Magister Legum - LLM / The Palestinian government made an ad hoc declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in 2009. Three years later, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court rejected the declaration. It decided that it is not within the competence of the Office of the Prosecutor, but up to the United Nations Secretary General or the Assembly of States Parties, to determine the Statehood of Palestine. This research paper analyses the 2009 Palestinian ad hoc declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the decision of the Office of the Prosecutor. It critically examines the legal basis of the Palestinian ad hoc declaration, the Procedure followed by the Prosecutor and the Statehood issue of Palestine. The study concludes that although there are enough supporting evidences to hold the Palestinian ad hoc declaration acceptable, the approach adopted and the conclusion reached by the Prosecutor are highly questionable in light of the Rome Statute and Conventional law.

O objetivo da pesquisa é a análise da instalada e crescente crise do Poder Judiciário no Brasil e da reforma que pretende solucioná-la. Diante do exame perfunctório se verifica que a crise não é somente operacional, ocasionada pelo desaparelhamento do Judiciário, pelo processo, suas excessivas formalidades e por outros motivos apontados pelo meio jurídico. Embora presentes, a principal causa é de ordem institucional, pois trata do exercício de um dos três Poderes de Estado, que já não se apresenta em sintonia com a teoria clássica da separação dos poderes do século XVIII, em face da nova sociedade e da decorrente alteração dos fins do Estado. O Poder Judiciário vem evoluindo no sentido de administrar a Justiça e prestar a jurisdição de forma substancial, com base na concretização da Constituição, especialmente dos Direitos Fundamentais, o que leva, pelo menos aparentemente, a ditar o Direito e imiscuir-se na atividade política, em contradição à teoria clássica da separação dos poderes. De outro lado, nosso sistema de governo presidencialista, com a hegemonia do Poder Executivo, depõe contra a independência do Judiciário ao centralizar a cooptação dos componentes da mais Alta Corte e ingerir na formação dos Tribunais Superiores. Agora com a adoção do controle externo do Poder Judiciário, aumenta a concentração de poderes no Executivo, fazendo frente à pletora de competência que a Constituição atribuiu ao Poder Judiciário. A conclusão é de que a perda é da sociedade, com a subversão do regime democrático. A história dos países mais desenvolvidos está a indicar o caminho do consenso, como sendo o de um novo agenciamento de poderes, adotando-se o sistema parlamentarista e um Tribunal Constitucional independente. / The objective of the research is the analysis of the installed and crescent crisis of the Judicial Power in Brazil and the reform that intend to solve it. In front of the perfunctory we verify that the crisis is not just operational, caused by the lack of apparatus of the Judicial, by the process, its excessive formalities or other reasons pointed by the judicial environment. Although present, the main cause is from institutional order, because it’s about the prosecution of one of the three Powers of the State, which already is not shown in sintony with the classic theory of the separation of the powers from the XVII century, in regard to the new society and the current alteration of the finality of the State. The Judicial Power has been developing in the sense of managing the Justice and render the jurisdiction in a substantional way, based on the realization of the Constitution, specially the Fundamental Rights, that takes us, at least apparently, to dictate the Law and insert itself in the political activity, in contradiction to the classic theory of the separation of the Powers. On the other hand, our presidential government system, with the hegemony of the Executive Power, deposes against the independence of the Judicial centralizing the political choice of the components of the Highest Court and ingests the formation of the Superior Courts. Now with the adoption of the external control of the Judicial Power, raises the concentration of the powers in the Executive, initiating the exuberance of competence that the Constitution attributed to the Judicial Power. The conclusion is that the lost is of the society, with the subversion of the democratic regime. The history of the well developed countries is pointing the way of consensus, as been the way of a new placement of the powers, adopting the parliamentary system and a independent Constitutional Court.

The past several decades have witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of amicus curiae briefs filed at the U.S. Supreme Court. While scholars debate the effectiveness of amicus curiae briefs, they generally agree on the effectiveness of briefs filed by executive attorneys. A plethora of studies address the amicus curiae brief activity of the solicitor general, but relatively few examine state attorneys general. State attorneys general are the legal representatives of the states and have become increasingly successful as amici since the early 1980s. I explore state attorney general amicus curiae brief activity and argue that existing theories of amicus curiae participation by the solicitor general and interest groups, are inadequate for state attorneys general because of the unique institutional context in which state attorneys general operate. State attorneys general, I argue, must balance political, legal, and administrative factors when filing amicus curiae briefs. I also recognizes that amicus curiae briefs are not a singular event and are instead a process in which actors make several decisions across a variety of contexts. Within each context each factor takes on a different weight. I conclude state attorneys general are strategic political actors who consider political, legal, and administrative factors in their amicus curiae briefs.

Au XIXe siècle, différents genres du prétoire apparaissent pour représenter les procès, devenus publics avec la Révolution. À partir de 1825 avec le premier quotidien judiciaire, la Gazette des tribunaux, cette médiatisation du tribunal ne cesse de prendre de l’importance, aussi bien dans les journaux politiques que plus tard dans la presse bon marché et en 1887 leSyndicat de la Presse Judiciaire est fondé. Le genre journalistique repose sur deux prototypes : le grand compte rendu sténographique pour la cour d’assises et la petite chronique comique pour les débats de police correctionnelle. Non dépourvu de potentialités littéraires, celles-ci sont développées au cours du siècle dans des avatars de l’article venantenrichir sa poétique. Une presse spécialisée non quotidienne avec des titres comme L’Audience (1839) ou Le Tribunal illustré (1879) se révèle particulièrement innovante. De plus l’influence d’autres genres se fait sentir : la « cause célèbre du jour » désigne la chaîne médiatique entre fait divers et compte rendu qui se forme lors de procès retentissants, la« nouvelle chronique judiciaire » des années 1880 naît au confluent du compte rendu et du reportage, tandis que des rubriques comme les « souvenirs judiciaires » oscillent entre histoire et fiction. Enfin la rencontre des trois champs, littéraire, médiatique et judiciaire entraîne la création de « fictions du prétoire », prenant à la fois le procès pour objet et structure. On retrouve celles-ci dans différents domaines, la littérature panoramique, le roman mais aussi le théâtre. / In the 19th Century, new Court genres appeared to represent trials, which became public after the Revolution. Since 1825 when the first Court newspaper the Gazette des tribunaux was created, the popularization through the media of the Court became more and more successful, first in political newspapers, then later at the end of the century in cheap newspapers and in 1887 when the Court Press Union was founded. The newspaper genre is based on two prototypes: the stenographic report of the Crown Court and the comic little chronicle for the debates of the magistrate’s Court. They contained literary qualities, which were developed during the century in some changes of the article, which enriched her poetics. A specializedpress, which was not daily, entitled L’Audience (1839) or Le Tribunal illustré (1879) turned out to be very innovative. But other genres were also influential: the “ cause célèbre du jour” was a media chain between a “fait divers” and a report created during resounding trials; the new “ Court chronicle “ of the 1880s appeared between a review and a report and some columns like « les souvenirs judiciaires » were situated between History and Fiction. Finally, when the literary, media, and Court fields met, it created the « court fictions », in which trial was at the same time the main subject and the structure. We find them in different fields: in panoramic literature, in novels and also in plays.

Cette étude s’inspire du concept d’invention du quotidien du sociologue français Michel de Certeau en tant que définit dans son ouvrage L’invention du quotidien (1980). Une lecture et analyse approfondies des nouvelles ouest africaines anglophones nous permettent d’examiner comment à travers des actes créatifs, et au sein de leurs propres champs d’actions, les individus représentés se réaffirment en tant que sujets agissants dans un espace où cette subjectivité leur a été précédemment déniée. La première partie de cette étude consistera à présenter les conditions d’émergence de la nouvelle ouest africaine. Nous examinerons le contexte sociopolitique, le rôle de l’écrivain, l’industrie éditoriale, ainsi que la réception de la nouvelle africaine sur le continent et en dehors du continent africain, ce qui nous permettra de souligner le lien intrinsèque qui existe entre dignité, subjectivité et développement. Dans une deuxième partie, notre intérêt portera sur la mémoire de l'écriture collective de la guerre, du trauma, de la violence ainsi que les diverses stratégies créatives employées par les protagonistes pour réaffirmer leur existence et pour lutter contre la violence et le trauma. Dans la dernière partie de cette étude, nous examinerons les stratégies stylistiques et linguistiques que les nouvellistes ouest africains emploient dans l'objectif de créer une rupture avec la tradition littéraire coloniale et de réinventer un nouveau genre de la nouvelle / This study draws its inspiration from what the French sociologist Michel de Certeau identified as the invention of the quotidian in his well known The Practice of Everyday Life (1980). A close reading and analysis of West African short fiction will allow us to examine how through everyday creative practices and within their own private spheres the represented individuals reestablish a space of agency previously denied to them. The first part of our study will consist in presenting the various conditions of emergence of African short fiction. We will look at the socio-political context and at the role of the short story writer, the publishing industry as well as the reception of African short fiction in Africa and abroad, which will allow us to emphasize the intrinsic link between dignity, agency and development. Secondly, we will focus on the writing of the collective memory of war, trauma and violence and on the numerous creative strategies used by the characters to reaffirm their existence, to fight against violence and to heal from trauma. The final part of this study will examine the stylistic and linguistic strategies used by West African short fiction writers to create a rupture with the colonial literary tradition and to reinvent a new short story genre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação apresentamos uma análise da trajetória de Eusébio de Queirós no período em que ele ocupava o cargo de chefe de polícia da Corte (1833-1844), momento de grande turbulência social no Império, e consolidação das posições do Regresso Conservador. Mostramos como Eusébio de Queirós se precipitou sobre o "vazio" de atribuições que caracterizava a função de chefe de polícia, tornando-se um articulador da administração da justiça na Corte, após assumir a direção de uma Secretaria de Polícia da Corte com uma estrutura precária, em meio às discussões acerca do regime policial estabelecido com a adoção do Código de Processo Criminal de 1832. A ideia de que no compartilhamento da informação entre as autoridades estava a pedra angular da segurança pública foi uma constante na trajetória de Queirós, exemplificados na abordagem dada à Revolta dos Malês (1835) e às Revoltas Liberais de 1842. Esta pesquisa trabalha uma entre as possíveis caracterizações de Eusébio de Queirós, considerando as implicações de ordens biográfica e historiográfica, procurando problematizar por meio de uma trajetória específica aspectos que circundam o processo de construção do Estado nacional no Brasil. / In this thesis we present an analysis of Eusébio de Queirós during in the period in which held the position of the Court police chief (1833-1844), time of great social turmoil in the Empire, and consolidation of the Regresso Conservador positions. We show how Eusébio de Queirós precipitated on the "empty" assignments that characterized the police chief function, becoming a justice administration articulator in Court, after taking the direction of the Court Police Department with poor structure in the midst of discussions about the police regime established after the adoption of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1832. The idea that the sharing of information between authorities was the cornerstone of public safety was a constant in Queirós path, exemplified in the approach given the Revolta dos Malês (1835) and the Revoltas de 1842. This research work one of the possible characterizations of Eusébio de Queiroz, considering the implications of biographical and historiographical orders, looking for questioning by a trajectory specific aspects that surround the process construction of the national state in Brazil.

O objetivo da pesquisa é a análise da instalada e crescente crise do Poder Judiciário no Brasil e da reforma que pretende solucioná-la. Diante do exame perfunctório se verifica que a crise não é somente operacional, ocasionada pelo desaparelhamento do Judiciário, pelo processo, suas excessivas formalidades e por outros motivos apontados pelo meio jurídico. Embora presentes, a principal causa é de ordem institucional, pois trata do exercício de um dos três Poderes de Estado, que já não se apresenta em sintonia com a teoria clássica da separação dos poderes do século XVIII, em face da nova sociedade e da decorrente alteração dos fins do Estado. O Poder Judiciário vem evoluindo no sentido de administrar a Justiça e prestar a jurisdição de forma substancial, com base na concretização da Constituição, especialmente dos Direitos Fundamentais, o que leva, pelo menos aparentemente, a ditar o Direito e imiscuir-se na atividade política, em contradição à teoria clássica da separação dos poderes. De outro lado, nosso sistema de governo presidencialista, com a hegemonia do Poder Executivo, depõe contra a independência do Judiciário ao centralizar a cooptação dos componentes da mais Alta Corte e ingerir na formação dos Tribunais Superiores. Agora com a adoção do controle externo do Poder Judiciário, aumenta a concentração de poderes no Executivo, fazendo frente à pletora de competência que a Constituição atribuiu ao Poder Judiciário. A conclusão é de que a perda é da sociedade, com a subversão do regime democrático. A história dos países mais desenvolvidos está a indicar o caminho do consenso, como sendo o de um novo agenciamento de poderes, adotando-se o sistema parlamentarista e um Tribunal Constitucional independente. / The objective of the research is the analysis of the installed and crescent crisis of the Judicial Power in Brazil and the reform that intend to solve it. In front of the perfunctory we verify that the crisis is not just operational, caused by the lack of apparatus of the Judicial, by the process, its excessive formalities or other reasons pointed by the judicial environment. Although present, the main cause is from institutional order, because it’s about the prosecution of one of the three Powers of the State, which already is not shown in sintony with the classic theory of the separation of the powers from the XVII century, in regard to the new society and the current alteration of the finality of the State. The Judicial Power has been developing in the sense of managing the Justice and render the jurisdiction in a substantional way, based on the realization of the Constitution, specially the Fundamental Rights, that takes us, at least apparently, to dictate the Law and insert itself in the political activity, in contradiction to the classic theory of the separation of the Powers. On the other hand, our presidential government system, with the hegemony of the Executive Power, deposes against the independence of the Judicial centralizing the political choice of the components of the Highest Court and ingests the formation of the Superior Courts. Now with the adoption of the external control of the Judicial Power, raises the concentration of the powers in the Executive, initiating the exuberance of competence that the Constitution attributed to the Judicial Power. The conclusion is that the lost is of the society, with the subversion of the democratic regime. The history of the well developed countries is pointing the way of consensus, as been the way of a new placement of the powers, adopting the parliamentary system and a independent Constitutional Court.

abstract: I examine how gender stereotypes influence the campaign advertisements utilized by candidates for state supreme court and how these gender stereotypes influence how voters react to these advertisements. Gender stereotypes have been found to have a profound impact in races for other offices (e.g., legislative, executive), but there is a lack of research on the role of gender stereotypes in state court elections. In my present research, I first conduct a content analysis of state supreme court advertisements over the course of four election years, looking specifically at how the candidates describe themselves in their advertisements. Based on these findings, I create advertisement scripts where I vary the gender of the candidate and the type of message employed by the candidate in order to test how the gender of the candidate and the content of the messages influences voter impressions of judicial candidates. In a second experiment, I create video advertisements based on these scripts and test how the video advertisements, as well as the candidate’s gender, affect impressions of these candidates. My analyses indicate that not only gender stereotypes play a role in the way judicial candidates create their advertisements, but they also impact the way voters form opinions about candidates running in judicial races. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Political Science 2017

This thesis explores the demographic, geographical, economic and social experiences of service for early modern women. Considering service as a holistic experience, it challenges several orthodoxies in existing literature on service, including the typical profile of the female servant, the organisation and structure of service and the experiences of female servants in the early modern community. Using depositional evidence from the church courts of the dioceses of Gloucester and Exeter, it calls for a reinterpretation of service, reintegrating female servants into community economies and social networks. The first section of this thesis provides an outline of the methodology used and, importantly, analyses patterns of litigation and the demographic, social and economic profiles of witnesses and litigants who appeared in the church courts. The second section focuses on demographic and economic patterns of female service, demonstrating the significance of other experiences outside the ‘life-cycle’ model. It considers the economic conditions in which women entered service and the social backgrounds from which they came. The third section focuses on service as a form of work, unpicking what is meant by ‘service’, and considering how female servants found employment, how much they were paid and how long they remained with particular employers. The section challenges the traditional gendered dichotomy between service in husbandry and domestic service by analysing the types of work that they undertook. The fourth section considers female service from the perspective of geography and space, examining the distances travelled by female servants to show the varied experiences of mobility in service. The section also explores mobility on a parish level, exploring the spaces and locations in which female servants were described within the depositions to highlight the social and economic presence of these women within community spaces, not just the household. The final section moves away from the historiographical focus upon the relationships that female servants built with members of the household, in which the vulnerability of these women is consistently stressed. This section demonstrates that this was but one experience of service, and instead considers relationships forged outside the household with neighbours, friends and other community members.

El derecho al trabajo es considerado un derecho humano, el que se encuentra reconocido en diferentes instrumentos normativos de categoría internacional y nacional; entonces debería estar bastante claro que son invulnerables e irrenunciables, pero como se verá más adelante pasa todo lo contrario. El tema de investigación es relevante, ya que, el Estado como empleador, debería ser el primero en respetar los derechos de sus trabajadores y hacer cumplir la normativa laboral. La Constitución Política del Perú de 1993, considera al Tribunal Constitucional como órgano supremo de interpretación y control de constitucionalidad, a cargo de resguardar y reconocer los derechos estipulados en la Carta Magna. El Precedente Vinculante expedido por este órgano supremo causa inseguridad jurídica a los trabajadores de la Carrera Administrativa, en su afán de querer resguardar los intereses del Estado. En tal sentido, la presente investigación tiene como finalidad demostrar la vulneración del derecho de reposición al puesto de trabajo por desnaturalización del Contrato de Servicio Específico de los trabajadores de la Carrera Administrativa, que no demuestren haber ingresado a este régimen por concurso público y abierto de méritos; no bastando con ello, el Precedente Vinculante tiene efecto retroactivo, esto es, que debe aplicarse a los procesos en curso que tengan como pretensión la reposición al puesto de trabajo y no hayan demostrado el ingreso por concurso público y abierto de méritos. El presente estudio lo he dividido en cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo desarrollaré el planteamiento de problema, donde describiré la realidad del problema materia de investigación, formulare los objetivos y el planteamiento de hipótesis. En el segundo capítulo desarrollaré la evolución histórica del derecho laboral en el Perú, así como las bases teóricas o conceptuales, enfatizando en los principios del derecho laboral y procesal laboral, el contrato de trabajo como base de la relación laboral, además del reconocimiento de la estabilidad laboral del trabajador y culminaré este capítulo con la acción de amparo laboral como garantía constitucional. El tercer capítulo comprende los principales cuerpos normativos nacionales e internacionales que regulan los derechos laborales en forma general hasta lo específico, es decir, la Carrera Administrativa. En el cuarto capítulo abordaré los diversos derechos laborales y procesales reconocidos por el Tribunal Constitucional en múltiple jurisprudencia, también contrastaré las sentencias emitidas por el Tribunal Constitucional anteriores a la expedición del Precedente Vinculante del “Caso Huatuco”, con las posteriores a ésta. Sobre la base de lo analizado en los capítulos mencionados, el quinto capítulo está dedicado a los Aportes al Derecho, los cuales mejorarían y resguardarían los derechos laborales que se encuentran siendo vulnerados por el Precedente Vinculante conocido como el “Caso Huatuco”. La metodología utilizada en esta investigación es el análisis de las normas nacionales e internacionales que reconocen los derechos laborales y procesales, doctrina y jurisprudencia relacionadas con los derechos vulnerados por el Precedente Vinculante del “Caso Huatuco”, esperando cubrir las expectativas generadas y lograr encontrar soluciones al problema de investigación con las propuestas que realizadas.