Thesis advisor: James Cronin / This paper examines the esoteric and essentially negativist character of international reaction to the Spanish Civil War. While the mass of the foreign public, (specifically in the United States, Britain, and Ireland), remained apathetic, several interest groups became deeply involved in the conflict. Analysis of the reasons why each group became interested, the methods they used to win supporters, and the effectiveness of those methods in shaping the historical legacy of the war constitutes the bulk of the paper. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the Roman Catholic Church and the Communist Party in Britain and the United States. The inquiry concludes with an analysis of the historical trends which have erased the Spanish Civil War from the popular consciousness even while it remains vital to specific political constituencies. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

This thesis consists of a close reading of the representation of the Spanish Civil War in selected novels of Juan Marse (1933-) and Claude Simon (1913-). It explores how this representation, ultimately, reveals the traces of their different intellectual contexts. The initial comparison questions whether Marse's representation of the Spanish revolution in Barcelona implies, like Simon's account, a negative representation of the concept of political engagement and a similar historical pessimism. It goes on to discuss how this negative view is shaped by the writers' respective historical contexts and aesthetics. Secondly, since, to varying degrees, the novels studied make the reader critically aware of processes of narrativisation and representation, and of issues of narrative reliability and authority, the thesis explores the extent to which their representations of the Civil War are 'anti-realist'. In order to do so, it initially locates the question of 'realism' or 'anti-realism' in the texts within a wider theoretical framework: that of the critique of realism within poststructuralist French theory after Barthes. The latter debate over referentiality in literary realism also underpins ongoing critical debates over the status of history as a text. This thesis, thirdly, considers whether both writers' representations of the Civil War and of historical processes suggest a particular attitude towards the writing of history, namely whether and to what extent Simon's and Marse's representations of the war problematize the relationship between their historical referent - the events of the war and/or its aftermath - and its narration and interpretation. In particular, it asks whether Marse's texts involve the kind of rejection of progressive historical 'meta-narratives' which is implicit and explicit in Simon's representation of the Civil War, but also whether Simon's texts do, in fact, not simply undermine this model of historical causality but posit an alternative, anti-progressive historical telos.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-09-30T21:00:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oCarolinaPurifica??o.pdf: 694082 bytes, checksum: fa7324aabcff3909f23e711aa3e73dea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-30T21:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oCarolinaPurifica??o.pdf: 694082 bytes, checksum: fa7324aabcff3909f23e711aa3e73dea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / This paper has for object analyze the experience of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1937) through the writings of English George Orwell, seeking to understand, in their comprehension about the event, the gaze that their condition of foreigner printed to the conflict and the modifications that the reality of the front has made in the vision that he had about his own country, England. For this reason, this study aimed to examine their previous experiences the War with the objective of characterizing their worldview forged in accord with their identity; and consider its performance writing after the confrontation in an attempt to grasp the depth of the modification effected by experience during his stay in Spain, understanding it within a context of dispute of memories. / Este trabalho tem por objeto analisar a experi?ncia da Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1937) atrav?s dos escritos do ingl?s George Orwell, buscando perceber, em sua compreens?o sobre o evento, o olhar que sua condi??o de estrangeiro imprimiu ao conflito e as modifica??es que a realidade do front efetuaram na vis?o que possu?a sobre seu pr?prio pa?s, a Inglaterra. Para isso, procurou-se examinar suas experi?ncias anteriores ? Guerra com o objetivo de caracterizar sua vis?o de mundo forjada em conson?ncia a sua identidade; e considerar sua atua??o escrita ap?s o confronto na tentativa de apreender a profundidade da modifica??o efetuada pela experi?ncia durante sua estadia na Espanha, entendendo-a dentro de um contexto de disputa de mem?rias.

Franco’s dictatorship remains a divisive issue within Spain. The contemporary debate rages on: mass graves are still being discovered and Spaniards continue to fight for and against historical memory laws that promote “forgetting” as a means of coping with the tumultuous past. This thesis is centered on oral history collected in the major city of Seville and the comparatively insignificant beach town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. While only an hour apart by car, these Andalusian municipalities experienced the Spanish Civil War and the postwar period quite differently. The voices of a few express the reality of many in this thesis which combines oral history, archival research, and the intriguing world of scholarship on Franco’s Spain. The rural nature and ignored classes that largely made up Sanlúcar in contrast with the urban Seville indicate the drastically different, and in many cases, harsher experience of agricultural Andalusia.

La tesi s’inicia amb la descripció del fenomen de la justícia transicional, diferenciant-ne la justícia retributiva, la institucional i la justícia transicional reparadora, encarregada d’implementar els mecanismes de reparació de les víctimes de l’anterior règim autoritari. Dins de la justícia transicional reparadora, s’analitzen les diferents mesures de reparació de les víctimes de la Guerra Civil espanyola, que han adoptat els governs democràtics després de la transició espanyola cap a la democràcia. D’entre aquestes mesures, destaca la regulació de pensions vitalícies a favor de mutilats i familiars de morts a la Guerra Civil, el reconeixement de drets a favor dels militars republicans, les ajudes pel temps de privació de llibertat, i la restitució de béns a favor de sindicals i partits polítics il•legalitzats durant el franquisme. També s’estudia l’anomenada Llei de la Memòria Històrica i es proposa una acció judicial en reclamació dels danys patits per la privació de llibertat. / The thesis begins with a description of the phenomenon of transitional justice, exploring the difference between retributive justice, institutional justice (lustrations) and reparative justice, which deals with the implementation of reparations of the victims of the previous authoritarian regime. Within the transitional reparative justice, we analyze different measures of reparation to the victims of the Spanish Civil War taken by the democratic governments after the Spanish transition to democracy. Among these measures, we can observe the regulation of annuities in favor of familiar mutilated and dead in the Civil War, the recognition of rights in favor of republican military, aid for the period of detention, and restitution to favor unions and political parties outlawed under Franco regime. We also study the so-called Law of Historical Memory and we propose legal action to claim for damages suffered by imprisonment.

The Spanish artist Josep Renau (1907-1982) published the propaganda periodical Nueva cultura from 1935 to 1937. Although richly illustrated with cuttingedge graphic design and photomontage, it made use of popular culture with more frequency than might be expected in a left-wing, vanguard publication. This is seen most notably in the March 1937 special edition, published to coincide with a local, popular festival. In the special edition, Renau primarily utilized popular forms of illustration in the layout. Further, by publishing it in the regional language rather than Castilian Spanish, he attested to the importance of addressing people in their own language, both linguistically and formally. This thesis examines the periodical in relation to philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin’s writings on folk culture and James V. Wertsch’s research on collective remembering.

Lorsque se produisit le soulèvement militaire les 17-18 juillet 1936 en Espagne contre le gouvernement du Frente Popular de la Deuxième République, l’ordre établi fut alors bouleversé ; et c’est cette rupture dans le processus historique qui déclencha la Guerre Civile espagnole (1936-1939). Comme dans le cas de nombreux conflits qui ont marqué l’histoire de l’Humanité, le déclenchement des hostilités en Espagne donna lieu à des déplacements forcés de la population non combattante qui, le plus souvent, s’effectuèrent sous la forme d’évacuations « en débandade » ou d’évacuations « organisées » des zones en guerre.Dans la mesure où la Guerre Civile de 1936-1939 fut le premier conflit européen où apparut le besoin de déplacer un nombre considérable de personnes – en particulier des femmes, des enfants, des personnes âgées et des malades – face au danger que représentaient les combats, les pouvoirs publics républicains durent élaborer et mettre en place une politique d’évacuation et d’assistance sans précédent. Néanmoins, les autorités républicaines ne furent pas seules à agir car nombreuses furent les organisations politiques, syndicales ou associatives, tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale, qui collaborèrent avec elles. Il ne faut pas oublier que la Guerre Civile espagnole fut un conflit fratricide qui connut une mobilisation internationale sans précédent ; un certain nombre de pays acceptèrent d’ailleurs de recevoir sur leur territoire des réfugiés espagnols, notamment les enfants. En raison de sa proximité géographique, la France fut de loin le pays qui accueillit le plus de réfugiés. / When the military uprising against the Popular Front leading the Second Republic took place in Spain on the 17th-18th July, 1936, the status quo was upset. This break in the historical process triggered the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Like in many other conflicts that marked the history of mankind, the beginning of hostilities in Spain forced civilians to move and leave their homes. In most cases, these people left the war areas either in great disorder or in an organized way. Since the Civil War (1936-1939) was the first European conflict in which there was a need to move a large number of people – particularly women, children, elderly people and the sick – in order to avoid war dangers, the Republican power had to devise and implement unprecedented evacuation and assistance measures. However, the Republican authorities were not alone in this, since many national and international political organizations, trade unions and associations cooperated with them. It should not be forgotten that the Spanish Civil War was a fratricidal conflict that triggered unprecedented international action ; besides, some countries agreed to welcome Spanish refugees, especially when they were children. Due to its proximity to Spain, France was, by far, the country which accepted the largest number of refugees.

During and after the Spanish Civil War, over 500,000 people left Spain; at least 200,000 would remain outside Spain for many years, some for the rest of their lives. They went to France, Mexico, Argentina, the USSR, and across the globe. These Spanish ‘republican’ refugees were also connected to those who had stayed within Spain, by familial and political ties or the bonds of friendship. In order to investigate this reality – a group of people from all kinds of political, social and economic backgrounds based in so many different geographic locations – this thesis foregrounds the role of the individual in both experiencing and constructing history, being defined and resisting definition from different entities. Consequently, it seeks to intervene in the historiography of the Spanish Civil War and republican exile by highlighting the ways in which individual experiences and narratives both strengthen and weaken categories such as: political, a-political, refugee and exile. This PhD brings together underused source materials stored in Spain and Mexico, as well as digital archives stored online; it is based on archived oral history interviews with refugees, additional oral history interviews undertaken by the author, several collections of letters, unpublished and published memoirs, and official documents. Each chapter considers a different aspect of the refugees’ experiences and how these experiences are represented in the source material: departure, separation and communication, return and home, and the memory of exile within families. How and why did people leave? How did they change their behaviour in order to adapt to or survive particular circumstances? How have the children and grandchildren of Spanish refugees reacted to family narratives and memories? Central to this analysis is the role played by factors such as gender, age, class, status, personality and political views in shaping peoples’ experiences, as well as an emphasis on ‘non-elite’ alongside ‘elite’ refugees’ experiences of displacement. The historiography of the Spanish Civil War and subsequent exile has been shaped by political and ideological debates, as well as the different national contexts refugees found themselves in. From the numbers of refugees recorded as having left Spain, to the idea that returning to Spain was a betrayal, to the memory of the exile within Spain, almost every aspect of the refugees’ experiences has been used to make or refute arguments surrounding the morality of the republican cause and the nature of the Francoist regime. At the same time, the different circumstances of refugees living in countries like France and Mexico meant that different narratives or collective memories regarding the role of refugees in their host countries are still being constructed and reconstructed. One of the central aims of this thesis is to show how these debates have obscured the richness of individual experiences; the thesis therefore argues that considering stories which do not “fit” or details which are difficult to synthesise ultimately leads us to a more profound understanding of history. Driven by an extensive use of a range of oral history interviews, the thesis will also explore how historical time is complicated by personal testimony. The events of one person’s life are carried into the present, as they continue to affect their character, state of mind and attitude to success and hardship. Personal memories and perspectives will provide a contrast to historical narratives which focus on the role of the state, military events, ideology or political parties; instead, the thesis will show how these entities and events affect people’s lives, and the lives of their children. The central argument of this thesis is that Spanish refugees were not ‘preordained’ by the ideological conflicts which were embedded in the Civil War or their displacement. Instead, refugees actively constructed their ‘self-hood’ in response to these circumstances, rather than being (wholly) defined by them.

My dissertation analyzes the Spanish Nobel Laureate poet’s transatlantic path and his relationship to Spain, the United States and Puerto Rico as expressed in his archival practices from 1916 (his first trip to the U.S.) until his death in 1958. Jiménez went into permanent exile in 1936, when he and his wife Zenobia Camprubí fled from the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). During the war and subsequent dictatorship of Francisco Franco, Jiménez would live in Cuba, Coral Gables, Baltimore and Washington before settling in Puerto Rico in 1951. In Madrid, supporters of Franco broke into his residence and ransacked his papers, books and personal items ––his carefully-kept life's work–– which would take many years to recover only partially. Jiménez never returned to Spain. He died in Puerto Rico in 1958, not only writing new poems but rewriting, recreating and “reliving” his poems and prose, labors for which he had always depended upon his personal archive. Before his death, Jiménez destined his Nobel Prize earnings to the institutionalization of his archive (Sala Zenobia-Juan Ramón Jiménez, University of Puerto Rico) and to a museum (Casa-Museo Zenobia/Juan Ramón Jiménez) located in his childhood home in the Andalusian town of Moguer. The dissertation presents Jiménez as a steward of memory across borders and studies how the partial recovery of his papers and the establishment of his Sala in the University of Puerto Rico —one of the very first examples of the acquisition of a major writer’s papers in the U.S. or Puerto Rico— coincides with the formation of a national, cultural narrative and with archival practices heavily dependent upon a shifting national conception of Puerto Rican identity. Jiménez was attempting to reconstruct and preserve his work on an island still struggling to establish national, educational, cultural and archival institutions and to recover from the dispersal of its historical documents throughout Europe and in Washington, D.C. My dissertation examines Jiménez’s archive in the context of Puerto Rico's loss and repossession of its colonial archive and modernization of its own archival practices.

No description available.