A presente pesquisa propõe o estudo do fenômeno jogo para além de seu aspecto fundamentalmente humano, instituição do nosso mundo, tal qual a cultura e a sociedade. A hipótese orientadora do trabalho acena para a possibilidade de ser ele, o jogo, na forma do seu aparecimento, modo de acesso a questões cruciais da nossa existência. Prevê, ainda, a Capoeira Angola como manifestação que fornece, particularmente, um denso repertório de significações, uma cosmogonia que nos permite pensar o cosmos em sua essência, sem desprezo do que é subjetivo, o ser-no-mundo que não escapa à influência da experiência estética. Para tanto, as especulações orbitam ao redor do capoeira Geraldo, principal interlocutor do estudo reunido nas páginas seguintes. Seguindo as picadas por ele abertas, transmitidas no cotidiano vivido desde seus antepassados, apresentamos uma leitura específica de alguns dos que poderiam ser chamados fundamentos epistemológicos da Capoeira Angola. Aqueles fundamentos sobremaneira ancorados no corpo, no gesto e na experiência estética culminam com um projeto particular de entendimento do cosmos e da relação do jogador consigo mesmo e com o mundo, a partir do jogo que o joga. Do ponto de vista metodológico, dedicamos as primeiras seções da dissertação à criação de uma ambiência especulativa dentro da qual nossa hipótese é desdobrada. O exame da forma como são registrados os construtos acadêmicos ergue importantes balizas para a circunscrição do que é nomeado, também aqui, conhecimento comum. Se considerássemos lícito, apenas, o conjunto normativo das ciências humanas que, em alguma medida, reproduz aqueles das ciências duras, nosso juízo sobre a cosmogonia da Capoeira Angola fracassaria antes da demonstração dos resultados. Cientes de que nossas considerações repercutem, em igual monta, o pensamento de autores já consagrados no círculo acadêmico, fizemos reunir suas contribuições, e propusemos um espaço de desestabilização epistemológico e metodológico; uma modalidade de compreensão sensível e capaz de colocar a Capoeira Angola e autores da filosofia continental em franco debate, iguais as condições àquelas produzidas no que se quer uma produção partilhada do conhecimento, desde Geraldo, em consonância com a pesquisa há muito colocada em curso por Sérgio Bairon. / This research proposes the study of the play phenomenon beyond its fundamentally human aspect, an institution of our world, as are culture and society. The guiding hypothesis of the work beckons to the possibility of being it, the play, in the form of its appearance, a mode of access to crucial questions of our existence. It also foresees Capoeira Angola as a manifestation, which provides in particular, a dense repertoire of meanings, a cosmogony that allows us to think about the cosmos in its essence, without contempt for what is subjective and the being-in-the-world that doesn\'t escape the influence of aesthetic experience. Therefore, speculations orbit around the capoeira Geraldo, main interlocutor of the study gathered on the following pages. Following the paths opened by him, transmitted on daily life since his ancestors, we present a specific interpretation of some of what could be called the epistemological foundations of Capoeira Angola. Those foundations particularly anchored in the body, gesture and aesthetic experience culminate with a particular project of understanding the cosmos and the player\'s relationship with himself and with the world, from the game that is played. From a methodological point of view, we dedicated the first sections of the dissertation to the creation of a speculative ambience within which our hypothesis is deployed. The examination of the way in which the academic constructs are recorded raises important beacons for the constituency of what is named, also here, \"ordinary knowledge\". If considered lawful, just the normative set of Humanities that, to some extent, reproduces those of hard sciences, our judgment on the cosmogony of the Capoeira Angola would fail before the income statement. Aware that our considerations resonate, in equal mounts, the thought of established authors in the academic circle, we assembled their contributions and proposed a space of epistemological and methodological destabilization; a sensitive understanding that is able to put Capoeira Angola and authors of continental philosophy in an honest debate, in equal conditions to those produced in either a shared production of knowledge, since Geraldo, in line with the long placed in course research by Sérgio Bairon.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1248438 bytes, checksum: bfc3b3826f54c039526b533b09e8644b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With its emergence in antiquity to serve therapeutic purposes, the skepticism, unfolded on various facets throughout the history of philosophy. Among them, that seem to have established a time in epistemological debates is one whose formulations are still in modernity along with a project of infallible knowledge of the world. Since then it has become common land in the theory of knowledge lead to a doubt until ultimately suspending so all our knowledge of the world. This text wants to present a Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification as an alternative to skepticism. Our main goal is to show that by separating the philosophical context, where skepticism ourselves, context of our everyday lives that common knowledge of the world that we believe possess can be safeguarded. / Com seu surgimento na antiguidade para servir a propósitos terapêuticos, o ceticismo, desdobrou-se sobre várias facetas ao longo da história da filosofia. Dentre elas a que parece ter se estabelecido por vez nos debates epistemológicos é aquela cujas formulações encontran-se ainda na modernidade junto a um projeto de conhecimento infalível do mundo. Desde então tornou-se terreno comum em teoria do conhecimento levar a dúvida até sua ultima instância suspendendo assim todo nosso conhecimento do mundo. Esse texto pretende apresentar a Teoria Contextualista da Justificação Epistêmico como uma alternativa ao ceticismo. Nosso principal objetivo é mostrar que ao separar o contexto filosófico, onde o ceticismo se estabeleceu, do contexto de nossas vidas cotidianas aquele conhecimento comum do mundo que acreditamos possuir pode ser salvaguardado.

A presente pesquisa propõe o estudo do fenômeno jogo para além de seu aspecto fundamentalmente humano, instituição do nosso mundo, tal qual a cultura e a sociedade. A hipótese orientadora do trabalho acena para a possibilidade de ser ele, o jogo, na forma do seu aparecimento, modo de acesso a questões cruciais da nossa existência. Prevê, ainda, a Capoeira Angola como manifestação que fornece, particularmente, um denso repertório de significações, uma cosmogonia que nos permite pensar o cosmos em sua essência, sem desprezo do que é subjetivo, o ser-no-mundo que não escapa à influência da experiência estética. Para tanto, as especulações orbitam ao redor do capoeira Geraldo, principal interlocutor do estudo reunido nas páginas seguintes. Seguindo as picadas por ele abertas, transmitidas no cotidiano vivido desde seus antepassados, apresentamos uma leitura específica de alguns dos que poderiam ser chamados fundamentos epistemológicos da Capoeira Angola. Aqueles fundamentos sobremaneira ancorados no corpo, no gesto e na experiência estética culminam com um projeto particular de entendimento do cosmos e da relação do jogador consigo mesmo e com o mundo, a partir do jogo que o joga. Do ponto de vista metodológico, dedicamos as primeiras seções da dissertação à criação de uma ambiência especulativa dentro da qual nossa hipótese é desdobrada. O exame da forma como são registrados os construtos acadêmicos ergue importantes balizas para a circunscrição do que é nomeado, também aqui, conhecimento comum. Se considerássemos lícito, apenas, o conjunto normativo das ciências humanas que, em alguma medida, reproduz aqueles das ciências duras, nosso juízo sobre a cosmogonia da Capoeira Angola fracassaria antes da demonstração dos resultados. Cientes de que nossas considerações repercutem, em igual monta, o pensamento de autores já consagrados no círculo acadêmico, fizemos reunir suas contribuições, e propusemos um espaço de desestabilização epistemológico e metodológico; uma modalidade de compreensão sensível e capaz de colocar a Capoeira Angola e autores da filosofia continental em franco debate, iguais as condições àquelas produzidas no que se quer uma produção partilhada do conhecimento, desde Geraldo, em consonância com a pesquisa há muito colocada em curso por Sérgio Bairon. / This research proposes the study of the play phenomenon beyond its fundamentally human aspect, an institution of our world, as are culture and society. The guiding hypothesis of the work beckons to the possibility of being it, the play, in the form of its appearance, a mode of access to crucial questions of our existence. It also foresees Capoeira Angola as a manifestation, which provides in particular, a dense repertoire of meanings, a cosmogony that allows us to think about the cosmos in its essence, without contempt for what is subjective and the being-in-the-world that doesn\'t escape the influence of aesthetic experience. Therefore, speculations orbit around the capoeira Geraldo, main interlocutor of the study gathered on the following pages. Following the paths opened by him, transmitted on daily life since his ancestors, we present a specific interpretation of some of what could be called the epistemological foundations of Capoeira Angola. Those foundations particularly anchored in the body, gesture and aesthetic experience culminate with a particular project of understanding the cosmos and the player\'s relationship with himself and with the world, from the game that is played. From a methodological point of view, we dedicated the first sections of the dissertation to the creation of a speculative ambience within which our hypothesis is deployed. The examination of the way in which the academic constructs are recorded raises important beacons for the constituency of what is named, also here, \"ordinary knowledge\". If considered lawful, just the normative set of Humanities that, to some extent, reproduces those of hard sciences, our judgment on the cosmogony of the Capoeira Angola would fail before the income statement. Aware that our considerations resonate, in equal mounts, the thought of established authors in the academic circle, we assembled their contributions and proposed a space of epistemological and methodological destabilization; a sensitive understanding that is able to put Capoeira Angola and authors of continental philosophy in an honest debate, in equal conditions to those produced in either a shared production of knowledge, since Geraldo, in line with the long placed in course research by Sérgio Bairon.

Les recherches qui analysent le phénomène de la fiction sont innombrables, mais rares sont celles qui l'abordent à partir du large spectre de ce que les sujets-acteurs ordinaires désignent et qualifient eux-mêmes, dans le contexte de leurs vies quotidiennes, comme étant fictionnel ou en tant que fiction. Le point de départ de cette thèse se situe précisément dans cette perspective, mais plus spécifiquement dans le cadre des connaissances de sens commun — univers des représentations subjectives et intersubjectives stabilisées dans le langage — que les sujets-acteurs ordinaires possèdent sur ce qu'ils appellent fiction, pour à partir de celles-ci articuler une compréhension sociologique(constructiviste et phénoméno-compréhensive) du sens, et de la signification, que ces sujets-acteurs confèrent à ce type d'expériences vécues dans le contexte de leurs vies de tous les jours.Dans le cadre de leurs connaissances ordinaires, ou connaissances de sens commun, ce que les sujets-acteurs désignent et signifient comme étant fictionnel — ou en tant que fiction —, dépasse largement le domaine des arts — tels que le cinéma, la littérature, ou le théâtre —, et avant de relever exclusivement de celui-ci, mais bien sûr en l'incluant, il se réfère davantage à un large spectre de situations ludiques que les sujets-acteurs connotent comme fictionnelles, un type d'expériences vécues ayant des caractéristiques fort particulières. Dans le cadre de ce type d’expériences les sujets-acteurs élaborent des représentations qu'ils savent être “fausses”, ils communiquent à d'autres des informations qui se présentent comme si elles portaient sur des choses réelles alors qu'elles sont tout bonnement inventées, ou encore ils s’intéressent à des récits, à des représentations visuelles ou à des actions dont ils savent qu'il s'agit de “semblants”. Dans ce sens, l'étendue de ce type de situations inclut ce que traditionnellement — et institutionnellement— on désigne comme fiction, c'est-à-dire les expériences vécues des sujets-acteurs avec des fictions artistiques — où une œuvre d'art met en scène un univers imaginaire —, tels que lire un roman ou regarder un film de fiction. Néanmoins, ce type de situations comprend aussi un genre d'expériences que les sujets-acteurs ordinaires articulent et signifient à partir d'une opposition ludique face à ce qu'ils désignent comme étant la réalité pour de vrai, ce que les traditions savantes de la fiction auraient un peu plus de mal à cataloguer directement en tant que fictionnelles, mais que dans le contexte d'une démarche sociologique phénoméno-compréhensive nous pourrions apparenter à ce qu'Alfred Schütz désignait comme les mondes de l'imagination et les phantasmes, tel que par exemple les expériences de rêveries éveillées, mais surtout celles de jeux-de-faire-semblant (appelés aussi jeux de faire-comme-si), et que nous pourrions apparenter également aux modalisations ou cadres transformés de la microsociologie d'Erving Goffman. Dans ce panorama, où au premier abord on pourrait penser que cette synonymie utilisée par les sujets-acteurs ordinaires, pour se référer à ces deux types de phénomènes en tant que fictions (les fictions artistiques institutionnalisées d'un côté, les expériences fictionnelles ludiques de l'autre), pourrait être totalement aléatoire et même équivoque, est — bien au contraire — la piste fondamentale et le point de départ à partir duquel s'articule cette recherche doctorale, par laquelle nous cherchons à comprendre le cœur significatif et constitutif de la fiction en tant qu'expérience vécue par des sujets-acteurs ordinaires. / Research analyzing the phenomenon of fiction is countless, but rare is the one that approaches it from the broad spectrum of what the ordinary subjects-actors name and qualify themselves, in the context of their daily lives, as being fictional or as a fiction. The starting point of this thesis lies precisely in this perspective, but more specifically in the context of commonsense knowledge — universe of the stabilized subjective and inter-subjective representations within the language — that the ordinary subjects-actors have on what they call fiction, in order to articulate from these a (constructivist and phenomenological) sociological understanding of the meaning, and the significance that these subjects-actors confer to this type of experience in the context of their daily lives.In the context of their ordinary knowledge, or commonsense knowledge, what subjects-actors name and signify as fictional — or as fiction —, goes far beyond the field of arts - such as cinema, literature, or theatre - and before highlighting exclusively this, while including it of course, it refers more to a broad spectrum of playful situations that subjects-actors connote as fictional, a type of experience with very particular characteristics. In the context of this type of experiments, the subjects-actors develop representations of which they know that these are "false", they communicate to others information that is being presented as if it concerned real things while these are simply invented or they are interested in stories, in visual representations or in actions of which they know that these are "semblances". In this sense, the extent of these kinds of situations include that what traditionally — and institutionally— is named as fiction, that is to say the experiences of subjects-actors with artistic fictions — where a work of art depicts an imaginary world —, such as reading a novel or watching a fiction film. However, such situations also include a kind of experience that ordinary subjects-actors articulate and signify from a playful opposition at what they refer to as reality for real, that scholarly traditions of the fiction have a little more difficulty to catalog directly as fictional, but in the context of a comprehensive phenomenological-sociological approach we might resemble to what Alfred Schütz named as the worlds of imagination and phantasms, such as for example the experiences of daydreaming, but above all those of Make-believe Games (also called Pretend Plays), and that we also could resemble to modalizations or transformed frames found in Erving Goffman's microsociology. In this panorama, which at first glance one might think that this synonym used by ordinary subjects-actors, in order to refer to these two types of phenomena as fictions (the institutionalized artistic fictions on one side, the fictional playful experiences on the other hand), could be totally random and even ambiguous, is - quite the contrary - the fundamental way and the starting point from which articulates this doctoral research through which we seek to understand the significant and constitutive heart of fiction as experienced by the ordinary subjects/actors.

Cette thèse interroge les cadres moraux et symboliques par lesquels les individus se saisissent et se disputent la question du racisme en France. La problématique générale porte ainsi sur les modalités de qualification du racisme d’une part et sur les enjeux de cette qualification de l’autre. Pour répondre à cela, cette recherche s’appuie sur un large corpus de commentaires d’internautes extraits des sites de Libération et du Figaro dans le cadre de dix affaires faisant intervenir, dans des proportions diverses, la question du racisme. L’analyse se présente ainsi en trois temps. En premier lieu, la thèse reprend les principales analyses sociologiques du racisme en France. En pointant la dynamique de celles-ci et en posant certaines hypothèses quant au formes contemporaines du racisme, cette première partie démontre la nécessité à une approche « par le bas » du racisme et ce par l’idée de la « question du racisme » en France. En un second temps, l’analyse empirique se focalise alors sur les supports et enjeux de la qualification du racisme. Inspirés par la sociologie pragmatique et l’approche phénoménologique, nous nous attachons alors à identifier comment les participants construisent, justifient ou réfutent une relation entre un évènement particulier et la question du racisme. L’identification des connaissances ordinaires et des objets particuliers supportant cette relation permet alors de discuter comment les individus qualifient le racisme « en situation ». En parallèle, l’analyse porte également sur les conflits qui naissent entre les individus vis-à-vis de ces même processus de qualification. En effet, loin d’être consensuel, le travail de qualification du racisme est marqué par une très grande diversité de formes et de contenus. De là, en suivant les cadres et enjeux de ces controverses, cette thèse s’intéresse à « ce que veut dire » le racisme dans les discussions ordinaires. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, l’analyse porte sur les manières dont les participants relient responsabilité du racisme et appartenance. Que ce soit par l’intermédiaire de la « classe » ou de la « race », au sein des discours étudiés, l’origine et la responsabilité du racisme sont régulièrement attachées à des positions sociales particulières. L’exploration de ces liens et des frontières symboliques qui s’en dégagent démontre que ce sont là encore certains cadres moraux et symboliques particuliers qui balisent ces rapprochements. La thèse montre que la question du racisme lorsqu’elle intervient dans des discussions ordinaires renvoie à un univers moral particulier. Loin de discuter uniquement la présence et/ou la définition du phénomène du racisme, les individus s’appuient sur cette question pour discuter des valeurs morales légitimes ou non et plus loin pour les distribuer entre les groupes, définis socialement ou racialement. En retour, nos conclusions mettent alors en lumière une disjonction importante entre phénomène du racisme et question du racisme au niveau ordinaire et discutent alors les conséquences de cet écart sur la dynamique et la visibilité du véritable racisme. / This dissertation explores the moral and symbolic frames used by individuals to define and dispute the issue of racism in France. The general problematic consists in addressing the ways the racism is qualified by individuals on the one hand and on the ordi-nary challenges of this qualification on the other. To answer this, the analysis is based on a large corpus of online posts from two French newspapers’ websites, Liberation and Le Figaro, within ten cases involving the issue of racism.At the first stage, we discuss the main sociological approaches of racism in France. By pointing their dynamics while addressing certain assumptions about the contemporary forms of racism, this first section is insisting on the need for a “bottom-up” approach of racism through the idea of the "issue of racism”" in France. Afterwards, the empirical analysis then focuses specifically on the processes of qualification of racism. We strive then to identify how participants construct, justify or refute a relationship between a particular event and the issue of racism. The identification of ordinary knowledge and specific objects supporting this relation-ship lead to a discussion about how individuals qualify racism "in situ". In parallel, the analysis also addresses inter-individual conflicts that arise concerning these same qualification processes. Indeed, far from being consensual, the work of qualification is defined by a great diversity of forms and contents. From there, focusing on the development and issues raised by these contro-versies, the analysis consists in understanding what racism means in ordinary discussions. Finally, in a last stage, the analysis concentrates on the ways in which participants connect responsibility of racism and specific membership. Whether through refer-ences to "class" or "race", within the corpus, the origin and the responsibility of racism are regularly attached to particular social positions. The exploration of those relationships and symbolic boundaries that emerge enlightens the importance of the moral and symbolic frameworks used by individuals to talk the racism.In general, this research shows that the issue of racism when it occurs in ordinary discussions refers to a particular moral realm. Far from discussing only the actual presence and / or definition of the phenomenon of racism, people rely on this to discuss the legitimate moral values or not and further to distribute morality between groups defined socially or racially. In return, our conclu-sions then highlight a significant disjunction between the phenomenon of racism and the issue of racism at the ordinary level and discuss the consequences of this regarding the dynamics and the visibility of real racism.

Comment rendre compte des transformations opérées dans le champ culturel par les technologies numériques ? Au-delà des grands récits technicistes, quelle entrée choisir pour observer les mutations induites par le numérique dans les rapports qu’entretiennent les publics avec les objets culturels ? Sur quels terrains se placer pour tenter de saisir les transformations issues de l’émergence d’une technologie hybride et protéiforme, sans pour autant faire de l’informatique une pratique culturelle « comme les autres » ou verser dans le déterminisme médiatique ?En pointant les doutes et les hésitations ayant marqué ce travail de thèse, en les examinant et en les contextualisant diachroniquement, il s’est agi de contribuer à l’analyse de la réception et des dynamiques culturelles en lien avec les technologies numériques. Cette réflexion, construite sur une longue durée, s’est attachée à l’exploration d’usages du numérique qui, en leur temps, semblaient devoir s’imposer comme radicalement « modernes ». Ainsi, en trois temps et trois focales nous avons choisi d’étudier des objets apparemment hétéroclites mais qui devaient témoigner des profonds changements culturels engagés par l’émergence des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Ce cheminement nous a conduit à étudier des pratiques aux statuts sociaux et scientifiques divers, depuis les lectures en bibliothèques jusqu’aux jeux vidéo en passant par les écritures intimes sur les sites de rencontres ou les blogs. Cette méthodologie nous a finalement conduit à isoler un élément transversal aux objets étudiés, et dont le déploiement est favorisé par les technologies numériques : l’essor des capacités réflexives des publics de la culture. / How to demonstrate how the cultural arena has been changed by the digital technologies? Beyond the pro-technologies discourses, how to examine the variation (inferred by the digital technologies) between the audiences and the cultural objects? Which field to choose to try to understand the transformations resulting from the emergence of an hybrid and protean technology, without saying that computing is a cultural practice like the others?Describing the doubts and hesitations of this thesis, examining and contextualize them over time, make possible to contribute to the reception analysis and the cultural dynamics, in connection with the digital technologies. This long work has been exploring the uses of digital which, in their time, seemed to have to grow on as radically “modern”. So, in three times and three focal length, we chose to study three objects, apparently heterogeneous, but which must show the deep cultural changes due to the emergence of information and communication technologies. So, we have been studying some practices with different social and scientific status, from the readings in libraries to the videogames, along with dating sites or blogs.This methodology has finally led us to isolate a cross-disciplinary element of the studying objects and which the display is favored by the digital technologies: the rapid development of reflexive abilities of cultural audiences.