This thesis deals with the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using finite difference (FD) methods. In particular, boundary summation equation (BSE) preconditioning for FD approximations for ODEs with constant coefficients on locally refined meshes is studied. Firstly, the BSE for FD approximations of ODEs with constant coefficients is derived on a locally refined mesh. Secondly, the obtained linear system of equations are solved by the iterative method GMRES. Then, the arithmetic complexity and convergence rate of the iterative solution of the BSE formulation are discussed. Finally, numerical experiments are performed to compare the new approach with the FD approach. The results show that the BSE formulation has low arithmetic complexity and the convergence rate of the iterative solvers is fast and independent of the number of grid points.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur äldre personer som bor i ordinärt boende och har matsdistribution genom kommunen upplever sin matsituation. Studien har genomförts genom ostrukturerade intervjuer med åtta personer som var över 75 år som bodde i hemmet och hade matdistribution genom kommunen. Data bearbetades genom kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Resultatet redovisas i fem olika kategorier som handlar om matens beskaffenhet och innehåll, interna och externa förutsättningar, anpassning, behov och strategier och beroende av andra personer. De äldre personerna upplevde att de saknade socialt sällskap vid måltider. De upplevde att matdistributionen var ett bra sätt att få i sig mat när man inte klarade det själv. Det största missnöjet med matlådan var att potatisen inte upplevdes smaka bra. Upplevelsen att inte känna hunger var särskilt märkbar bland de som upplevde att hälsan var försämrad, var nedstämd, hade få sociala relationer, hade fysiska begränsningar och var i behov av mycket hjälp från hemtjänsten. Hemtjänsten beskrevs vara en viktig social kontakt, men alla informanter upplevde att personalen var stressade. Studiens slutsats visar att informanter önskar aktivare personal som stöd vid måltider och att matlådans portion bör minskas. Den minskade portionen ska innehålla näringstät kost för de som är i behov av det. Matlådorna och potatisen bör göras mer aptitlig för att äldre ska få ökad aptit. Nyckelord: äldre människor, undernäring, matdistribution, ordinärt boende. / The aim of the study was to describe how older people living in ordinary housing and had food distribution by the municipality was experiencing its meal situation. The study has been carried out through unstructured interviews with eight people who were over 75 years who living in their own homes and had food distribution by the municipality. Data were analysed using qualitative manifest content analysis and five categories revealed: about food's nature and content , internal and external conditions , adaptation, needs and strategies and being dependent on other people. The informant felt that they missed having social companionship at mealtimes. They felt that the food distribution was a good way to ingest food when you were unable to do it youself . The biggest gripe with the mealbox was that the potatoes were perceived not tasting good. The informant also described not feeling hungry this was particularly noticeable among those who felt that their health was deteriorating , was miserable, had few social relationships, had physical limitations and was in need of much help from home care services . Home service was described as an important social contact, but all informants felt that the staff was stressed. The study's conclusion indicates that informants wish more active staff support at mealtimes and that lunchbox portion should be reduced. The reduced portion should contain nourished diet for those who are in need of it. Lunch boxes and the potatoes should be made more appetizing to older should get increased appetite Keywords: older people , malnutrition, food distribution, ordinary housing .

Acidic pH is a common characteristic of human tumours. It has a significant impact on tumour progression and response to therapies. In this thesis, we utilise mathematical modelling to examine the role of acidosis in the interaction between normal and tumour cell populations. In the first section we investigate the cell–microenvironmental interactions that mediate somatic evolution of cancer cells. The model predicts that selective forces in premalignant lesions act to favour cells whose metabolism is best suited to respond to local changes in oxygen, glucose and pH levels. In particular the emergent cellular phenotype, displaying increased acid production and resistance to acid-induced toxicity, has a significant proliferative advantage because it will consistently acidify the local environment in a way that is toxic to its competitors but harmless to itself. In the second section we analyse the role of acidity in tumour growth. Both vascular and avascular tumour dynamics are investigated, and a number of different behaviours are observed. Whilst an avascular tumour always proceeds to a benign steady state, a vascular tumour may display either benign or invasive dynamics, depending on the value of a critical parameter. Extensions of the model show that cellular quiescence, or non-proliferation, may provide an explanation for experimentally observed cycles of acidity within tumour tissue. Analysis of both models allows assessment of novel therapies directed towards changing the level of acidity within the tumour. Finally we undertake a comparison between experimental tumour pH images and the models of acid dynamics set out in previous chapters. This analysis will allow us to assess and verify the previous modelling work, giving the mathematics a firm biological foundation. Moreover, it provides a methodology of calculating important diagnostic parameters from pH images.

Why do ordinary individuals participate in mass violence perpetrated against civilians? That is the question I will attempt to answer in the following paper. I consider these men ordinary to the extent that the majority was not socially deviant. Looking at the case of Nazi Germany, two groups stand out as good case studies: the SS Einsatzgruppen and the SS cadres in the Death camps. The following analysis will focus on the motivations of these men to commit mass murder. I argue for a causal sequence of action, beginning with the onset of Nazi ideology, further followed by the dehumanization of the victim and the brutalization of the perpetrator. I will demonstrate how the ideology present during German interwar society influenced these men into participation. Dehumanization and brutalization are complimentary factors that push these men into action.

Infants with life-terminating conditions (ILTCs) are those whose conditions prevent them from living more than two years. When these infants have difficulty assimilating food and fluids orally, doctors can provide nutrition and hydration through artificial means. While artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) can provide benefits, it can also result in complications leading to pain and/or distress in addition to that which an ILTC may already be experiencing from one or more underlying conditions. Many medical experts maintain that withholding or withdrawing ANH can help a patient’s body produce its own analgesics. I consider four categories of ILTCs: 1) infants who receive prognoses of two weeks or less; 2) infants who will live longer than two weeks but no more than two years and who are not suffering or in distress; 3) infants who are not dying, but are in distress from the use of ANH; and 4) infants who are not dying, but are in distress from their conditions and/or ANH. I argue that in addition to providing natural analgesics, withholding or withdrawing ANH is a form of comfort care that prevents the occurrence of further complications requiring additional medical treatments and keeps ILTCs content. Under certain circumstances, the withholding or withdrawing of ANH should be obligatory. As it stands, the whole of Catholic teaching on ANH is inconsistent. Operating from the sanctity-of-life ethic, the Church teaches that ANH is an ordinary, therefore obligatory, form of care. But this position contradicts the view that any form of care presenting a grave burden to a patient and/or his family is extraordinary and therefore optional. In addition, by making ANH obligatory, the Catholic Church causes families to undergo heroic suffering (i.e., enduring more than what can be expected or asked of anyone), which the Church says is not required of everyone. I argue that rethinking the Catholic position on ANH will enable the Church to offer practical moral guidance for families to comfort ILTCs, help ILTCs and their families avoid heroic suffering, and provide spiritual care families of ILTCs need, all while still respecting the sanctity of life of every person.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 862787 bytes, checksum: b23a777918d630895ac6bf3d64e985c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years Geostatistics has been widely used in the field of precision agriculture, this is due to being a tool to analyze the spatial variability exists in the area of agricultural production, enabling assess the need for creation of subareas or zones where they are handlings performed differently. One focus of precision agriculture is to identify management zones within the field based on the variability, and through Geostatistics is possible to produce thematic maps that assist in the establishment of management zones through adjustments of models of spatial dependence. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of models of spatial dependence in the definition of thematic maps of management zones, using different models and different semivariogram sampling grids. To conduct the study, we analyzed simulated data generated in SAS software, where he held various structures of spatial dependence (DE) and different sampling grids (grid), with different sizes and densities of points, with a total of 9 data set simulated. To analyze the spatial dependence structure experimental semivariograms were used and adjusted three theoretical models to experimental semivariogram: exponential, spherical and Gaussian for each data set under study, according to the parameters set forth by autotune software ArcGis 9.3. Were adjusted 27 different semivariogram models using the method of ordinary kriging and through cross-validation technique checked the fit of the models semivariográficos. Thematic maps management zones were generated from the technique of kriging, and with the aid of software Idrisi was performed to compare the maps using Kappa Index of agreement, which was tested by testing their significance Z. From the analyzes, it was concluded that the model of spatial dependence does not influence the definition of thematic maps of management zones. / Nos últimos anos a Geoestatística vem sendo amplamente utilizada na área de agricultura de precisão, isso se deve ao fato de ser uma ferramenta que permite analisar a variabilidade espacial existente na área de produção agrícola, possibilitando avaliar a necessidade de criação de subáreas ou zonas onde serão realizados manejos de forma diferenciada. Um dos focos da agricultura de precisão é a identificação de zonas de manejo dentro do campo baseadas na variabilidade existente, e por meio da Geoestatística é possível produzir os mapas temáticos que auxiliam no estabelecimento das zonas de manejo através de ajustes de modelos de dependência espacial. Assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar a influência de modelos de dependência espacial na definição de mapas temáticos de zonas de manejo, usando diferentes modelos de semivariogramas e diferentes grades de amostragem. Para a realização do estudo foram analisados dados simulados gerados no software SAS, onde se considerou diferentes estruturas de dependência espacial (DE) e diferentes grades de amostragens (grid), com diferentes tamanhos e densidades de pontos, sendo um total de 9 conjunto de dados simulados. Para a análise da estrutura de dependência espacial foram utilizados semivariogramas experimentais e ajustados três modelos teóricos ao semivariograma experimental: exponencial, esférico e gaussiano, para cada conjunto de dados em estudo, conforme os parâmetros estipulados pelo auto-ajuste do software ArcGis 9.3. Foram ajustados 27 diferentes modelos de semivariogramas através do método da krigagem ordinária e através da técnica de validação-cruzada verificados os ajustes dos modelos semivariográficos. Mapas temáticos de zonas de manejo foram gerados a partir da técnica de krigagem ordinária, e com o auxilio do software Idrisi foi realizada a comparação dos mapas através do Índice Kappa de concordância, o qual foi testado sua significância através do teste Z. A partir das análises realizadas, concluindo-se que o modelo de dependência espacial não influencia na definição de mapas temáticos de zonas de manejo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3277635 bytes, checksum: d8f87471e2b1a001fcaef930bd261f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Agribusiness covers a vast chain of production activities. Can be noted as one of the activities of this branch precision agriculture that relies often georeferenced information to describe through the spatial maps of certain areas. One technique that has high importance in this context is the Geostatistics, it provides obtaining thematic maps, considering the spatial dependence structure of the phenomenon under study. So this study presents a procedure to identify subareas for planting considering the spatial dependence of the variable of interest without the need for categorization. For both methodologies are addressed map algebra with the intention of incorporating measures of statistical association locally. In this way, we used the method of ordinary kriging in this Geostatistics and to measure the agreement of thematic maps used the Kappa index and linear correlation coefficient global and local. As main results can be noted that the agreement between the maps of localized form performed by Pearson's correlation shows that the spatial dependence models used ordinary kriging in place exerts influence in defining the thematic maps used in precision agriculture, aspect one that is not picked up used (in case agricultural) encodings of interpolated values (management zones) and draw up these global indices of agreement. / O agronegócio abrange uma vasta cadeia de atividades produtivas. Pode-se destacar como uma das atividades deste ramo a agricultura de precisão que se vale frequentemente de informações georreferenciadas para descrever por meio de mapas a variabilidade espacial de determinadas áreas. Uma técnica que apresenta relevada importância para este contexto é a Geoestatística, pois proporciona a obtenção de mapas temáticos, considerando a estrutura de dependência espacial do fenômeno em estudo. Assim este estudo apresenta um procedimento para identificar subáreas destinadas ao plantio considerando a dependência espacial da variável de interesse sem a necessidade de categorização. Para tanto são abordadas metodologias de álgebra de mapas com a intenção de incorporar medidas de associação estatística de forma local. Desde modo, foi utilizado o método de Krigagem Ordinária presente na Geoestatística e para medir a concordância dos mapas temáticos utilizou-se o índice Kappa e a coeficiente de correlação linear global e local. Como resultados principais pode-se destacar que a concordância entre os mapas de forma localizada evidencia que os modelos de dependência espacial utilizados na Krigagem Ordinária exercem influência local na definição dos mapas temáticos utilizados na agricultura de precisão, aspecto esse que não é captado se utilizadas (para o caso agrícola), codificações dos valores interpolados (zonas de manejo) e destas extrair-se índices globais de concordância.

Submitted by Wesley Felipe Ferreira Mora Gil null (wes_moragil@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-03T13:14:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao weley versao final.pdf: 3054931 bytes, checksum: 321569a638824c9d0f4d6a48a3d1dee2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-04-05T13:02:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gil_wffm_me_bot.pdf: 3054931 bytes, checksum: 321569a638824c9d0f4d6a48a3d1dee2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T13:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gil_wffm_me_bot.pdf: 3054931 bytes, checksum: 321569a638824c9d0f4d6a48a3d1dee2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-16 / Câncer pode ser definido como um crescimento desordenado de células que não permanecem em uma região limitada, invadindo outros tecidos e órgãos. Indicadores mostram que a mortalidade por câncer vem aumentando, por esse motivo é imprescindível a busca por novos tratamentos. A imunoterapia surge como uma modalidade de tratamento promissora, a qual utiliza-se do sistema imunológico no combate ao câncer. Outra tendência na oncologia é a combinação de diferentes modalidades de tratamentos. Neste trabalho, propomos um modelo matemático de equações diferenciais ordinárias, com o intuito de analisar como o tratamento imunoterápico e quimioterápico podem auxiliar um ao outro no tratamento do câncer. Utilizamos um software matemático para a construção dos retratos de fase e o método Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem para as simulações numéricas. As simulações mostraram que a imunoterapia e a quimioterapia podem levar à eliminação das células e uma sobrevida maior após o tratamento. É exibido também que citotoxicidade da quimioterapia é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento. / Cancer may be defined as a uncontrolled growth of cells that do not remain in a limited region, invading other tissues and organs. Indicators show that mortality from cancer is increasing, so the search for new treatments is essential. Immunotherapy appears as a promising treatment modality, which uses the immunological system in the fight against cancer. Another trend in oncology is the combination of different treatment modalities. In this work, we propose a mathematical model of ordinary differential equations, in order to analyze how immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic treatment can help one another reciprocally. We use a mathematical software for the construction of the phase portraits and the method fourth-order Runge-Kutta for numerical simulations. The simulations have shown indications that immunotherapy may assist the chemotherapy by causing cure or by allowing a longer overlife after treatment. It is also shown that cytotoxicity of chemotherapy is critical to successful treatment.

Orientador: Paulo Fernando de Arruda Mancera / Resumo: Câncer pode ser definido como um crescimento desordenado de células que não permanecem em uma região limitada, invadindo outros tecidos e órgãos. Indicadores mostram que a mortalidade por câncer vem aumentando, por esse motivo é imprescindível a busca por novos tratamentos. A imunoterapia surge como uma modalidade de tratamento promissora, a qual utiliza-se do sistema imunológico no combate ao câncer. Outra tendência na oncologia é a combinação de diferentes modalidades de tratamentos. Neste trabalho, propomos um modelo matemático de equações diferenciais ordinárias, com o intuito de analisar como o tratamento imunoterápico e quimioterápico podem auxiliar um ao outro no tratamento do câncer. Utilizamos um software matemático para a construção dos retratos de fase e o método Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem para as simulações numéricas. As simulações mostraram que a imunoterapia e a quimioterapia podem levar à eliminação das células e uma sobrevida maior após o tratamento. É exibido também que citotoxicidade da quimioterapia é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento. / Abstract: Cancer may be defined as a uncontrolled growth of cells that do not remain in a limited region, invading other tissues and organs. Indicators show that mortality from cancer is increasing, so the search for new treatments is essential. Immunotherapy appears as a promising treatment modality, which uses the immunological system in the fight against cancer. Another trend in oncology is the combination of different treatment modalities. In this work, we propose a mathematical model of ordinary differential equations, in order to analyze how immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic treatment can help one another reciprocally. We use a mathematical software for the construction of the phase portraits and the method fourth-order Runge-Kutta for numerical simulations. The simulations have shown indications that immunotherapy may assist the chemotherapy by causing cure or by allowing a longer overlife after treatment. It is also shown that cytotoxicity of chemotherapy is critical to successful treatment. / Mestre

A dissertação aborda a evolução doutrinária e a identificação das Funções do Estado, entendidas estas como o meio para o atingimento dos fins do Estado; bem como a especificidade de cada uma das funções identificadas. Como premissa inicial se apresentam as Funções do Estado e a racionalidade inerente à divisão sugerida, identificando-se seis funções, a saber: administrativa, jurisdicional, governamental, legislativa, moderadora e controladora. A seguir explora especificamente a função de controle de constitucionalidade e as opções institucionais de controle separado, com a instituição do Tribunal Constitucional, ou cumulado, com a fusão das funções jurisdicional e de controle no Poder Judiciário; as respectivas origens, justificativas e fundamentos. Os efeitos de cada uma das opções institucionais (controle de constitucionalidade cumulado ou separado) serão a abordagem principal, especialmente os problemas decorrentes da opção de controle cumulado de constitucionalidade e seus reflexos na segurança jurídica e no Estado Democrático de Direito. Por fim, será abordada a mitigação dos problemas do controle cumulado de constitucionalidade através da adoção da técnica dos precedentes. / The essay discusses the doctrinal evolution and the identification of State Functions, understood as the means to achieve the ends of the State; also the specificity of each of the functions identified. As an initial premise the functions of the State and the inherent rationality of the suggested division are presented, identifying six functions: administrative, jurisdictional, governmental, legislative, moderating and controlling. The following specifically discusses the constitutional control function and the institutional options for separate control, with the establishment of the Constitutional Court, or cumulated, with the merger of the jurisdictional and control functions in the Judiciary Power; the respective origins, justifications and fundamentals. The effects from each of the institutional options (cumulative or separate constitutional control) will be the main approach, especially the problems arising from the option of cumulative control of constitutionality and its effects on legal certainty and the Democratic State of Law. Finally, it will be approached the mitigation of the problems of the cumulated control of constitutionality through the adoption of the precedent technique.