<p> This study determines the potential for expansion within Third Sector Employment Enterprises: the recycling operation in Hamilton-Wentworth. Although the company has been in existence since 1977, it has not yet reached the level of viability achieved by other firms established at that time . This study involves a comparison of Third Sector with Halton,s Recycled Resources: the recycling firm in the Region of Halton. The comparison attempts to determine what factors within Third Sector and Hamilton-Wentworth are retarding the growth of the company. A quantitative comparison was used to contrast the net revenues of the two companies, and descriptive data was used to explain and qualify the quantitative findings. The analysis reveals that despite the operational differences between the two companies, it is community participation that makes Halton's Recycled Resources more viable than Third Sector. The concluding remarks make some suggestions as to how community participation, and thus Third Sector's operation can be improved. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

No / Interest in third sector organisations (TSOs) is growing as their role in addressing social regeneration, especially in urban environments, is regarded as crucial by governmental and supra-governmental organisations. The challenge is increased in multicultural environments, where those from ethnic minorities may struggle to participate in the mainstream economy and society more broadly. There is an assumption that TSOs make a positive contribution to the social good of the diverse communities and client groups that they serve. However, although there have been many studies of ethicality in commercial and public sector organisations, few focus on TSOs. Furthermore, black and minority ethnic (BME) TSOs, in particular face specific pressures, caught between the high expectations of their capacity to engage with diverse communities where the public sector has failed and, in common with all TSOs, the struggle to secure the resources necessary to manage their organisations and deliver front-line services. In this article, we investigate how implicitly ethicality is constructed in TSOs, including those with a primary mission to provide support for and services to BME communities. Building on information obtained for 305 TSOs in a post-industrial city we develop a structural equation model (SEM) in order to evaluate the relationships between elements that we argue comprise ethicality. We then assess the manner in which TSOs generally, and BME TSOs specifically, vary in the manner in which they communicate their ethical purpose and the outcomes of their actions.

This dissertation examines nonprofit, co-operative, and volunteer media enterprises operating outside Saskatchewan’s state and commercial media sectors. Drawing on historical research and contemporary case studies, I take the position that this third sector of media activity has played, and continues to play, a much-needed role in engaging marginalized voices in social discourse, encouraging participation in community-building and local governance, fostering local-global connectedness, and holding power to account when the rights and interests of citizens are jeopardized. The cases studied reveal a surprising level of resiliency among third sector media enterprises; however, the research also finds that the challenges facing third sector media practitioners have deepened considerably in recent decades, testing this resiliency. A rapid withdrawal of media development support from the public sphere has left Saskatchewan’s third sector media at a crossroads. The degree of the problem is largely unknown outside media practitioner circles, even among civil society allies. I argue this relates to the lack of recognition of nonprofit, co-operative, and volunteer media as a distinct third sector, thus obscuring the global impact when hundreds of small undertakings shed staff and reduce operations in multiple locations across Canada. At the same time, there is increasing recognition that such media have the potential to fill a void left by commercial and state media organizations that have retreated from local communities. Accordingly, this dissertation makes the case for a coordinated media development strategy as a component of the social economy. The challenge is to build useful mechanisms of support among civil society allies that do not replicate oppressive donor-client relationships that are all too common in the arena of governmental and private sector support. While never simple, the opportunities and social benefits are considerable when citizens devise the means to participate in the creation of a robust, diverse media ecology.

Il est possible d’observer que dans les vingt dernières années une nouvelle catégorie d’organisations s’est renforcée dans les sociétés brésilienne et occidentale. Cette catégorie est née de la force unificatrice de la société civile. La société a perçu qu’en travaillant ensemble, de forme associative, avec la participation du volontaire, on renforce les moyens d’atteindre ses objectifs. Au Brésil, ces organisations sont appelées tiers secteur, étant donné qu’elles n’appartiennent ni au premier secteur (l’État), ni au second (le Marché), elles sont populairement nommées de ONG (organisation non gouvernamentale). Dans la société française, ces organisations sont appelées de l’économie sociale et solidaire. Cet modèle économique est née de l’association d’individus qui ont lutté pour une meilleure qualité de vie.La thèse présente une analyse comparative des caractéristiques des organisations du tiers secteur prenant en considération la réalité européenne, à partir de la France et celle de l’Amérique latine à partir du Brésil, focalisant la théorie, l’action professionnelle et le financement des agents responsables du fonctionnement de ces organisations. La thèse présente ainsi les similitudes et différences à travers d’une analyse comparative entre les organisations françaises et brésiliennes qui s’occupent de la question sociale. Cette analyse permet une réflexion à propôs du rôle du citoyen face aux pouvoirs publics et des réels capacités de transformation sociale engendrées par le tiers secteurs. / It is possible to observe that in the last twenty years a new class of organizations has increased in Brazil and Western societies. This category emerged from the unifying force of the civil society. The civil society has seen that by working together in associations, with voluntary participation, it reinforces the means to achieve its objectives. In Brazil, these organizations are called the third sector, since they do not belong to the first sector (the State) or the second sector (the market); they are named NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations). In France, these organizations are known as the social economy. This economic model was born from the association of individuals who fought for a better quality of life. This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the characteristics of third sector organizations, taking into consideration the European reality from France and the Latin America reality from Brazil, focusing theory, professional action and funding agents responsible for the operation of these organizations. This thesis presents the similarities and differences through a comparative analysis between the Brazilian and French organizations involved in social issues. This analysis provides a reflection on the role of the citizen and the government discussing the real possibilities of the social transformations engendered by the third sector.

Changes are afoot in the nonprofit sector of the economy (James, 2003). Nonprofit leaders are adopting entrepreneurial business models to sustain or expand the scope of their mission work. This change is part of a counter-hegemonic shift toward a new economic paradigm in which blended business models create both social and financial value (Sabeti, 2009; Sahakian & Dunand, 2013). The current study explored how nonprofit leaders understand the shift toward a more enterprising and entrepreneurial nonprofit sector. Qualitative methods, along with a grounded theory framework were used to elicit leaders' perspectives on the emergence of social enterprise in nonprofits and the characteristics of successful nonprofit social enterprise. Findings include five themes of social enterprise understanding that offer structure for further research and professional discourse on the subject, including: 1) Social enterprise as a necessary and inevitable evolution of the nonprofit organization; 2) Social enterprise as a means of achieving a social mission; 3) Social enterprise as a true blending of business and social impact models; 4) Social enterprise as a business principle applied to a social mission context; and 5) Social enterprise as a market-driven approach to financial and social value creation. A secondary analysis points to the emergence of a social enterprise synergy effect in which the social and financial value generated by nonprofit social enterprises yield a third effect that is greater than the sum of the individual parts. The implications of these findings are limited to nonprofit social enterprises, but contribute to our understanding of this nascent field.

Third sector organisations (TSOs) have been operating in a turbulent environment of social, political and economic changes, presenting challenges to their continued activities. The volunteer workforce, as a key component of TSOs’ human resource, has long been considered crucial for the sector. Despite this acknowledgement, existing research suggests that TSOs have not effectively managed and supported their volunteer workforce in order to sustain development. There are claims for TSOs to place volunteer management (VM) onto a strategic level, and it is considered crucial for TSO managers, CEOs and volunteer coordinators (VCs) to achieve sustainable organisational development through the strategic planning and implementation of VM practices. However, existing research has focussed more on articulating volunteer motives; and little attention has been paid to considering the ways in which individual perspectives influence effective VM. This study addressed the gap by exploring key players’ (CEO, VC and volunteer) perceptions of the policies, practices and processes used to attract, engage and retain volunteers in small to medium Scottish TSOs. It aimed to provide insights into the importance of strategic VM in sustaining TSO performance and in understanding the crucial role of VCs, through unfolding the processes of making and fulfilling individual volunteer psychological contracts (VPCs). Three case studies were carried out within three Scottish TSOs; in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with participants occupying different roles, CEO (n=3), VC (n=5) and volunteers (n=16). Supplementary data were obtained through documentary study of VM policies and practices. Data collection was guided by a conceptual framework developed by embedding the Resource Based View (RBV) of HRM and HR devolution to the Line into the process of making and fulfilling the psychological contract. Results support the claim that TSOs would benefit from more strategic management of their volunteer workforce as a competitive resource. Examining VM through the lens of the VPC provided empirical evidence to confirm that it is crucial to engage and retain volunteers by shaping their expectations and motives within the TSO, and thus ensure more sustainable TSO performance. The results further support the salient role of VC as volunteer line manager, in attracting, engaging and retaining volunteers through effective VM implementation. In arriving at these results, this research has extended the theoretical debate on the importance of strategic HR management and the key role that line managers can play in achieving this beyond the more dominant private sector focus.

O desenvolvimento social sustentável é um tema presente nos atuais debates acadêmicos, governamentais e na sociedade em geral. Devido à complexidade do quadro social contemporâneo, é necessária a articulação e a formação de parcerias entre o Primeiro, o Segundo e o Terceiro Setores na busca de soluções efetivas e eficientes aos problemas brasileiros. Nesse processo, a comunicação e suas tecnologias desempenham papel fundamental. A Internet, que apresenta características diferenciadas dos demais meios de comunicação, disponibiliza um espaço virtual propício à comunicação entre vários usuários, à formação de comunidades virtuais e de redes, à interação e à colaboração entre os participantes da rede, sem obstáculos como tempo, espaço, e hierarquias. As organizações devem participar de forma ativa do ciberespaço, utilizando-o para potencializar suas relações, integração e colaboração com outras instituições, contribuindo para melhores resultados organizacionais e sociais. Este trabalho visa analisar as relações comunicacionais, que ocorrem atualmente no âmbito da Internet, entre instituições do Estado, Mercado e Terceiro Setor que atuam na busca e melhorias sociais para o país, e propor uma solução no ciberespaço que promova a comunicação, a articulação e a formação de parcerias intersetoriais. A ativação do e-social, e sua apreensão por cidadãos e organizações, pode aumentar as chances de articulações e de parcerias focadas no desenvolvimento social sustentável do país. / The social development is a subject which is widely discussed in academic, governmental and civil society circles. Because of the complexity of the current social scene, the action and the formation of partnerships among the First, Second and Third Sectors become necessary, in order to find effective and efficient solutions for the Brazilian social problems. In this process, the communication and its technologies have a fundamental role. The Internet, which presents different characteristics from the other communications vehicles, creates a virtual space that is adequate for the communication among many users, the formation of virtual communities and nets, as well as the interaction and collaboration among these users, without obstacles like time, space and social hierarchies. The organizations have to participate actively in the cyberspace, using it to intensify their relationships, integration and collaboration with other institutions, thus contributing to better social and organizational results. This work aims at analyzing the communicational relationships, which take place at the moment on the Internet ambit, among public, private and non-profit organizations that act in the search of social improvements for the country, and to propose a solution in the cyberspace which promotes the communication, action and formation of intersectorial partnerships. The e-social activation and its incorporation by citizens and organizations could increase the chances of action and partnerships focused on the social development of the country.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo estudar os principais conceitos que definem a responsabilidade social corporativa e refletir sobre o papel das empresas na sociedade onde estão inseridas. A partir da definição da atuação social como parte de uma estratégia de responsabilidade social nas empresas, foram pesquisadas algumas características destas ações sociais, identificando as formas como são avaliados seus resultados e verificando se é possível desenvolver ações que ao mesmo tempo produzam benefícios sociais e vantagens competitivas para as empresas. O referencial teórico trata do tema da responsabilidade social corporativa, apresenta um panorama da atuação social empresarial no Brasil, analisa as formas e abordagens da avaliação de resultados de ações sociais e discute as tendências atuais de criação de empreendimentos que buscam a geração combinada de valor econômico e social. O trabalho de campo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, sendo uma de caráter qualitativo, composta por dois estudos de caso e a outra de caráter quantitativo, realizada na forma de uma survey. Na primeira etapa foram estudados dois casos de empresas que desenvolvem negócios com comunidades de baixa renda na Amazônia, Região Norte do Brasil. Um dos casos se refere a uma empresa fabricante de cosméticos, que desenvolve sua principal linha de produtos utilizando, como principais insumos, ativos da biodiversidade brasileira e conta com cooperativas locais como seus principais fornecedores. O outro caso trata de uma empresa fabricante de papel e celulose que se associa a comunidades nativas e se torna membro de uma cooperativa para organizar a produção de uma de suas principais matérias-primas. A partir destas iniciativas empreendedoras e visionárias é possível demonstrar que a despeito dos riscos e das dificuldades inerentes ao pioneirismo, a conciliação de benefício social e vantagem competitiva é factível e viável. Na segunda etapa foi realizada uma survey junto a uma amostra intencional de 60 empresas, traçando um perfil se seu investimento social, de sua estratégia de atuação social, das práticas utilizadas de avaliação de resultados e das interfaces das ações sociais com o negócio. Entre os principais resultados obtidos pode-se destacar que empresas de porte pequeno e médio investem em ações sociais tanto quanto empresas de grande porte, e que empresas de capital aberto tendem a tratar a estratégia de atuação social com maior grau de formalização e planejamento que as empresas de capital fechado. A maioria das empresas investe em projetos sociais nas mesmas regiões onde desenvolve seus negócios e os principais públicos atendidos pelas ações sociais são crianças e adolescentes, através de ações predominantemente voltadas à educação. Entre as empresas com estratégia de atuação social mais madura foram detectados diversos pontos de interface e sinergia das ações com o negócio, demonstrando que a responsabilidade social é uma dimensão indissociável dos negócios. Espera-se com este trabalho explicitar o caráter estratégico da responsabilidade social corporativa e amadurecer a reflexão sobre as possibilidades de se planejar empreendimentos sustentáveis e competitivos que combinem geração de valor econômico e social. / The scope of this dissertation resides in analyzing the main concepts that define corporate social responsibility as well as reflecting on the role of enterprises in the community. Based on the definition of social action as part of a strategy of corporate social responsibility, some characteristics of these social actions have been researched, identifying the means through which their results are evaluated and verifying the feasibility of developing actions that will simultaneously produce social benefit and competitive advantage for the enterprises. The theoretical reference encompasses the theme of corporate social responsibility, presents an overview of social action on the part of Brazilian enterprises, analyzes the ways and approaches of social action result evaluation and discusses the current trends of creating entrepreneurships that seek at a combined generation of social and economic value. The field work has been developed in two stages, being one of qualitative characteristics, formed by two case studies, and another of quantitative feature, accomplished as a survey. During the first phase, two cases were prepared, approaching enterprises that do business with low-income communities in the Amazon, in the North of Brazil. One of them refers to a cosmetics manufacturer that enroots its core product line having assets from the Brazilian biodiversity as main inputs. Besides, it counts on local cooperatives as its leading suppliers. The other case overlooks a pulp and paper manufacturer that associates to native communities and becomes member of a cooperative in order to organize the production of one of its main raw materials. From these entrepreneurial and visionary initiatives, it is possible to demonstrate that in spite of the risks and difficulties inherent to pioneering, the conciliation of social benefit and competitive advantage is feasible and doable. During the second phase, a survey was accomplished considering a sample of 60 enterprises, sketching a profile of their social investment, their social action strategy, the practices adopted for evaluating results and the interfaces between social action and business. Among the main results obtained, one may highlight that small and medium-sized enterprises do invest in social action as much as the large ones; and that limited liability corporations tend to treat the social action strategy in a more formal and planned fashion than limited liability partnerships. Most enterprises invest in social projects located close to where they do business and the populations most commonly served by their social actions are formed by children and adolescents, through projects that prioritize education. Among the companies with more mature social action strategy, several points of interface and synergy have been detected between social action and business, emphasizing their amalgamation. With this here production, one expects to demonstrate the strategic feature of corporate social responsibility and to evolve in the reflection on the possibilities of planning sustainable and competitive entrepreneurships that overlap social and economic value generation.

A tese tem como objetivo refletir sobre transformações, estratégias e perspectivas da rua comercial na sociedade de consumo contemporânea, analisando o fenômeno denominado \'shopping a céu aberto\', emergente no Brasil a partir da década de 1990, através do qual a \'gestão de ruas comerciais\' tem sido ampliada. Buscando contextualizar a cultura de consumo atual na qual este processo se insere, mostra que as intervenções urbanísticas que envolvem a promoção da rua comercial decorrem de estratégias empresariais adotadas pelos diferentes formatos de varejo em competição no mercado. Através de revisão de literatura discute a experiência internacional, situando o estágio de desenvolvimento das práticas no Brasil no sentido de compreender as perspectivas de avanço. A principal contribuição consiste no estudo da experiência brasileira, que se deu através da avaliação qualitativa de três programas formalmente constituídos: 1) Programa de Ruas Comerciais de São Paulo; 2) Programa Polos do Rio; 3) Programa de Revitalização de Espaços Comerciais do SEBRAE. Os resultados obtidos permitem demonstrar que a gestão de ruas comerciais no Brasil é incipiente, tendo em vista os resultados gerais alcançados como decorrência das dificuldades operacionais, da fragmentação das ações, da falta de cooperação, e da descontinuidade total ou parcial dos programas. Concluiu-se que a gestão é um instrumento eficaz para recuperação da atividade econômica e dinamização das ruas comerciais, contudo o avanço e consolidação desta prática no Brasil dependem de suporte político e amadurecimento organizacional. / This thesis aims to reflect on changes, strategies and perspectives of the commercial street in contemporary consumer society, analyzing the phenomenon of \'open air shopping\', which appears in Brazil since the 1990s. The \'management of shopping streets\' has expanded its activities from this time. The thesis demonstrates that urban interventions that involve the promotion of the shopping street as a place of consumption arising from business strategies adopted by different formats of retail competition in the market. Through literature review discusses the international experience, and compares the stage of development of similar experiences in Brazil, aiming to understand the prospects for advancement. The main contribution is the study of the Brazilian experience, done by qualitative evaluation of three programs formally established: 1) Program for Commercial Streets of Sao Paulo, 2) Polos do Rio Program, 3) SEBRAE Program of Commercial Revitalization. The results obtained demonstrate the thesis that the management of shopping streets in Brazil is still incipient, due to operational difficulties, the fragmentation of activities, lack of cooperation, and the total or partial interruption of programs. In conclusion it is stated that management is an effective instrument for economic recovery and revitalization of shopping streets, but the advance and consolidation of this practice in Brazil depend on political support and organizational maturity.

Este trabalho busca avaliar as interações entre pedestres, espaço público e comércio segundo a ótica do que se considera como eficiência urbana, tendo como um dos seus pressuposto a intenção de economizar tempo para gastar tempo. A dissertação apresentada, portanto, tem como objetivo a investigação das demandas do indivíduo que ao caminhar até as estações de transporte público (no caso metrô e terminal de ônibus), ao fim do atendimento de suas obrigações do dia a dia (trabalho, estudos, etc.), realiza outras atividades durante o percurso a pé que tornam a viagem mais eficiente. Para tanto, o primeiro capítulo mostra o sentido da eficiência urbana focada no pedestre e nas atividades que este realiza no seu cotidiano que exigem deslocamentos (trabalho, abastecimento e consumo). A compreensão do que seja eficiente refere-se ao uso mais adequado em termos de qualidade de percurso, das atividades possíveis de serem realizadas durante esse deslocamento visando o uso proveitoso do tempo. O segundo capítulo trata do pedestre e a interface com os demais meios de transporte na cidade de São Paulo, buscando retratar o pedestre na RMSP e as questões atuais da mobilidade da cidade, como crescimento do automóvel, meios de restrição e as deseconomias geradas pelo modelo rodoviarista. O último capítulo faz uma análise da dinâmica urbana em torno da Estação Conceição de metrô e terminal de ônibus, visando mostrar como os indivíduos buscam a eficiência das suas atividades no meio urbano, ou seja, como utilizam o seu tempo de não trabalho (horário de almoço e retorno para casa) e como esta busca da eficiência define e delineia os diversos usos urbanos, o tipo de estabelecimentos de comércio e serviços, sua forma de operacionalização e a sua localização. / This study sought to determine the interactions between pedestrians, public space and commerce from the viewpoint of what is considered as urban efficiency, having as one of its assumption intended to save time to spend time. The dissertation presented, therefore, aims to research the demands of the individual to walk to public transport stations (subway and bus terminal) after the fulfillment of its obligations of daily life (work, studies, and others), performs other activities during the walking journey that make travel more efficient. Therefore, the first chapter shows the direction of urban efficiency focused on pedestrian and it\'s daily activities that require offsets (work, supply and consumption). The understanding of what is efficient refers to the most appropriate use in terms of journey quality, the possible activities to be performed during this shift aimed at the profitable use of time. The second chapter deals with the pedestrian and the interface with other transportation modes in the city of São Paulo and to portray the pedestrian in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and the current issues of city mobility, such as automobile growth, restraints and diseconomies generated by the car culture. The last chapter analyzes the urban dynamics around the Conceição subway station and bus terminal, in order to show how individuals seek the efficiency of their activities in urban areas, that is, how they use their free time (lunch time and return home) and how this search for efficiency defines and outlines the various urban uses, the type of commercial establishments and services, their way of operation and its location.