進入二十一世紀的第二個十年以來，科技進步推動中國大陸互聯網經濟快速發展，也使得「互聯網+保險」這一商業模式逐漸進入人們的生活。然而在實際運行過程中，中國大陸保險法第17條規定之保險人說明義務並未能在互聯網平台得到很好的實施。實務中，無論是保險公司自營平台或第三方平台，其說明義務履行均未達到保險法、司法解釋以及相關行政法規之要求。 說明義務之立法目的在於糾正保險人與要保人之間的信息偏在，但實際履行中成本過高。而互聯網保險，尤其是其中的O2O保險碎片化、快捷化、小額化之特點，使得該制度的缺點進一步被放大。所以立法應當廢止現行說明義務規範，參酌其他國家或地區立法，代之以信息提供義務。 其中台灣雖然規定有信息提供義務類似規範，但義務違反之責任仍有缺陷。相較之下，本文建議參考德國保險法與歐盟相關指令進行立法，除信息提供義務之外，增訂承保範圍不一致警示義務、要保人撤銷權與商品資訊書相關規範。 中國大陸有大量保險於第三方平台上銷售，相較於保險公司自營平台，第三方平台對於說明義務履行狀況更加令人堪憂，然而卻極少有平台因此而對保險消費者承擔責任。本文認為，在消費領域雖然第三方平台註冊身份有保險代理人與保險經紀人之分，但考量實務運行情況，現階段宜將其統一認定為保險人之代理人。第三方平台作為保險代理人在義務履行有過錯時，仍應因其侵犯保險消費者資訊權之行為，向保險消費者承擔侵權責任。 / From 2010s, scientific and technological evolution promotes the rapid development of Internet economy in Mainland China, and makes the "Internet + insurance" business model become reality. However, the representation duty clause from Article 17 of Insurance Law, does not operate well especially on the Internet. In practice, the explanation on neither the insurance company's own platform nor third-party platform could meet the requests of the insurance law, judicial interpretation and the relevant administrative regulations. The purpose of the representation duty is to correct the information asymmetry between the insurer and the insured, but actually the cost is too high. And the features of internet insurance, especially those O2O insurance, such as, fragmentation, small amount and quickness, make the situation even worse. Therefore, the legislation should abolish the existing obligation of representation duty, and imitate the legislation of advanced countries, to replace it with duty of providing pre-contractual information. Among those countries or districts, although Taiwan has similar regulations to those in Germany and European Union, it is a pity that it has shortcomings in terms of responsibility. Thus, China should follow the German Insurance Law and European directives to amend the law, add the duty of warning about inconsistencies in the cover clause, withdraw right clause and information sheet clause, in addition to duty of providing pre-contractual information clause. In Mainland China , there is a large number of insurance products sold on third-party platforms. Compared to insurance companies’ own platforms, the situation on third-party platforms is even more worrying. However it is disappointing that few third-party platforms take their responsibility towards their consumers. As far as I am concerned, although third-party platforms can be registered as insurance agents or insurance brokers, for now they should be identified as insurers’ agents considering the actual situation when the insured is a consumer. When a third-party platform makes a mistake at work as an insurance agent, it can not be exempted from its identity. On the contrary, the third party platform shall bear the tort liability to the consumer for its behavior of violating consumers’ information rights.

The thesis aims to present a case for a rethinking of the paradigmatic frames underpinning food marketing control policy and research. In support of its contention, it reports on the methodological strategies, evidence outcomes and knowledge translation contributions of a series of research projects. The projects were commissioned by national and international policy makers during the period 2009-2015 in support of responsible food marketing policy development. They were conceptualised, developed and interpreted through participatory and iterative research planning processes. The research drew on theories and constructs from multiple disciplines. Public health, marketing and policy science contributed most, but information economics and management theories also informed research design and analysis and interpretation of findings. Its key generalizable findings can be summarised as follows: • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence indicating contemporary food and beverage marketing is an interactive, dynamic phenomenon. • The identification of a fragmented but convergent pool of evidence demonstrating it significantly impacts sociocultural determinants of food behaviours. • The generation of evidence demonstrating a gap between the strategic aims of responsible marketing policy regimes and the inherent capacity of implemented interventions to constrain marketing’s food environment impacts. • The generation of evidence demonstrating that critical re-appraisal of food marketing policy research assumptions and preconceptions is a strategy supportive of policy innovation. • The generation of evidence that research intended to support real world multi-stakeholder policy development processes requires additional skills to those established and recognised as central to high quality research. These include the ability to engage with dynamic and politicised policy processes and their public communications challenges. • The generation of evidence that can inform future independent benchmark standard for responsible marketing development initiatives. • The generation of evidence that can inform future research on designing and developing policy that is ‘future proof’ and targets marketing’s sociocultural food environment impacts. Its most significant knowledge translation contributions have been: • Support for the WHO Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children (subsequently endorsed at the 2010 World Health Assembly and the 2011 United Nations General Assembly). • Participatory research contributions to the Scottish Government’s responsible marketing standard development initiative (PAS2500). • Supporting the planning and development of the Scottish Government’s Supporting Healthy Choices Policy initiative. • Knowledge exchange with policy makers and stakeholders engaged in a scoping and prioritisation initiative commissioned by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health (An analysis of the regulatory and voluntary landscape concerning the marketing and promotion of food and drink to children). • Supporting responsible marketing policy agendas targeted to the engagement of a broad mix of stakeholders in innovative policy development processes. • Supporting policy makers’ efforts to increase popular support for stronger, more effective responsible marketing policy controls. The thesis therefore aims to present evidence that the programme of research presented here has made useful and original contributions to evidence and knowledge on contemporary food marketing and its impacts on food behaviours and the food environment. It aims to build on this by demonstrating how this evidence informed and supported policy development. Through this the thesis aims to support its case that a rethinking of food marketing policy research assumptions and conceptions can expand and enrich the evidence base as well as real world policy innovation.

The literature suggests that informed consent documents (ICDs) are not well understood by research participants. The patient decision aid model may suggest improvements for the informed consent process, particularly in the critical care setting (ICU) because of patient capacity issues. Our goal was to evaluate the extent to which existing ICDs used in ICU research adhere to standards and recommendations for high quality informed consent. Eighteen items from recommendations specific to ICU trials were added to a previously developed ICD evaluation tool. A sample of ICU trials was identified from clinicaltrials.gov database and the investigators contacted for their trial ICD. Conformity to the recommendations was variable. Some information are found routinely in consent documents for critical care research and some are not. Efforts should aim to establish tools for measuring decision quality in the ICU with the goal of facilitating and helping patients and surrogates work through trial participation decisions.

The diploma thesis is focused on the motor damage and the motor third party liability insurance profitability evaluation of the czech insurance market. In the first part both the czech market devolopment and the current law-making issues with the evaluation of the czech market key indicators are briefly described. Next part of the thesis is focused on the non life insurance market quantitative characteristic in the period from 2003 to 2015. Next part of the thesis deals with the motor damage and the motor third party liability insurance characteristics. In the last two chapters the thesis examines the motor damage and the motor third party liability market with the following evaluation of their profitability by using the combined ratio indicator.

Under en lång tidsperiod har transportering av gods förekommit och i dagens samhälle blir det allt mer vanligt att man anlitar en tredjepartslogistik-aktör (TPL-aktör) som sköter hela eller delar av ett företags distribution. Fallföretaget i denna studie är en nyetablerad TPL-aktör som idag inte nått ut till så många kunder som önskat. Fallföretaget erbjuder ett flertal tjänsten inom logistik, som t.ex. lagring, packning, transport, flyggodshantering och säkerhetsrådgivning.   Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera och redogöra för vilka krav som är betydelsefulla vid urval av TPL-aktör. För att kunna skapa ett underlag till studien samt besvara studiens syfte har litteraturstudier samt intervjuer genomförts med fallföretaget, tre av deras befintliga kunder samt en potentiell kund. Utifrån vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur samt webbsidor har en relevant teori tagits fram. Studiens empiriska material som bestod av intervjuer jämfördes och ställdes i en analys, mot den samlade teorin (för att därefter kunna dra en slutsats).   Resultatet består av intervjuer med befintliga kunder att samt en intervju med en potentiell kund. I intervjun framkommer det att de mest förekommande och avgörande kraven som ställs vid val av TPL-aktör för kunderna samt fallföretaget är leveranssäkerhet, pris och kundservice. Kund A och den potentiella kunden är de enda som nämner närhet som en betydande faktor. Även informationsdelning är en faktor som nämns att vara betydande för respondenterna. Kund A samt den potentiella kunden ser flexibilitet som ett avgörande krav vid val av TPL-aktör. Alla befintliga kunder samt den potentiella kunden värdesätter leveranssäkerhet väldigt högt. Kund C anser att rätt resurser och rätt egenskaper är ett krav som ställs på TPL-aktören men även den potentiella kunden ser det som en betydande faktor.   Man kan dra slutsatsen att de främsta anledningarna till varför företag väljer att outsourcar delar av sin logistikverksamhet beror på att de vill spara pengar och fokusera på den egna kärnverksamheten. De mest förkommande kraven som ställs på en TPL-aktör enligt de kunder som intervjuats, är god leveranssäkerhet, bra pris, bra kundservice, korrekt informationsdelning och god flexibilitet. Rätt resurser och rätt egenskaper som hög pålitlighet är faktorer som specifika för just val av TPL-aktör, inom flyggodslogistik. / Transportation of goods has existed for a long period of time, and in today's society it has become increasingly common to employ a third-party logistics actor (TPL-actor) which manages all or part of a company's distribution. The case company in this study is a newly established TPL-actor which has not yet reached as many customers as desired. The case company offers a number of logistics services, such as storage, packing, transport, handling of flight goods and safety consulting.   The purpose of this study is to identify and describe what requirements are important when selecting a TPL actor.   A literature study have been conducted. Existing and potential customers of the case company have been interviewed. The study´is empirical material that consisted of interviews was compared and later, in a analysis, put up against the overall study to draw a conclusion.   As for the findings, it consists existing customers as well as an interview with a potential customer. It appears in the interview that delivery security, price and customer service are the most occurring and crucial requirements when choosing a TPL-actor. Customer A and the potential customer are the only ones that mentions proximity as a significant factor. Information sharing is also another factor which is significant according to the respondents. Costumer A and the potential customer sees flexibility as a crucial requirement when choosing a TPL-actors as well. All existing customers and the potential customer values delivery security highly. Customer C considers that right resources and right attributes is a requirement placed on the TPL-actor which the potential customer agrees upon.   As a conclusion, the main reason to why companies outsource the parts of their logistics management is to save money and focus on the core competence of the business. The most occurring requirements placed on TPL-actors according to the interviewed customers are, good delivery security, good price, good customer service, correct information sharing and good flexibility. Right resources, right attributes as well as high reliability are factors that are specific regarding the selection of TPL-actors, within air goods logistics.

The conditions that allowed early MFTs the freedom to creatively explore different interventions and theories of change are no longer available in today’s mental health care system. Although there are many benefits to the structure of managed behavioral healthcare organizations, a thorough review of the literature demonstrates that many therapists working in managed care agencies struggle with maintaining their theoretical creativity, claiming third-party payers’ service requirements and paperwork a barrier to their creativity. A phenomenological transcendental research method was utilized to understand the phenomenon of successfully combining creativity and accountability in the practice of marriage and family therapy from the perspective of six creative MFTs who have effectively incorporated creative therapeutic techniques into their work, while adhering to the structured requirements of managed care. The findings and themes of the study were organized into two categories. The themes in the Textural / Content Category (description and purpose of therapeutic creativity at a managed care agency) are: (1) Creatively combining the needs of the clients, the different professional entities, insurance companies and you as a therapist, (2) Translating post-modern information into the medical model language that meets the third-party payers’ requirements, (3) Completing documentation with clients, (4) Incorporating technique from a range of therapy models, (5) Keeping clients engaged through a variety of resources and activities, and (6) Utilizing metaphors and themes to uncover patterns of relational dynamics and behaviors. The themes in the Structural / Supportive Conditions Category (factors that allow the balance of creativity and accountability to occur) are: (1) Systemic understanding of how the therapeutic and business systems of managed behavioral healthcare interact together, (2) Having a supportive network of colleagues, (2a) Supportive group of coworkers within the job setting, (2b) Supportive network of MFT colleagues outside of the work setting, (3) Desire to make a difference in peoples’ lives, (4) Continuous education on all aspects of the mental health field, (5) Employers’ support of creative therapy, (6) Self-reflection, (7) Self-care, and (8) Organization and time management.

La sentence est une notion complexe qui partage différentes caractéristiques avec le contrat, l’acte juridictionnel ou la décision de justice. En effet, la nature juridictionnelle de la sentence est aujourd’hui admise, mais en raison de son origine conventionnelle, elle demeure un acte privé. Ainsi, son régime d’acte juridictionnel est-Il modifié par un élément conventionnel – dès la désignation des arbitres appelés à rendre la sentence jusqu’à son exécution. L’étude du droit comparé montre que la notion et le régime de la sentence sont différemment appréciés en droit français et russe – tout est question d’interprétation des critères de qualification, bien qu’ils s’avèrent être les mêmes. Ainsi, convient-Il de faire ressortir ces différences à travers l’étude de la notion de la sentence et de son régime dans les deux ordres juridiques, sauf à démontrer que l’une et l’autre contribuent à la préservation du caractère particulier de la sentence qui ne peut et ne doit pas être assimilée, en définitive, à une décision de justice. / The arbitral award is a complex legal notion, sharing characteristics with the contract, the jurisdictional act and the judicial decision. Indeed, the jurisdictional dimension of the arbitral award has now been admitted, though, because of its contractual source, it is still considered as a private legal act. The legal regime of this jurisdictional act is therefore influenced by a contractual bias – as from the arbitrators’ appointment up to the enforcement of the arbitral award. A comparative approach shows that the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime are differently considered in French and Russian laws. The differences lie mainly in the interpretation of the legal qualification criteria, though the latter are similar in the two legal systems. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the said differences through the study of the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime in French and Russian laws, which might lead to consider that the specificity of the arbitral award should be preserved instead of considering the award as a judicial decision.

El turismo mundial ha ido creciendo en los últimos años y las exigencias de los turistas, sobre todo los que realizan viajes por vacaciones, también. Precisamente por ello, el sector hotelero ha tenido que buscar maneras de diferenciarse frente a un público cada vez más exigente. De esta manera, el presente estudio está encaminado en factores tales como la imagen de marca, la confianza y el precio, ya que son éstas, variables tomadas en cuenta por los vacacionistas al momento de elegir un hotel en plataformas web de terceros. El estudio se sustenta en un método de investigación cuantitativo con característica descriptiva correlacional multivariada y de diseño no experimental. La investigación muestra que es imprescindible conocer qué factores son los tomados en cuenta por el consumidor al momento de elegir un hotel. / World tourism has been growing in recent years and the demands of tourists, especially those on holiday trips, have also increased. Precisely because of this, the hotel sector has had to look for ways to differentiate itself from an increasingly demanding public. Thus, this study focuses on factors such as brand image, trust and price, as these are variables taken into account by vacationers when choosing a hotel on third-party web platforms. The study is based on a quantitative research method with multivariate correlational descriptive characteristics and non-experimental design. The research shows that it is essential to know which factors are taken into account by the consumer when choosing a hotel. / Trabajo de investigación

Third-party authentication services are becoming more common since it eases the login procedure by not forcing users to create a new login for every website thatuses authentication. Even though it simplifies the login procedure the users still have to be conscious about what data is being shared between the identity provider (IDP) and the relying party (RP). This thesis presents a tool for collecting data about third-party authentication that outperforms previously made tools with regards to accuracy, precision and recall. The developed tool was used to collect information about third-party authentication on a set of websites. The collected data revealed that third-party login services offered by Facebook and Google are most common and that Twitters login service is significantly less common. Twitter's login service shares the most data about the users to the RPs and often gives the RPs permissions to perform write actions on the users Twitter account.  In addition to our large-scale automatic data collection, three manual data collections were performed and compared to previously made manual data collections from a nine-year period. The longitudinal comparison showed that over the nine-year period the login services offered by Facebook and Google have been dominant.It is clear that less information about the users are being shared today compared to earlier years for Apple, Facebook and Google. The Twitter login service is the only IDP that have not changed their permission policies. This could be the reason why the usage of the Twitter login service on websites have decreased.  The results presented in this thesis helps provide a better understanding of what personal information is exchanged by IDPs which can guide users to make well educated decisions on the web.

Fruit de la globalisation économique et financière, la rencontre entre l’arbitrage international et la finance était inéluctable. Plusieurs facteurs expliquent ce phénomène : l’accroissement des échanges commerciaux et des investissements transnationaux, le choix des opérateurs du commerce international pour l’arbitrage lorsqu’il s’agit de régler leurs différends malgré le coût élevé des procédures d’arbitrage, enfin les nouvelles approches adoptées par les entreprises transnationales en matière de gouvernance et de gestion du risque. Le financement de procès par un tiers dans l’arbitrage international est protéiforme. Il implique différents acteurs comme les avocats, les assureurs mais ce sont les tiers-financeurs avec le concept du « Third-Party Funding », qui cristallisent notre attention pour cette étude. Le Third-Party Funding offre plusieurs options avec un schéma classique : le financement d’un procès mais aujourd’hui, nous assistons à un schéma beaucoup plus élaboré avec le financement de portefeuilles d’arbitrages « Portfolio Funding » qui a la préférence des tiers-financeurs. Aussi, dans un premier temps, il semblait essentiel d’analyser le financement de procès par un tiers dont le Third-Party Funding pour en comprendre les fondements, les mécanismes. Si le financement Third-Party Funding présente des atouts indéniables pour comme l’accès à la justice, il soulève aussi des problématiques en raison de la spécificité de l’arbitrage. Le tiers-financeur n’étant pas partie à l’arbitrage, sa participation a un réel impact sur la procédure et soulève des questions dont les principales touchent à la constitution du tribunal arbitral et au déroulement de la procédure arbitrale. Dès lors, il s’agit de savoir comment maîtriser cet impact sur la procédure d’arbitrage, comment la sécuriser, la pratique du Third-Party Funding n’étant pas réglementée. Les règles étatiques apportant des réponses laconiques, les règles informelles plus flexibles, sont plus à même à offrir un encadrement adapté à une activité résolument transnationale et globale. Certes, il existe bien une autorégulation des tiers-financeurs avec des codes de conduite mais insuffisante pour répondre aux spécificités de l’arbitrage. Les acteurs de l’arbitrage ont donc un rôle à jouer dans la proposition d’une réglementation tout comme les arbitres qui ont ainsi favorisé le développement d’une jurisprudence arbitrale principalement CIRDI. Les institutions arbitrales devraient s’inspirer des principes de base comme l’éthique et la transparence pour mettre en place de nouvelles règles intégrant le financement Third-Party Funding dans leurs Règlements d’arbitrage (comme l’ont fait le SIAC à Singapour, le Centre d’arbitrage et de médiation de la Chambre de commerce Brésil-Canada (CAM-CCB). Enfin, les règles de compliance viendraient compléter cette réglementation appropriée avec les Autorités de régulation financière. La réglementation est de toute évidence l’enjeu majeur dans les années à venir pour voir un financement Third-Party Funding éthique, transparent, efficient et concourant pleinement à l’efficacité de l’arbitrage international. / Being the result of economic and financial globalization, the meeting between international arbitration and finance was inevitable. Several factors explain this phenomenon: the increase of transnational trade and investment, the choice of international trade operators in favor of arbitration, despite the high cost of arbitration procedures, when they must solve disputes and new approaches adopted by transnational corporations in governance and risk management. Third-party funding in international arbitration proceedings is multifaceted. It involves different stakeholders such as lawyers, insurers but it is the third-party funders, with the concept of “Third-Party Funding”, which will be the focus of our attention for this study. It offers several options with a classic scheme, which is the financing of a trial but nowadays we witness a much more elaborate scheme with the financing of portfolios of arbitration i.e. “Portfolio funding”, which is favored by funders. Therefore, it seemed essential to analyze the funding of trials including the Third-Party Funding to understand the foundations, the mechanisms. While Third-Party Funding has undeniable strengths such as access to justice, it also raises problems because of the specificity of arbitration. Since the third party is not a party to the arbitration, its participation has a real impact on the procedure and raises questions, the main ones being the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and the conduct of the arbitration proceedings.It is therefore a question of knowing how to control this impact on the arbitration proceedings, how to secure it, since the Third-Party Funding practice is not regulated. State rules providing laconic answers, so more flexible informal rules are better able to offer a framework adapted to a resolutely transnational and global activity. There is, of course, a self-regulation of third-party funders with codes of conduct but insufficient to meet the specificities of arbitration. The actors of the arbitral community therefore have a role to play in the proposal of a regulation just like the arbitrators, who have thus favored the development of an arbitration jurisprudence mainly ICSID. Arbitral institutions should use basic principles such as ethics and transparency to implement new rules integrating Third-Party Funding into their Arbitration Rules (as did the SIAC in Singapore, the Center for Arbitration and Mediation of the Chamber of Commerce Brazil-Canada, CAM/CCBC. Finally, the compliance rules would complement this appropriate regulation with the financial regulatory authorities. Regulation is clearly the major issue in the coming years to see ethical, transparent, efficient Third-Party Funding that fully contributes to the effectiveness of international arbitration.