Introduction: Licensed medical personnel (henceforth LMP) experience ethical problems related to undertaking care duties in combat zones. When employed in the Armed Forces they are always under the command of tactical officers (henceforth TOs). Aim: The overall aim was to explore everyday ethical problems experienced by military medical personnel, focusing on licensed medical personnel in combat zones from a descriptive and normative perspective. A further aim was to explore leadership challenges in leading licensed medical personnel. Methods: For the research descriptive, explorative (inductive and abductive) and normative designs were used. Data collection was undertaken by using different methods. Altogether 12 physicians, 15 registered nurses, seven combat lifesavers and 15 tactical officers were individually interviewed. The participants were selected by strategic (I), purposive (II) and theoretical sampling (III). The interviews were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Study III used classic grounded theory and study IV was a normative analysis of an ethical problem based on the idea of a wide reflective equilibrium. Results: We found that LMP experience ethical problems related to dual loyalty when serving in combat zones. They give reasons for undertaking, or not, military duties that can be seen as combat duties. Sometimes they have restricted reasons for undertaking these military duties. Furthermore, LMP are under the command of TOs who found it challenging when leading LMP, since TOs have to unify LMP in the unit. The unifying makes it difficult since LMP experience dual loyalty. Conclusions: LMP experience dual loyalty in combat zones. The reason maybe that humanitarian law and the medical ethical codes are not clear-cut or explicit about how to be interpreted around these everyday ethical problems in internal military operations. In order to fit in todays context humanitarian law needs to be revised. Furthermore, LMP need further training in parallel with reflections on ethical problems in order to adapt to the combat zones of today.

M.Cur. / The purpose of this study is to establish guidelines for the utilization of narratives in popular literature in nursing education in order to facilitate reflective thinking with nursing students. The purpose of nursing education is to equip the prospective nursing practitioner to be able to function independently and effectively in a multicultural, technological and scientific nursing practice where caring is important. Quality nursing care demands critical analytical thinking (cognitive skills) and moral values (affective skills) of the nursing practitioner. This study investigates firstly the "what" of reflective thinking and concludes that reflection accommodates both thinking skills and values that should be facilitated at the prospective nursing practitioner. The facilitation of reflective thinking is demanding as it is a complex cognitive and affective thinking skill. The research focuses secondly on the way in which the narrative in popular literature can be applied to facilitate reflective thinking in nursing education. According to the constructivist learning approach meaningful learning and reflective thinking occur when coupled to previous knowledge and experience. The nursing student as adult learner has at his/her disposal certain advance knowledge and previous experience. Narratives and popular literature form part of the adult learner's advance knowledge and previous experience. The research design is a philosophical inquiry in which the following research strategies are used namely philosophical analysis as well as qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual strategies. In order to meet the purpose of the research, four goals were set and which were executed in four phases. At first the term reflective thinking was subjected to the process of concept analysis in order to clarify it's specific meaning (connotations and denotations). A theoretical definition of reflective thinking was formulated for the study from the connotations whereas denotations were used as the basis of learning outcomes for the Programme of Euthanasia as an Ethical Issue in Nursing Education (the Programme).

This thesis covers the topic of the ethical aspects of business. The paper defines what an ethics and a business ethics are and it describes selected tools of business ethics. The practical part focuses on building company called Skanska and on its view of business ethics. This part consists of an interview with managing director of Skanska SK a.s. and of a questionnaire survey. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the level of the business ethics in this building company. The main research question is: "How important part do the ethical aspects represent in the company Skanska?"

Safety is an important aspect of ethical, socially responsible logistics. Current U.S. motor carrier (MC) safety research topical coverage includes the effects of individual and environmental influences, carrier safety management, and regulatory compliance on carrier safety and driver fatigue/safety performance. Interestingly, little research on the subject of truck drivers' safety attitudes and behaviors exists and the underlying decision-making processes that guide drivers' safety-related behaviors have received little attention. Furthermore, researchers have not provided an integrated framework that explains individual, organizational, and regulatory factors' impact on drivers' safety decision-making and performance. Truck drivers' safety judgments, decisions, and actions must adhere to societal safety norms. To that end, ethical decision-making theory that draws from the deontological and teleological traditions in moral philosophy provides a theoretical foundation and integrated framework necessary to better understand drivers' safety decision-making processes. The current research sought to determine how drivers rely on safety norms and perceived consequences in forming safety judgments and behavioral intentions. Furthermore, the study was designed to explore how various factors (i.e., individual, organizational, and regulatory) influence drivers' safety decision-making processes. Specifically, the study sought to answer the broad question, "How do commercial motor vehicle drivers make safety-related decisions, and how do individual, organizational, and regulatory factors influence drivers' safety decision-making processes?" An experimental two-factor design (2×2) was used to manipulate safety norms (i.e., "deontologically unsafe situation" and "deontologically safe situation") and consequences (i.e., "positive consequences" and "negative consequences"). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that drivers primarily rely on deontological evaluations in forming safety judgments. Furthermore, drivers primarily relied on safety judgments when forming behavioral intentions. Drivers' attitudes toward unsafe actions and the effectiveness of driver-related safety regulations were also influential to drivers' judgments and intentions, respectively. The empirical findings demonstrate to managers that communication and education of safety norms may be highly effective to improve safety in unique occupational contexts where employees are given high levels of responsibility with little physical supervision, and where judgment errors can have devastating consequences for multiple stakeholders.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of influence of corporate culture on the staff productivity in COMGUARD a.s. company. The result of the survey are propositions for this company and their factual application which concerns mainly the ethical code, a training plan, a special fund, individual assessment, and information protection. The closing part of this diploma thesis includes realization and adjustments of the corporate culture aimed at increased staff productivity

The Thesis deals with possibility of teaching ethics. It explores philosophy of education and ethics. Basic question is whether it is even reasonable to teach ethics. Thesis also reflects the essence and nature of upbringing and education. In final chapter the thesis comes to synthesis of philosophy of education and ethics. Points of focus from previous chapters are merged together and author tries to show a path with elementary starting points. Author concludes that ethics can be taught by philosophical discussion, thinking and by combined discovery of theoretical philosophy. Ethics that grows from philosophical thinking and thinking process itself may develop the ability of students to pose important questions and deeply reflect ethical issues. They establish ethical outlook and inner understanding. They aim for uplifting the listeners, to shake their human psyche, to stir unrest in their souls. Goal of teachers of this subject is to challenge current certanties. Teachers have the possiblity to teach their students to think philosophically by introducing them to philosophical thinking, where thinking is defined as "Thinking in bigger picture". Keywords Ethics, Ethical Education, Philosophy of Education, Philosophy, Education, Philosophical Reflection, Ethical Dimension of Teaching

The main purpose of our study was to gain a deeper understanding of how culture influences the interpretation of ethical leadership by both leaders and followers in Zambia and Sweden. The study was conducted using an interpretative narrative inquiry with a small sample of ten participants (i.e. leaders and followers) selected using a purposive sampling method. The participants were drawn from six small and medium local authorities in Sweden (three medium size Kommuns) and Zambia (Two municipalities and one District Council). The empirical data was collected using semi-structured interview guides with interview sessions lasting 45 minutes on average. The data collected was transcribed and analyzed using narrative and thematic analysis. Based on this analysis, we came up with four main themes regarding the interpretation of ethical leadership by leaders and followers, and these are: Morality, Law, Humanity and Nature which constitute our Culture-Ethical Leadership interpretation model.   The empirical narratives demonstrated some similarities in the interpretation of ethical leadership between leaders and followers in Sweden and Zambia. The leaders and followers from both countries affiliated ethical leadership to morality, humanity, adherence to the law, and, caring and protecting nature. Our research also led us to conclude that there is a degree of variance in the interpretation of ethical leadership which relates to the differences in the cultural contexts. In Zambia, leaders and followers show high inclination to the law as being ethical which is reflected in Bello (2012)’s statement that failure to follow rules and regulations is a manifestation of unethical leadership while in Sweden, leaders and followers are inclined to high morality and humanity influenced by high levels of trust as narrated by our participants from Sweden. / <p>Alumbwe leza!</p>

Adolescents involvement in societal issues has been found to be able to influence companies.  Simultaneously, a growing interest in today’s consumers has been found to include ethical commitments in their consumption, a trend considered to be driven by young consumers. This can put an immense pressure on companies to take on a greater responsibility in societal issues. Young consumers in the year 2020 are considered to belong to Generation Z, a consumer group described as conscious and driven by topics of social development, predicted to possess future purchasing dominance. Whether or not Generation Z views consumption as a matter of involving ethical considerations could be of great importance to consider in order to attract the highly influential consumer group. The consequences for not taking this into consideration could result in not being able to reach out to the consumer group properly. Research has sought to understand ethical consumption in regards to generational and cultural differences. This study aims to expand the existing research area on ethical consumption in relation to Generation Z by implementing a focus on Swedish consumers within Generation Z. The purpose of this study is to attain a deeper understanding of how Generation Z’s consumption is influenced by ethical considerations. This has been done by including a theoretical background on ethical consumption, the buying decision process as well as Generation Z. Given the background and purpose of this study, it is of interest to examine how Generation Z is influenced by ethical considerations in their purchase decision. Through a qualitative research method and cross-sectional design, focus group interviews were conducted together with individuals within Generation Z. The empirical evidence from the study shows that Generation Z are influenced by ethical considerations, but not to the extent that it is conclusive for their purchase decision. The factors for purchasing an ethical product include regarding the ethical symbol as visually appealing, trusting the ethical labelling, having sufficient knowledge regarding the ethical stance, regarding the ethical stance as in line with their morals and values as well as their perceived price sensitivity for the ethical product. / Ungdomars engagemang i samhällsfrågor har visat sig kunna sätta prägel på och influera företag. Samtidigt är ett växande intresse för dagens konsumenter att inkludera etiska åtaganden i sin konsumtion, en trend som betraktas vara driven av unga konsumenter. Detta kan sätta stor press på företag att uppvisa ett större ansvarstagande i viktiga samhällsfrågor. År 2020 betraktas unga konsumenter tillhöra Generation Z, en konsumentgrupp med stor framtida köpdominans som beskrivs som medvetna och drivna kring frågor om samhällets utveckling. För företag som vill attrahera kundgruppen kan det vara av stor betydelse att beakta om huruvida Generation Z ser på konsumtion som en fråga om etiska överväganden. Konsekvensen som tillkommer för företag som inte väljer att beakta detta kan härleda till att de inte lyckas nå ut till konsumentgruppen. Tidigare forskning har försökt få en ökad förståelse för etisk konsumtion utifrån generationella och kulturella skillnader. Denna studie ämnar att vidga det befintliga forskningsområdet rörande etisk konsumtion i relation till Generation Z genom ett fokus på svenska konsumenter inom Generation Z. Studiens syfte är att få en ökad förståelse för hur Generation Z påverkas av etiska ställningstaganden vid konsumtion. Detta görs genom en teoretisk fördjupning inom etisk konsumtion, konsumentens köpbeslutsprocess samt Generation Z. Med given problembakgrund och syfte ämnar studien därför att utifrån forskningsfrågan undersöka hur Generation Z påverkas av etiska överväganden i deras köpbeslut. Utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsinriktning och tvärsnittsdesign genomfördes fokusgruppsintervjuer tillsammans med individer inom Generation Z. Empirin påvisar att Generation Z påverkas av etiska överväganden, men inte i den utsträckning att det alltid är avgörande för ett köpbeslut. De avgörande faktorerna för köp av en etisk produkt var om den etiska symbolen var visuellt tilltalande, om de hade förtroende för det etiska budskapet, om de upplevde att de hade tillräckligt med kunskap kring det etiska ställningstagandet, om det etiska ställningstagandet stämde överens med deras moral och värderingar samt deras upplevda priskänslighet för den etiska produkten.

This study aimed to examine if there was a difference in how likely a victim is to click on a phishing email’s links based on the content of the email, the tone and language used and the structure of the code. This likelihood also includes the email’s ability to bypass spam filters.  Method: The method used to examine this was a simulated phishing attack. Six different phishing templates were created and sent out via the Gophish framework to target groups of students (from Halmstad University), from a randomized pool of 20.000 users. The phishing emails contained a link to a landing page (hosted via a virtual machine) which tracked user status. The templates were: Covid19 Pre-Attempt, Spotify Friendly CSS, Spotify Friendly Button, Spotify Aggressive CSS, Spotify Aggressive Button, Student Union. Results: Covid19 Pre-Attempt: 72.6% initial spam filter evasion, 45.8% spam filter evasion, 4% emails opened and 100% links clicked. Spotify Friendly CSS: 50% initial spam filter evasion, 38% spam filter evasion, 26.3% emails opened and 0% links clicked. Spotify Friendly Button: 59% initial spam filter evasion, 28.8% spam filter evasion, 5.8% emails opened and 0 %links clicked. Spotify Aggressive CSS: 50% initial spam filter evasion, 38% spam filter evasion, 10.5% emails opened, and 100% links clicked. Spotify Aggressive Button: 16% initial spam filter evasion, 25% spam filter evasion, 0% emails opened and 0% emails clicked. Student Union: 40% initial spam filter evasion, 75% spam filter evasion, 33.3% emails opened and 100% links clicked. Conclusion: Differently structured emails have different capabilities for bypassing spam filters and for deceiving users. Language and tone appears to affect phishing email efficacy; the results suggest that an aggressive and authoritative tone heightens a phishing email’s ability to deceive users, but seems to not affect its ability to bypass spam filters to a similar degree. Authenticity appears to affect email efficacy; the results showed a difference in deception efficacy if an email was structured like that of a genuine sender. Appealing to emotions such as stress and fear appears to increase the phishing email’s efficacy in deceiving a user. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns en skillnad i hur troligt det är att ett offer klickar på länkarna till ett phishing-e-postmeddelande, baserat på innehållet i e-postmeddelandet, tonen och språket som används och kodens struktur. Denna sannolikhet inkluderar även e-postens förmåga att kringgå skräppostfilter. Metod: Metoden som användes var en simulerad phishing-attack. Sex olika phishing-mallar skapades och skickades ut via Gophish-ramverket till målgruppen bestående av studenter (från Halmstads universitet), från en slumpmässig pool med 20 000 användare. Phishing-e-postmeddelandena innehöll en länk till en målsida (hostad via en virtuell maskin) som spårade användarstatus. Mallarna var: Covid19 Pre-Attempt, Spotify Friendly CSS, Spotify Friendly Button, Spotify Aggressive CSS, Spotify Aggressive Button, Student Union. Resultat: Covid19 förförsök: 72,6% kringgick det primära spamfiltret, 45,8% kringgick det sekundära spamfiltret, 4% e-postmeddelanden öppnade och 100% länkar klickade Spotify Friendly CSS: 50% kringgick det primära spamfiltret, 38% kringgick det sekundära spamfiltret, 26,3% e-postmeddelanden öppnade och 0% länkar klickade. Spotify Friendly Button: 59% kringgick det primära spamfiltret, 28,8% kringgick det sekundära spamfiltret, 5.8% e-postmeddelanden öppnade och 0% länkar klickade. Spotify Aggressive CSS: 50% kringgick det primära spamfiltret, 38% kringgick det sekundära spamfiltret, 10,5% e-post öppnade och 100% länkar klickade. Spotify Aggressive Button: 16% kringgick det primära spamfiltret, 25% kringgick det sekundära spamfiltret, 0% e-postmeddelanden öppnade och 0% e-postmeddelanden klickade. Studentkåren: 40% kringgick det primära spamfiltret, 75% kringgick det sekundära spamfiltret, 33,3% e-postmeddelanden öppnade och 100% länkar klickade. Slutsats: Olika strukturerade e-postmeddelanden har olika funktioner för att kringgå skräppostfilter och för att lura användare. Språk och ton tycks påverka effektiviteten för epost-phishing. Resultaten tyder på att en aggressiv och auktoritär ton ökar phishing-epostmeddelandets förmåga att lura användare, men verkar inte påverka dess förmåga att kringgå skräppostfilter i motsvarande grad. Autenticitet verkar påverka e-postens effektivitet, då resultaten visade en skillnad i effektivitet om ett e-postmeddelande var strukturerat som en äkta avsändare. Att adressera känslor som stress och rädsla verkar öka phishing-e-postens effektivitet när det gäller att lura en användare.

An ethical organizational environment ensures a trustworthy organization. This case study explored strategies that banking managers in the United Arab Emirates used to create an ethical organizational environment, one that emphasized the inclusion of ethical values, moral principles, and commitment to society. The target population included senior managers who created and implemented strategies to ensure employees adopted the ethical values in pursuit of an ethical environment. Ethical climate theory provided the conceptual framework for this study. Interviews with 5 managers and company documentation contributed the data for this research. Data were analyzed following inductive investigation and case description. Connecting corporate values with measurable indicators emerged as the most prominent strategy among these 5 managers. Translating soft value statements into hard performance factors allowed for the creation of an ethical environment that signaled consistent messages about appropriate behavior. Employee engagement was another prominent finding. Providing opportunities for informal interaction allowed employees to establish relationships and facilitated cross-functional collaboration. Other important strategies were related to maintaining transparency and leadership role-modeling. Implications for positive social change include the potential to regain trust in banking by providing banking managers with a guideline to create an ethical organizational environment.