A presente pesquisa propõe o estudo do fenômeno jogo para além de seu aspecto fundamentalmente humano, instituição do nosso mundo, tal qual a cultura e a sociedade. A hipótese orientadora do trabalho acena para a possibilidade de ser ele, o jogo, na forma do seu aparecimento, modo de acesso a questões cruciais da nossa existência. Prevê, ainda, a Capoeira Angola como manifestação que fornece, particularmente, um denso repertório de significações, uma cosmogonia que nos permite pensar o cosmos em sua essência, sem desprezo do que é subjetivo, o ser-no-mundo que não escapa à influência da experiência estética. Para tanto, as especulações orbitam ao redor do capoeira Geraldo, principal interlocutor do estudo reunido nas páginas seguintes. Seguindo as picadas por ele abertas, transmitidas no cotidiano vivido desde seus antepassados, apresentamos uma leitura específica de alguns dos que poderiam ser chamados fundamentos epistemológicos da Capoeira Angola. Aqueles fundamentos sobremaneira ancorados no corpo, no gesto e na experiência estética culminam com um projeto particular de entendimento do cosmos e da relação do jogador consigo mesmo e com o mundo, a partir do jogo que o joga. Do ponto de vista metodológico, dedicamos as primeiras seções da dissertação à criação de uma ambiência especulativa dentro da qual nossa hipótese é desdobrada. O exame da forma como são registrados os construtos acadêmicos ergue importantes balizas para a circunscrição do que é nomeado, também aqui, conhecimento comum. Se considerássemos lícito, apenas, o conjunto normativo das ciências humanas que, em alguma medida, reproduz aqueles das ciências duras, nosso juízo sobre a cosmogonia da Capoeira Angola fracassaria antes da demonstração dos resultados. Cientes de que nossas considerações repercutem, em igual monta, o pensamento de autores já consagrados no círculo acadêmico, fizemos reunir suas contribuições, e propusemos um espaço de desestabilização epistemológico e metodológico; uma modalidade de compreensão sensível e capaz de colocar a Capoeira Angola e autores da filosofia continental em franco debate, iguais as condições àquelas produzidas no que se quer uma produção partilhada do conhecimento, desde Geraldo, em consonância com a pesquisa há muito colocada em curso por Sérgio Bairon. / This research proposes the study of the play phenomenon beyond its fundamentally human aspect, an institution of our world, as are culture and society. The guiding hypothesis of the work beckons to the possibility of being it, the play, in the form of its appearance, a mode of access to crucial questions of our existence. It also foresees Capoeira Angola as a manifestation, which provides in particular, a dense repertoire of meanings, a cosmogony that allows us to think about the cosmos in its essence, without contempt for what is subjective and the being-in-the-world that doesn\'t escape the influence of aesthetic experience. Therefore, speculations orbit around the capoeira Geraldo, main interlocutor of the study gathered on the following pages. Following the paths opened by him, transmitted on daily life since his ancestors, we present a specific interpretation of some of what could be called the epistemological foundations of Capoeira Angola. Those foundations particularly anchored in the body, gesture and aesthetic experience culminate with a particular project of understanding the cosmos and the player\'s relationship with himself and with the world, from the game that is played. From a methodological point of view, we dedicated the first sections of the dissertation to the creation of a speculative ambience within which our hypothesis is deployed. The examination of the way in which the academic constructs are recorded raises important beacons for the constituency of what is named, also here, \"ordinary knowledge\". If considered lawful, just the normative set of Humanities that, to some extent, reproduces those of hard sciences, our judgment on the cosmogony of the Capoeira Angola would fail before the income statement. Aware that our considerations resonate, in equal mounts, the thought of established authors in the academic circle, we assembled their contributions and proposed a space of epistemological and methodological destabilization; a sensitive understanding that is able to put Capoeira Angola and authors of continental philosophy in an honest debate, in equal conditions to those produced in either a shared production of knowledge, since Geraldo, in line with the long placed in course research by Sérgio Bairon.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raimundo Nonato Gomes dos Santos.pdf: 2928331 bytes, checksum: 1c6ad5dfbc11957b875e423970f3192b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper reveals the dynamic of the construction of political identities in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima between the 1970s and 1980s. Having the displacement of traditional identities as an observation reference thought from the political culture perspective, for the political identity , more associated with minorities movements that had the indigenous movement, which begins during this period, as a strong local representative. Its focus is in the position occupied by ordinary people in this process. It has a wide range of documentations as research source: works by memorialists; reports from visitors and executives; official, commercial and alternative newspapers; monuments; individual interviews and; documents from several sources. This paperobserves that the period showed to be adverse to the identity inventions such as: boa-vistense , roraimense , activities which, in some aspects, competed against the national identity strengthened with the implantation of the Federal Territory of Roraima, as well as it was also under the influence of movements originating from abroad which presented itself strongly in the city, such as the Liberation Theology and the environmentalist movement / Este trabalho revela a dinâmica da construção de identidades políticas na cidade de Boa Vista -Roraima entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980, tomando como referência de observação o deslocamento das identidades tradicionais pensadas na perspectiva de cultura política para a política de identidade , esta mais associada aos movimentos de minorias, tendo como forte representante local o movimento indígena, iniciado nesse período. Seu centro de atenção está na posição ocupada nesse processo pelas pessoas comuns . Adota como fonte de pesquisa uma documentação variada: obras de memorialistas, relatos de visitantes e executivos, jornais oficial, comerciais e alternativos , monumentos, entrevistas individuais e documentos de diversas origens. Observa que o período se mostrava adverso à invenção de identidades, como de boa-vistense , de roraimense , atividades que em alguns aspectos rivalizavam com a identidade nacional, fortalecida com a implantação do Território Federal de Roraima, assim como sofria também influência de movimentos de origem externa que se apresentavam com força na cidade, como a Teologia da Libertação e o ambientalista

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-11T14:19:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Lopes de Moraes.pdf: 1318720 bytes, checksum: 25abc9540dec1806db07a78047d19ffd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T14:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Lopes de Moraes.pdf: 1318720 bytes, checksum: 25abc9540dec1806db07a78047d19ffd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work will be developed in order to define the fundament of the validity of responsibilities set forth by the various ordinary legislators. Thus, we will approach the Philosophy Values, seeking to demonstrate its relationship to normative production that is established in the positive law system. Aiming to achieve a high degree of scientific importance in the proposed study, we will seek to support the Theory of the Indeterminate Legal Concepts, whose analysis are going to allow the advancement of the thought and the deployment of the proposed ideas. The doctrine and jurisprudence will accompany the entire work of the course, sometimes confirming, other times defending a dissenting point of view. From its own classification, contours of the responsibility based on section II of art. 124 of the tax code, here called, highly appropriately, ordinary responsibility. In the end, such responsibility will be searched through an example of federal legislation: section VI of art. 30 of Law n. 8.212/1991 establishing a solidarity tax on obligations relating to social security contributions in civil construction / O presente trabalho será desenvolvido com o objetivo de se definir o fundamento de validade das responsabilidades estabelecidas pelos diversos legisladores ordinários. Para isso, abordar-se-á a Filosofia dos Valores, buscando demonstrar sua relação com a produção normativa que se estabelece no sistema do direito positivo. Visando se atingir um elevado grau de cientificidade no estudo proposto, buscar-se-á apoio na Teoria dos Conceitos Jurídicos Indeterminados, cuja análise permitirá o avanço do raciocínio e o desdobramento das ideias propostas. A doutrina e a jurisprudência acompanharão todo o desenrolar do trabalho, ora corroborando, ora defendendo um ponto de vista dissonante. A partir de uma classificação própria, traçar-se-á os contornos da responsabilidade fundamentada no inciso II do art. 124 do Código Tributário Nacional, aqui denominada, muito apropriadamente, de responsabilidade ordinária. Ao final, tal responsabilidade será pesquisada através de um exemplo da legislação federal: o inciso VI do art. 30 da Lei n. 8.212/1991, que estabelece uma solidariedade tributária nas obrigações relativas às contribuições sociais previdenciárias na construção civil

Desde que um depósito mineral apenas terá sua geometria e propriedades reais conhecidas após a completa extração e processamento, é necessário o emprego de modelos e estimativas ao longo da vida do projeto para seu correto planejamento. Estimativas são fortemente afetadas pela qualidade dos dados, o que torna fundamental seu controle e certificação. Tal necessidade levou à industrial mineral a adotar controles e procedimentos que meçam e garantam a qualidade da informação. Esses controles para amostragem e análises laboratoriais são baseados em valores de tolerância máxima de erros tipicamente baseada na literatura ou tidos como boas práticas, apesar de tais valores não levarem em conta a precisão e acurácia necessária em um dado projeto ou características especificas de um projeto. Nesse contexto se propõe, através da análise de sensibilidade, uma metodologia que mensure como os erros analíticos e/ou locacionais se propagam às estimativas. Assumindo a base de dados inicial como isenta de erros, outras bases são geradas pela adição de incerteza; as curvas de sensibilidades relacionam o impacto das estimativas à incerteza adicionada a cada base de dados. Tais erros são sorteados dentro de uma distribuição normal com média zero e diferentes desvios-padrões (simulando diferentes níveis de incerteza) para teores e posição espacial. O impacto é medido pela comparação das estimativas com a base se dado sem perturbação e os os modelos derivados de bases perturbadas. Os resultados são apresentandos através de perda/diluição, correlação entre blocos estimados com os dados originais e perturbados e pelo seu desvio médio. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada nos dados de Walker Lake (Nevada-USA) e parte do depósito de bauxita de Miraí (MG-Brazil). Baseado na curva de sensibilidade, pôde-se avaliar impacto na reconciliação diária da mina de Miraí, causada pela incerteza dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que o impacto de erros nas coordenadas tem um comportamento exponencial, onde erros relativos até 10% da dimensão da malha causam um baixo desvio nas estimativas. A incerteza analítica em geral é reduzida na incerteza dos valores krigados. Definindo como aceitável na mina de Miraí que 90% dos blocos devam ter um máximo de incerteza causada pelos dados de 10% para Al2O3 e recuperação mássica e de 30% para sílica reativa, a metodologia proposta definiu uma tolerância para o controle de qualidade das duplicatas de campo respectivamente de 10.9%, 9.5% e 12.5%. Os erros calculados coincidem com os 10% tipicamente sugeridos pela literatura. / Since a mineral deposit only has its exact geometry and properties known after its complete extraction and processing, it is necessary to use models and estimates throughout the life of the project for proper planning. Estimates are strongly affected by data quality; consequently, their control and certification are imperative. This leads the mineral industry to adopt controls and procedures to measure and ensure data quality. These controls used for sampling and lab analysis are based on max error tolerance intervals typically suggested in the literature, however these limits do not take into account the precision and accuracy required in a given project or in a specific mineral deposit. In this context, this dissertation proposes throughout sensitivity analysis a methodology that measures how the analytical and/or locational errors propagate to estimates. It started using an original dataset considered error free, and databases created from it by adding errors. Sensitivity curves relate the impact on block estimate due to the uncertainty added to each database. The samples errors are draw from a normal distribution with zero mean and different standard deviations (emulating different precision levels) for grades and spatial position. The impact is measure by comparing estimates based on an error-free database against the model derived from error added data sets counting blocks affected by loss/dilution, correlation between original block model versus new model with error added to the data and the block mean deviations. The methodology proposed was illustrated using the Walker Lake (Nevada-USA) dataset and part of Miraí bauxite deposit (MG-Brazil). Based on the defined sensitivity curve the impact on the daily grade reconciliation at Miraí mine caused by using a database with error added is assessed. The results indicates that the impact on grade estimation caused by data coordinates uncertainty has an exponential behavior, where relative errors below 10% of the sampling spacing cause low impact on estimated values. The kriging weighted averaging in general mostly reduces the analytical uncertainty. Defining as acceptable for Miraí Mine that 90% of blocks should have errors (caused by poor quality data) lower than 10% related to Al2O3 and for mass recovery and of 30% for reactive silica, the proposed methodology defines a quality control tolerance to field replicate respectively of 10.9%, 9.5% and 12.5%. The defined error limits coincided with the values suggested by literature at 10%.

Comment certaines pratiques illégales peuvent-elles se pérenniser ? La littérature en comportement du consommateur s’est jusqu’ici principalement intéressée aux processus d’intégration des pratiques de consommation marginales, illégitimes ou illicites. La question de la pérennisation de ces pratiques, de leur maintien dans le temps voir de leur permanence reste en revanche peu étudiée. Ce travail de recherche mobilise une approche néo-institutionnelle en vue de comprendre comment une pratique illégale de consommation peut se pérenniser via un travail institutionnel mené par des consommateurs ordinaires; il vise, de façon plus spécifique, à comprendre le rôle que tient la matérialité dans ce travail de maintien d’une pratique. Au terme d’une analyse compréhensive de la pratique du téléchargement illégal en France de 2008 à 2013 mobilisant des entretiens semi-directifs et des données secondaires, nous montrons comment des artefacts habilitants modèlent la pratique de téléchargement illégal et façonnent la consommation de contenus piratés. Plus précisément, nos résultats montrent que les artefacts technologiques permettent de déconnecter sanction et pratique illégale, rendant par là possible l’institutionnalisation de la pratique. Cette recherche permet, par effet miroir, de comprendre le rôle de la matérialité dans la déstabilisation d’un ordre institutionnel existant et identifie un certain nombre de pistes d’évolution quant à la construction de l’offre légale de contenus culturels dématérialisés. / How are some illegal practices sustained? Prior studies have depicted how marginal, illegitimate or illicit practices could be integrated to the market. However, their sustainability is understudied in consumer research.Drawing on Neo Institutional Theory, our main purpose in this research is to understand how ordinary consumers and materiality through institutional work sustain an illegal practice. By examining the case of illegal downloading in France from 2008 to 2013, and a qualitative method, based on interviews and secondary data, we show how artefacts are enabling the illegal practice and shape the consumption of pirated content.Results expose how an illegal practice is institutionalized through materiality. Our main contribution is to bring an understanding on how materiality may destabilize an institutional order. We offer also some managerial implications regarding the legal offer of digitalized contents.

L’imagerie par résonance magnétique de diffusion (IRMd) est une technique non-invasive permettant d’accéder à l'information structurelle des tissus biologiques à travers l’étude du mouvement de diffusion des molécules d’eau dans les tissus. Ses applications sont nombreuses en neurologie pour le diagnostic de certaines anomalies cérébrales. Cependant, en raison du mouvement cardiaque, l’utilisation de cette technique pour accéder à l’architecture du cœur in vivo représente un grand défi. Le mouvement cardiaque a été identifié comme une des sources majeures de perte du signal mesuré en IRM de diffusion. A cause de la sensibilité au mouvement, il est difficile d’évaluer dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques de diffusion obtenues à partir de l’IRM de diffusion reflètent les propriétés réelles des tissus cardiaques. Dans ce cadre, la modélisation et la simulation numérique du signal d’IRM de diffusion offrent une approche alternative pour aborder le problème. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier numériquement l’influence du mouvement cardiaque sur les images de diffusion et de s’intéresser à la question d’atténuation de l’effet du mouvement cardiaque sur le signal d’IRM de diffusion. Le premier chapitre est consacré à l’introduction du principe physique de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique(IRM). Le deuxième chapitre présente le principe de l’IRM de diffusion et résume l’état de l’art des différents modèles proposés dans la littérature pour modéliser le signal d’IRM de diffusion. Dans le troisième chapitre un modèle modifié de l’équation de Bloch-Torrey dans un domaine qui se déforme au cours du temps est introduit et étudié. Ce modèle représente une généralisation de l’équation de Bloch-Torrey utilisée dans la modélisation du signal d’IRM de diffusion dans le cas sans mouvement. Dans le quatrième chapitre, l’influence du mouvement cardiaque sur le signal d’IRM de diffusion est étudiée numériquement en utilisant le modèle de Bloch-Torrey modifié et un champ de mouvement analytique imitant une déformation réaliste du cœur. L’étude numérique présentée, permet de quantifier l’effet du mouvement sur la mesure de diffusion en fonction du type de la séquence de codage de diffusion utilisée, de classer ces séquences en terme de sensibilité au mouvement cardiaque et d’identifier une fenêtre temporelle par rapport au cycle cardiaque où l’influence du mouvement est réduite. Enfin, dans le cinquième chapitre, une méthode de correction de mouvement est présentée afin de minimiser l’effet du mouvement cardiaque sur les images de diffusion. Cette méthode s’appuie sur un développement singulier du modèle de Bloch-Torrey modifié pour obtenir un modèle asymptotique qui permet de résoudre le problème inverse de récupération puis correction de la diffusion influencée par le mouvement cardiaque. / Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is a non-invasive technique allowing access to the structural information of the biological tissues through the study of the diffusion motion of water molecules in tissues. Its applications are numerous in neurology, especially for the diagnosis of certain brain abnormalities, and for the study of the human cerebral white matter. However, due to the cardiac motion, the use of this technique to study the architecture of the in vivo human heart represents a great challenge. Cardiac motion has been identified as a major source of signal loss. Because of the sensitivity to motion, it is difficult to assess to what extent the diffusion characteristics obtained from diffusion MRI reflect the real properties of the cardiac tissue. In this context, modelling and numerical simulation of the diffusion MRI signal offer an alternative approach to address the problem. The objective of this thesis is to study numerically the influence of cardiac motion on the diffusion images and to focus on the issue of attenuation of the cardiac motion effect on the diffusion MRI signal. The first chapter of this thesis is devoted to the introduction of the physical principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and image reconstruction techniques in MRI. The second chapter presents the principle of diffusion MRI and summarizes the state of the art of the various models proposed in the litera- ture to model the diffusion MRI signal. In the third chapter a modified model of the Bloch-Torrey equation in a domain that deforms over time is introduced and studied. This model represents a generalization of the Bloch-Torrey equation used to model the diffusion MRI signal in the case of static organs. In the fourth chapter, the influence of cardiac motion on the diffusion MRI signal is investigated numerically by using the modified Bloch-Torrey equation and an analytical motion model mimicking a realistic deformation of the heart. The numerical study reported here, can quantify the effect of motion on the diffusion measurement depending on the type of the diffusion coding sequence. The results obtained allow us to classify the diffusion encoding sequences in terms of sensitivity to the cardiac motion and identify for each sequence a temporal window in the cardiac cycle in which the influence of motion is reduced. Finally, in the fifth chapter, a motion correction method is presented to minimize the effect of cardiac motion on the diffusion images. This method is based on a singular development of the modified Bloch-Torrey model in order to obtain an asymptotic model of ordinary differential equation that gives a relationship between the true diffusion and the diffusion reconstructed in the presence of motion. This relationship is then used to solve the inverse problem of recovery and correction of the diffusion influenced by the cardiac motion.

Le Liber de ordinatione et officio totius anni in ecclesia Metensi, ordinairement désigné sous le nom de Cérémonial de la cathédrale est un manuscrit liturgique médiéval, aujourd’hui disparu, conservé en dernier lieu à la Bibliothèque Municipale de Metz (ms. 82). Ce manuscrit vraisemblablement daté du XIIe siècle, perçu très vite comme une copie du XIIIe siècle, a toujours intrigué les chercheurs et suscité des débats à propos de son classement typologique. Ordinaire canoniale, ce texte décrit avec précision les particularismes liturgiques de la cathédrale de Metz et détaille l’ordonnance de chaque célébration, établissant ainsi le lien entre les différents acteurs et les différents espaces liturgiques. Jamais étudié pour lui-même, ce texte n’a été utilisé que pour décrire la cathédrale ottonienne, dans laquelle il a été conçu, parallèlement à certaines découvertes archéologiques de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle. Le principal intérêt de ce travail est d’analyser un texte médiéval fondamental de la liturgie messine. Le document présente la cathédrale construite par Thierry Ier et consacré le 27 juin 1040 par Thierry II, flanquée du baptistère Saint-Jean sur son parvis et d’un cloître sur son flanc sud, espace auquel a succédé en 1754 l’actuelle place d’Armes. Il nomme les cinq églises qui y étaient attenantes : Saint-Pierre-le-Majeur, Sainte-Marie, Saint-Paul, Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux et Saint-Gall. Ce groupe cathédral est un héritage du claustrum tel qu’il fut pensé par l’évêque Chrodegang au VIIIe siècle, dans le cadre de la grande réforme liturgique. Premier texte liturgique connu pour la cathédrale de Metz, l’étude du Cérémonial permet donc de comprendre l’organisation du groupe canonial par le déploiement de la liturgie dans cet ensemble architectural. Les espaces sont organisés, hiérarchisés et unifiés par ce qui fait la particularité de la liturgie messine : son caractère stationnal, à l’image de la liturgie romaine rapportée de Rome par Chrodegang. Cette spécialisation des sanctuaires participe au « marquage » spatial de la liturgie et permet une meilleure compréhension des pratiques liturgiques. L’approche fonctionnaliste de l’espace devient de ce fait une approche très symbolique, dans laquelle le quartier canonial est pensé comme un tout, comme un espace organisé où chaque lieu ecclésial est nécessaire à l’unité du groupe. Les renseignements contenus dans ce texte liturgique touchent également la topographie de la ville elle-même. D’autres manuscrits messins viennent compléter les informations contenues dans notre texte. Les pratiques cultuelles du groupe cathédral de Metz au XIIe siècle ne sont pas aussi singulières qu’on pourrait le croire. Nous connaissons pour le XIIIe siècle de nombreux ordinaires attachés à des communautés de chanoines cathédraux. / The Liber de ordinatione et officio totius anni in ecclesia Metensi, usually designed under the name Cérémonial, is a lost medieval liturgy manuscript which was last kept at Metz municipal library (ms. 82). Nowadays, the full text is fortunately known thanks to the scientific edition led by Bishop Pelt. This text was likely dated from the XIIth century but the manuscript was quickly perceived as a copy from the XIIIth century. It has always intrigued researchers and gave rise to numerous debates due to its typological classification. As a canonical ordinary, this text describes with precision the liturgical particularisms of Metz cathedral, and details the ordinance of each celebrations, thus linking the various players with the various spaces. It has never been studied for itself and was only used to describe the Ottonian cathedral in which it was written, in parallel to some archaeological discoveries at the end of the XIXth century and beginning of the XXth century. The main interesting feature of this work is its analysis of a fundamental medieval text about the liturgy at Metz. The document also details the architecture of the cathedral built by Thierry Ist, and consecrated by Thierry IInd on June 27th, 1040, flanked by the Saint-Jean baptistry on its forecourt, and by a cloister on its southern flank, with the latter becoming the current Place d’Armes in 1754. It also names the five adjacent churches: Saint-Pierre-le-Majeur, Sainte-Marie, Saint-Paul, Saint-Pierre-le-vieux and Saint-Gall. This cathedral group is a legacy of the claustrum devised by Bishop Chrodegang in the VIIIth century, during the great liturgical reform. Hence, the study of the Ceremonial enables the understanding of the canonical group’s organisation by the deployment of the liturgy in that architectural environment. Spaces are organised, hierarchised, and unified by what makes the particularity of Metz’ liturgy: its stational feature, similar to the Roman liturgy brought from Rome by Chrodegang during the VIIIth century. This specialisation of sanctuaries plays a part in the spatial ‘marking’ of liturgy and allows a better understanding of it. The functionalist approach of space thus becomes a highly symbolic approach, in which the canonical district is considered both as a whole, and as an organised space where each ecclesial is necessary for the group’s unity. The information also includes the city’s topography, and other manuscripts from Metz complete the data contained in our text. The worship’s practices of Metz cathedral group during the XIIth century are not as singular as one might believe. We know of numerous of the XIIIth century ordinairies that were attached to canon cathedral communities.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar, sob que condições, o problema de valor inicial associado a uma equação diferencial ordinária de primeira ordem, no contexto das funções generalizadas temperadas de Colombeau, admite pelo menos uma (ou somente uma) solução generalizada ou solução generalizada temperada. Para essa finalidade estudamos algumas propriedades das funções generalizadas, das funções generalizadas temperadas e das funções generalizadas temperadas na segunda variável. Além do estudo dessas propriedades, apresentamos uma imersão do espaço das distribuições na álgebra das funções generalizadas de Colombeau e uma imersão do espaço das distribuições temperadas na álgebra das funções generalizadas temperadas de Colombeau. Finalizamos o trabalho estudando, no contexto das funções generalizadas temperadas de Colombeau, uma equação de Euler-Lagrange e solução para frente em sistemas autônomos. / The objective of this work is to study, under which conditions, the initial value problem associated with a first-order ordinary differential equation, in the framework of Colombeau\'s tempered generalized functions, it admits at least one (or only one) generalized solution or generalized tempered solution. For this purpose we studied some properties of the generalized functions, of the generalized tempered functions and the generalized tempered functions in the second variable. Besides the study of these properties, we present an embedding of the space of distributions into the algebra of Colombeau\'s generalized functions and an embedding of the space of tempered distributions into the algebra of Colombeau\'s tempered generalized functions. We end the work studying, in the framework of Colombeau\'s tempered generalized functions, an Euler-Lagrange equation and forward solution for autonomous system.

Orientador: Marta Cilene Gadotti / Banca: Carina Alves / Banca: Wladimir Seixas / Resumo: As equações diferenciais ordinárias constituem ferramenta importante na modelagem de alguns problemas, sejam físicos, ecológicos, econômicos, etc. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados clássicos de equações diferenciais ordinárias, são realizadas algumas aplicações e finalmente é apresentada na proposta didática para o ensino médio em como a derivada de uma função pode ser calculada de uma forma intuitiva / Abstract: The ordinary di erential equations are an important tool in the modeling of some problems, whether of physical, ecological or ecnonomical nature. In this work the classical results of ordinary di erential equations are presented. Some of them are made and at the end there is a didactic proposal to nd a derivate function in a intuitive way for high school students / Mestre

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar, sob que condições, o problema de valor inicial associado a uma equação diferencial ordinária de primeira ordem, no contexto das funções generalizadas temperadas de Colombeau, admite pelo menos uma (ou somente uma) solução generalizada ou solução generalizada temperada. Para essa finalidade estudamos algumas propriedades das funções generalizadas, das funções generalizadas temperadas e das funções generalizadas temperadas na segunda variável. Além do estudo dessas propriedades, apresentamos uma imersão do espaço das distribuições na álgebra das funções generalizadas de Colombeau e uma imersão do espaço das distribuições temperadas na álgebra das funções generalizadas temperadas de Colombeau. Finalizamos o trabalho estudando, no contexto das funções generalizadas temperadas de Colombeau, uma equação de Euler-Lagrange e solução para frente em sistemas autônomos. / The objective of this work is to study, under which conditions, the initial value problem associated with a first-order ordinary differential equation, in the framework of Colombeau\'s tempered generalized functions, it admits at least one (or only one) generalized solution or generalized tempered solution. For this purpose we studied some properties of the generalized functions, of the generalized tempered functions and the generalized tempered functions in the second variable. Besides the study of these properties, we present an embedding of the space of distributions into the algebra of Colombeau\'s generalized functions and an embedding of the space of tempered distributions into the algebra of Colombeau\'s tempered generalized functions. We end the work studying, in the framework of Colombeau\'s tempered generalized functions, an Euler-Lagrange equation and forward solution for autonomous system.