither as the costs and necessary expenses at the corporate income tax (IRPJ), having thus its own concept. It was also verified the understanding adopted at the administrative and judicial precedents about the concept of input at PIS/COFINS that have already reached our courts.

Les régimes spéciaux de sécurité sociale des fonctionnaires nourrissent la mythologie française. Leur simple évocation fait généralement l’unanimité, que l’on en parle comme d’avantages acquis, de privilèges catégoriels ou de rémanences du passé. Qualifier juridiquement la protection sociale des fonctionnaires de régime spécial de sécurité sociale présente pourtant certains biais. La notion de « régime » implique une relative cohérence d’ensemble. L’intégration dans la « sécurité sociale » induit le respect des mêmes principes et modes de fonctionnement que l’institution. Le qualificatif « spécial » laisse à penser que ledit régime entretient un rapport de spécial à commun avec le régime général. Ces trois items n’en sont pas moins contestables. La protection sociale des fonctionnaires est une construction itérative, étalée sur plus d’un siècle, où prestations et garanties reposent chacune sur une logique qui lui est propre. Un large pan de cette protection sociale consiste en une couverture administrative, endossée directement par les employeurs publics. Le régime général n’est pas le droit commun de la sécurité sociale. Cela étant dit, c’est une autre étude de la sécurité sociale en général et de la protection sociale des fonctionnaires en particulier qui peut débuter. Le tout pour conclure à une crise d’identités : c’est dans son intégration à la sécurité sociale que la protection sociale des fonctionnaires parvient le mieux à exprimer sa singularité ; mais c’est parce que la protection sociale des fonctionnaires tend à être assimilée à la sécurité sociale qu’il convient d’en admettre la relativité. / Special social security schemes for civil servants belong to the French mythology. Their mention is usually embraced by all, which is spoken of as long-acquired habits, categorical privileges or afterimages of the past. Legally qualify social protection of the civil servants of special social security schemes raise questions. The concept of « scheme » implies a relative overall consistency. The integration to the « social security » means to respect the same principles and operating modes as the rest of the institution. The adjective « special » suggests that the scheme has the same relationship to general scheme as special law to ordinary law. These three items are questionable. Social protection of the civil servants is an iterative construction, spread over more than a century, where the benefits and guarantees each based on its proper logic. A large part of this social protection consists of an administrative cover, endorsed by public employers. The general scheme is not the ordinary social security law. That being said, this is another study of social security in general and social protection of the civil servants in particular who can begin. All for finding an identity crisis: with its integration to social security, social protection of the civil servants succeeds in expressing its uniqueness; but it’s because this social protection tends to be equated with social security that relativity may be deduced from it.