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The aim of this paper was to investigate how adult second language learners of Swedish have perceived their social space with their classmates during courses that they have studied online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research questions that fulfilled this aim looked at (1) the students’ perceptions of three qualities connected to a positive social space: availability, support and trust; and (2) their perceived learning outcomes from the interaction that has taken place within this perceived social space. This study used a mixed method where a quantitative method that consisted of questionnaires was interrelated with a qualitative method that consisted of voluntary comments in the questionnaire as well as follow-up interviews. Thirteen students answered the questionnaire, and three of them were interviewed. The results showed that the most positive impact on their social space is connected to their trust for one another and the most negative impact is connected to the availability of their classmates as well as the use of the functions in th communication platform. The results also showed that the most positive effect on their perceived learning outcomes is connected to the opportunity to discuss and use the language in various ways and the most negative effect can be connected to differences in proficiency levels.

Contemporary media research highlights the importance of empirically analysing the relationships between media and age, changing user patterns over the life course, and generational experiences within media discourse beyond the widely hyped buzz terms such as the ‘digital natives’, ‘Google generation’, and other digitally and technologically capable generation groups. This doctoral thesis seeks to define the ‘repertoires’ of news media that different generations use to obtain topical information and create their ‘media space’. It contributes to the development of a framework within which to analyse generational features in news audiences by putting the main focus on the cultural view of generations. This perspective was first introduced by Karl Mannheim in 1928. Departing from his legacy, generations can be better conceived as social formations that are built on self-identification, rather than equally distributed cohorts. With the purpose of discussing the emergence of various ‘audiencing’ patterns from the perspectives of age, life course and generational identity, the thesis presents Estonia – a post-Soviet Baltic state – as an empirical example of a transforming society with a dynamic media landscape which is witnessing the expanding impact of new media and a shift to digitisation.The thesis is based on data from two nationally representative cross-section surveys on media use and media attitudes (conducted during the 2002-2012 period) and focus group discussions, that are used to map similarities and differences among five generation cohorts born between 1932 and 1997 with regard to the access and use of the established news media, thematic preferences and spatial orientations of media use, and discursive approach to news formats. The findings demonstrate remarkable differences between the cohorts, suggesting that they could be merged into three main groups that represent the prevailing types of relations with the news media. Yet, the study also reveals that attitudes and behaviour (including media behaviour), are not necessarily divided by year of birth, but are more and more dispersed along individualised interests and preferences. / Audiences in the Age of media Convergence: Media Generations in Estonia and Sweden

In sociology in general, community is often seen as an expression for something seriously threatened or even destroyed by modernity. In urban sociology, this question has traditionally manifested itself in a ‘search exhibition’ of communal bonds within the city landscape. This analytical approach tends to split up ‘community’ and ‘city’ into two different forms of social experience. By adopting a socio-ontological approach, this study argues that experiences of community cannot be ontologically separated from experiences of the city. The aim of this study is to examine how the interviewees, living in the same neighborhood within a minor city in southern Sweden, create a perception of the city as a whole in relation to their own positioning therein. From this aim, two research questions have been formulated as follows: How is Milltown socio-ontologically constituted as a social space of relations? And: How do the interviewees construct a purified community? In order to examine this, nine in-depth interviews were conducted with residents in a middle class neighborhood (Greenwood), located in a minor city in southern Sweden (Milltown). The material was analyzed using a socio-ontological approach combined with Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of social space and habitus, and Richard Sennett’s concepts of purified community and collective personality.   The results of this study show how the perceived social complexity of Milltown as a whole is purified into an authentic experience of community. Greenwood is being constituted as a private sphere, which is isolated from the rest of the city. Greenwood represents a simplification of the social environment within the city landscape, where personal feelings and values are projected. It is also shown how interaction between neighbors in Greenwood is almost completely absent, and how the interviewees compensate this absence by constructing a collective personality. This collective personality envisages how they are the same, rather than what they actually do in their relations to each other. The feelings of belonging stem from shared expectations that neighbors have on each other, rather than from interactions. Finally, the results show how this purified community identity is constructed against other neighborhoods in Milltown, which are seen to represent different ways-of-life.   This study contributes to a more complex understanding of how feelings of belonging are constituted in relation to a specific locality, but also how this understanding enables a perception of the city as a whole. Accordingly, insights have been achieved on how recent attempts to ‘redefine’ the community concept in sociology can be used empirically, and to be further built upon theoretically. Further, urban sociology has traditionally been concerned with big cities. This study argues that the urban sociological tradition has exaggerated the differences between minor and larger cities. The argument is that minor cities should be approached as socially complex milieus as well, where people are aware of each other but do not know each other. Gesellschaft relations should therefore not be understood as something exclusive to the metropolis, but rather as a condition of life in modernity in general. Finally, this study also gives an insight about the mechanisms behind voluntary segregation. This is a matter that is often neglected in urban sociological research, which traditionally has worked in paradigm of poverty, thus focusing on stigmatized neighborhoods.

Orientador: José Misael Ferreira do Vale / Banca: Marisa Ramos Barbieri / Banca: Ana Maria de Andrade Caldeira / Resumo: Considerando fundamental a necessidade da análise conjunta das práticas sociais educação e saúde inseridas no espaço eminentemente social, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, em uma coorte de jovens de 18 anos, a disponibilidade de acesso aos aparelhos de educação (escolas públicas) e de saúde (postos e hospitais) e sua relação com a distribuição geo-econômica da população e o acesso a essa práticas sociais em Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. Todas as crianãs nascidas vivas de parto hospitalar de mães residentes em Ribeirão Preto foram estudadas por ocasião do nascimento, no período de junho de 1978 a maio de 1979. Do total, 2083 meninos foram avaliados aos 18 anos, na época do alistamento militar. Foram analisados os dados referentes a hospital de nascimento, escolaridade da mãe na data do parto, escolaridade e bairro de residência do conscrito. Foi feito levantamento do endereço e da data de início de funcionamento de todas as escolas estaduais e postos de saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto. Esses endereços foram colocados no mapa da cidade e a distribuição geo-econômica foi discutida, baseando-se na classificação proposta por GOLDANI (1997). A maior parte das escolas está localizada em bairros pobres (39,65%) e em bairros médio-baixos (37,93%). As escolas que oferecem ensino médio foram criadas, em sua maioria, na década de 70, evidenciando a importância da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases nº 5.692 de 1971, cuja política era expandir o ensino médio. Os postos de saúde, principal acesso da população que depende do Sistema Único de Saúde, estão localizados em bairros classificados como médio-baixos (45,75%), pobres (37,14%), médio-altos (8,57%) e apenas um em bairro rico (2,86%). Esses postos foram inaugurados, em sua maioria, na década de 80, legitimando a reforma sanitária, luta dos profissionais da saúde. Neste trabalho ficou evidente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In view of the fundamental necessity to analyze jointly the social practices of education and health within an eminently social space, the objective of the present study was to assess in a cohort of 18-year old boys the availabity of access to educational (public schools) and health (health stations and hospitals) facilities and its relation to the geoconomic distribution of the population, and the access to these social practices in Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. All liveborn infants delivered in hospitals by mothers residing in Ribeirão Preto were studied at the time of birth from june 1978 to may 1979. Of these, 2083 boys were evaluated at 18 years of age at the time of recruitment for military service. Data concerning hospital of birth, mother's schooling at the time of delivery and neighborhood of residence of the conscripts were analyzed. The address and the date of the beginning of functioning were recorded for all state schools and health stations in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. These addresses were superimposed on a map of the city and the geoeconomic distribution was discussed based on the classification proposed by GOLDANI (1997). Most of the schools are located in poor neighborhoods (39.65%) and middle-lower class neighborhoods (37.93%). The schools that offer secondary education were mostly created in the 1970 decade, demonstrating the importance of the Directives and Bases Law nº 5,692 of 1971, whose policy was to expand secondary education. The health stations, the main points of access for the population that depends on the Unified Health system, are located in neighborhoods classified as middle-lower class (45.75%), poor (37.14%), and middle-high class (8.57%), and only one is located in a rich neighborhood (2.86%). Most of these stations were inaugurated in the 1980 decade as part of the sanitary reform, the fruit of a struggle on the part of health professionals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo fundamental analisar o processo de produção e reprodução social do espaço urbano e como se processa o desenvolvimento da contradição entre apropriação/dominação do espaço urbano na metrópole São Paulo, em especial na Região da Luz, área central da cidade. Entender esse processo implica considerar, em sua diversidade, a realidade sócio-econômica, política e cultural vivenciada pelos habitantes, comerciantes e usuários da Região da Luz, que também traduz a dinâmica da sociedade capitalista contemporânea. No desenvolver da pesquisa foi necessário estabelecer uma mediação e esta se deu com a realização de vínculos de amizade com habitantes, usuários e comerciantes da área. A análise mostrou que na base do processo de produção e reprodução do espaço na metrópole São Paulo está a reprodução contraditória do espaço urbano. Enquanto Estado e iniciativa privada, de modo interligado e ou independente disputam o uso do espaço, transformando-o em instrumento de dominação, as pessoas de modo geral tendem a se apropriar do espaço para a sua reprodução da vida. Nesses momentos é possível a emergência das insurgências contra o concebido; o estabelecido pelas ações que normatizam o espaço. Dimensão relevante como ponto de partida para a compreensão dessa produção espacial foi a reflexão sobre o conceito de espaço elaborado ao longo da história e sua possibilidade de apropriação e de uso, enquanto necessidade premente para a vida. Como o espaço produzido pela sociedade capitalista é apropriado privativamente, o uso tende a subordinar-se à troca pela mediação do mercado. A produção da cidade se dá, portanto, no embate entre os interesses divergentes dos diferentes grupos e sob a intervenção do Poder Público. Essa pesquisa apontou a constante luta pela sobrevivência, diferenciadas formas de compreensão e participação na luta pela apropriação do espaço urbano e pelo direito à cidade; e, de modo especial, apontou que o uso do espaço conquistado se deu no lugar possível e traz a marca da segregação socioespacial verificada na metrópole São Paulo, o que justifica a continuidade da luta pelo território desejado. / This study aims to examine the fundamental process of social production and reproduction of urban space and how they can develop the contradiction between appropriation and domination of urban space in metropolitan Sao Paulo, especially in the region of Luz, in the downtown area of the city. Understanding this process entails consideration in their diversity, the socio-economic, political and cultural life experienced by residents, traders and users of the Region of Luz, which also reflects the dynamics of contemporary capitalist society. In developing the research it was done necessary to establish a scale of measuring and this was through bonds of friendship with people, and merchants in the area. The analysis showed that the basis for the production and reproduction of space in metropolitan Sao Paulo is the contradictory reproduction of urban space. While state and private enterprise, so interconnected and independent dispute of the use of space, transforming it into an instrument of domination, people generally tend to take ownership of the space for the reproduction of life. In these moments it is possible to see the emergence of insurgencies against the unborn child, as stipulated by the actions that regulate the area. Relevant dimension as a starting point for understanding this production of space is a reflection on the concept development throughout history and the possibility of ownership and use, while there is pressing need for life. As the space produced by a capitalist society is appropriated exclusively, the use tends to be subordinated to the mediation of the exchange market. The production of the city is, therefore, the clash between the conflicting interests of different groups and under the intervention of the government. This research pointed to the constant struggle for survival, differing ways of understanding and participation in the struggle for the appropriation of urban space and the right to the city and, in particular, pointed out that the use of conquered space happened in a possible place and bears the mark of segregation in social and space allotted to used in metropolitan Sao Paulo, which justifies the continuation of the struggle for territory desired.