The Duke of Uncertainty - Aspects of Professional Skillis a dissertation whose title is a literary metaphor designedto draw attention to encounters with unforeseen problems anddilemmas at work. The first part of the dissertation presents the skill andtechnology tradition that has developed over the last twentyyears through explorative case studies. These have covered theskills of various occupational groups, such as processoperators in the paper-and-pulp and chemicals industries,managers and systems engineers working on real timeapplications in specialized knowledge intensive firms as wellas doctors and nurses. The theoretical perspective is the epistemology of skillfocusing on the phenomenon of tacit knowledge. This has itsroots in Wittgenstein's philosophy of language as developed bythe philosophers Allan Janik and Kjell S. Johannessen. The methodological framework develops indirect analogicalthinking which is a prerequisite for knowledge based onexperience, through exemplification. The empirical part of the work shows knowledge offamiliarity among members of an occupational group with lowformal training but extensive practical experience, namelyassistant nurses. A comparative analysis is undertaken inrelation to previous case studies in the field of skill andtechnology aimed at occupational groups with high formaleducational qualifications. A particular aspect to which attention is drawn is therhythm in work that unites occupational groups regardless ofeducational background. Occupational skill is treated as acapacity developed to find rhythm in action when confrontedwith situations that are hard to handle. The dissertationconsiders aspects that can be tried out in other occupationalarenas and paves the way for identifying phenomena in workinglife that hinder the development of rhythm in work. The dissertation contributes to the setting-up ofundergraduate-level training for groups of people who have notpreviously had access to higher education, and aims tointroduce new aspects into the development of analoguethinking. Key words: practical versus theoretical knowledge, skillof epistemology, tacit knowledge, comparative case study,literary metaphor, analogical thinking, indirect method,occupational training. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

In recent decades, police training has undergone a professionalization process in which the training has been increasingly incorporated within the academy. The professionalization process has led to the content of police training being changed by theoretical subjects replacing practical elements. The study examines how the shift between theoretical and practical knowledge has affected police training and how police students view their training today. The theoretical framework for the study's is based on the theory of knowledge, situated learning and communities of practice. Aristotle's theory of knowledge describes the view of knowledge and explains that theoretical knowledge, episteme, must be combined with practical knowledge, techné, in order to achieve a complete understanding and wisdom, fronesis, (Sohlberg &amp; Sohlberg 2019, p. 93). Within the police, learning largely takes place in social contexts together with other colleagues, situated learning, and the practical knowledge, techné, is in focus. Within the academy, theoretical knowledge is central and the police trainings job to unite the academic and police world lays the foundation for the theory of communities of practice. Previous research shows a complexity of training police officers and professional police officers have considered police training to be too poorly anchored in practical professional practice and experienced that police students do not learn relevant knowledge and skills during training (Ekman 1999). The study was conducted through qualitative interviews with students from the police education to examine the students' own experience of the education. The interviews were analyzed according to the study's questions and theoretical framework. The results showed that the students consider both the theoretical and practical knowledge to be important for the police work and that an interdisciplinary approach that unites these forms of knowledge during the education is needed. However, the students considered it important that the theoretical knowledge was not too abstract but linked to the practical action in everyday police life. In the compilation of results, there was a consensus among the students which form of teaching they valued most in connection with combining theoretical and practical knowledge during police training, scenario training. These training opportunities should therefore be increased during police training. An interdiscip- linary approach should permeate the structure of police training and greater efforts should be made to combine theoretical and practical knowledge during the training. / Polisutbildningen har under de senaste decennierna gått igenom en professionaliserings-process där utbildningen har infogats allt mer inom akademin. Professionaliseringsprocessen har lett till att innehållet i polisutbildningen har förändrats genom att teoretiska ämnen har ersatt praktiska moment. Studien undersöker hur förskjutningen mellan teoretisk och praktisk kunskap har påverkat polisutbildningen och hur polisstudenterna ser på sin utbildning idag. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgår från kunskapsteori, situerat lärande och communities of practice. Aristoteles kunskapsteori beskriver synen på kunskap och förklarar att teoretisk kunskap, episteme, måste kombineras med praktisk kunskap, techné, för att en fullständig förståelse och klokhet, fronesis, ska uppnås (Sohlberg &amp; Sohlberg 2019, s. 93). Inom polisen sker lärandet till stor del i sociala sammanhang tillsammans med andra kollegor, situerat lärande, och den praktiska kunskapen, techné, står i fokus. Inom akademin är den teoretiska kunskapen central och polisutbildningens arbete med att förena den akademiska och polisiära världen lägger grund för teorin om communities of pracitice. Tidigare forskning visar på en komplexitet att utbilda poliser och yrkesverksamma poliser har ansett polisutbildningen har varit för dåligt förankrad i det praktiska yrkesutövandet, då de upplevt att polisstudenterna inte lär sig relevanta kunskaper och färdigheter under utbildningen (Ekman 1999). Studien har skett genom kvalitativa intervjuer med studenter från polisutbildningen för att undersöka studenternas egen uppfattning av utbildningen. Intervjuerna har analyserats efter studiens frågeställningar och teoretiska ramverk. Resultatet visade att studenterna anser att både den teoretiska och praktiska kunskapen är viktig för det polisiära arbetet och att ett tvärvetenskapligt förhållningssätt som förenar dessa kunskapsformer under utbildningen behövs. Studenterna ansåg dock att det var viktigt att den teoretiska kunskapen inte var allt för abstrakt utan kopplade an till det praktiska handlandet i den polisiära vardagen. I resultat- sammanställningen rådde en konsensus bland studenterna vilken undervisningsform de värderade högst i samband med att förena teoretisk och praktisk kunskap under polisutbildningen, scenarioträning. Dessa utbildningstillfällen bör därför utökas under polisutbildningen. Ett tvärvetenskapligt förhållningssätt bör genomsyra polisutbildningens upplägg och större insatser borde vidtas för att förena teoretisk och praktisk kunskap under utbildningen.

Digitalisering är den mest samhällsomvälvande processen sedan industrialiseringen. Misslyckade it-investeringar präglar alla delar av vårt samhälle. Att utnyttja värdet av en it- investering är avgörande för att uppnå en effektiv digital transformation, särskilt inom den offentliga sektorn. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka den strukturella kontext kommuner befinner sig i som påverkar processen för nyttorealisering vid it-investeringar. Tidigare forskning belyser ett teoretiskt kunskapsgap för hur framarbetade modeller ska användas i praktiken. E-delegationen presenterar en modell för nyttorealisering som ett konkret exempel på hur nyttorealisering kan tillämpas. Studien har genomförts med fallstudie som forskningsstrategi där sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Utifrån detta har tre faktorer som begränsar nyttorealisering i kommuner identifierats. Studien visar att det är kommunernas egna ansvar att hantera dessa och implementera nyttorealisering. Därmed resulterar studien i att det tidigare kunskapsgapet bör omformuleras eftersom arbete med nyttorealisering inte påverkas av ett teoretiskt gap utan snarare ett praktiskt. Baserat på de olika perspektiv som presentera bör fokus snarare hamna på förändringsledning givet den strukturella kontext som kommunerna befinner sig i. / Digitalization is the most socially revolving process since industrialization. Failed IT investments characterizes every part of our society. Utilizing the benefits of an IT investment is fundamental for achieving an effective digital transformation, particularly in the public sector. This study aims to investigate the municipalities' structural context and how this affects the process for realization of benefits. Previous research highlights a theoretical knowledge gap regarding how existing models should be used in practice. The E-delegation presents a concrete model for how the realization of benefits can be applied. The study has been carried through as a case study in which 6 semi-structured interviews were implemented. Three factors have been identified that limit the development of methods for benefits realization. The study proves that it is the municipalities own responsibility to handle these and establish methods for realizing benefits. The study results in a conclusion which proves that the previous knowledge gap should be reformulated, since benefits realization is rather influenced by practical factors. Based on the presented perspective, benefits realization should rather focus on change management given the existing structural context.

<p>Kärnkraften ser vi som ett miljövänligt och bra alternativ för framtiden. Därför kändes det intressant att undersöka om vi som blivande sjöingenjörer har en framtid där efter våran karriär till sjöss. Syftet med detta arbete är att få ökad insikt om vilka teoretiska kunskaper, praktiska och personliga egenskaper som gör sjöingenjören attraktiv i ledande befattningar vid kärnkraftsverk. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och en intervju. Undersökningen skickades ut till Sveriges samtliga kärnkraftverk och intervjun gjordes med en anställd på ett utav dem. Detta citat ifrån en av undersökningens respondenter kan sammanfatta vår slutsats. ” Sjöingenjörsprogrammet är en mycket attraktiv utbildning för oss!”. Detta resultat, kan bero på den stora bristen och ointresse från unga att läsa till ingenjörsyrken, samt ingenjörernas höga medelålder och kommande pensionsavgångar.</p> / <p>It is our belief that nuclear power constitutes a future environmentally friendly alternative power source. Based on this conviction, our study was conducted with the principal aim of investigating whether or not a marine engineer would be eligible for employment at a nuclear power plant in Sweden after having ended his sea-going career.</p><p>The primary objective of our investigation was to examine what type of theoretical knowledge that the nuclear industry required. Furthermore, we also wanted to find answers to questions related to such requirements as practical and personal characteristics. Overall, we wanted to find out what personal and educational qualities that were needed to make marine engineers attractive as prospective employees for the nuclear power industry.</p><p>The collection of data was primarily made with the help of a questionnaire, which was sent to all nuclear power plants in Sweden. We also conducted an in-depth interview with one nuclear power plant employee.</p><p>The conclusion of our investigation into this field of possible future employment for a marine engineer can be deduced from the answer given by one of the questionnaire respondents: “The marine engineering programme is a very attractive education for us.”</p><p>The latter answer together with our general conclusions from the questionnaire, substantiate the fact that marine engineers will be plausible candidates for employment at nuclear power plants in the future.</p>

Kärnkraften ser vi som ett miljövänligt och bra alternativ för framtiden. Därför kändes det intressant att undersöka om vi som blivande sjöingenjörer har en framtid där efter våran karriär till sjöss. Syftet med detta arbete är att få ökad insikt om vilka teoretiska kunskaper, praktiska och personliga egenskaper som gör sjöingenjören attraktiv i ledande befattningar vid kärnkraftsverk. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och en intervju. Undersökningen skickades ut till Sveriges samtliga kärnkraftverk och intervjun gjordes med en anställd på ett utav dem. Detta citat ifrån en av undersökningens respondenter kan sammanfatta vår slutsats. ” Sjöingenjörsprogrammet är en mycket attraktiv utbildning för oss!”. Detta resultat, kan bero på den stora bristen och ointresse från unga att läsa till ingenjörsyrken, samt ingenjörernas höga medelålder och kommande pensionsavgångar. / It is our belief that nuclear power constitutes a future environmentally friendly alternative power source. Based on this conviction, our study was conducted with the principal aim of investigating whether or not a marine engineer would be eligible for employment at a nuclear power plant in Sweden after having ended his sea-going career. The primary objective of our investigation was to examine what type of theoretical knowledge that the nuclear industry required. Furthermore, we also wanted to find answers to questions related to such requirements as practical and personal characteristics. Overall, we wanted to find out what personal and educational qualities that were needed to make marine engineers attractive as prospective employees for the nuclear power industry. The collection of data was primarily made with the help of a questionnaire, which was sent to all nuclear power plants in Sweden. We also conducted an in-depth interview with one nuclear power plant employee. The conclusion of our investigation into this field of possible future employment for a marine engineer can be deduced from the answer given by one of the questionnaire respondents: “The marine engineering programme is a very attractive education for us.” The latter answer together with our general conclusions from the questionnaire, substantiate the fact that marine engineers will be plausible candidates for employment at nuclear power plants in the future.

Frisörers arbete med preparat som påverkar hårets kemiska uppbyggnad ökar och därmed även felbehandlingar på salonger. Detta skapar frågor kring från gymnasieutbildningen nyexaminerade frisörers kunskaper kring hur frisörers arbetsmaterial, det vill säga kunden, fungerar i samverkan med den kemiska behandling som utförs. Forskning kring hår finns då produktionen av produkter är enorm, men frågan är om frisörerna som användare av produkterna sitter på kunskapen kring håret och om de använder den kunskapen när de arbetar med kunden. Fokus som använts i studien är grundade på tre områden. Dessa presenteras som: Kund som helhet eller bara hår? Undervisningens styrkor och svagheter samt Yrkesutövandets förutsättningar. Resultaten visar respondenters erfarenheter i arbetets fokusområden utifrån utbildningens inriktning. De påvisar skillnader i sin uppfattning kring förutsättningarna för kemiska behandlingar av kundens hår som skiljer sig beroende på vilken skola de gått på, men påvisar även skillnader efter hur praktikplatsers förhållningssätt kring hårets beskaffenhet. Upplevelser i undervisningen påvisar vad de anser vara bra respektive dålig lärostil. Utöver det är framtidstron för ett arbete i yrket inte glasklar. Diskussionen sker utifrån respondenternas syn på fokusområdena vägt mot branschens och skolans perspektiv. / The use of chemical substances that negatively affect the biological composition of hair has increased, leading to more mistreatments in salons and hair studios. This has, consequently, led to questions arising from educators within the field regarding the knowledge levels of newly-trained hairdressers/stylists relative to the potential reactions of customers’ hair and the increasing use of preparative substances. Research and development conducted in the general field of hair-care is plentiful due to the huge level of production within the industry. Questions remain unanswered, however, in terms of whether those using the products within the profession have the relevant knowledge and/or if this knowledge is applied practically. The focus of this study is threefold: The customer; a whole (an entirety) or just hair The strengths and weaknesses of teaching within this field The pre-requisites for practicing the profession  Results indicate respondents’ experiences in the relevant areas dependent upon educational focus points. Furthermore, results show disparities in the understanding of pre-requisites concerning the chemical treatment of customer’s hair dependent on the school attended. A differentiation can also be seen practically, dependent on the variety of approaches and attitudes towards hair within salons offering practical placements. Experiences within the processes of learning show views of what are considered good or bad teaching styles. Belief in the employment potential within the industry is a debatable issue. The discussion has a comparative format; results herein are placed in contrast to the industry and in relation to the perspective of the school/educational institutions.

This thesis examines Leadership Development in both a corporate setting and an expedition-based setting. The assumptions that are the foundations of current Leadership Development originate, and are informed by, aspects of the natural sciences. These methods are critiqued in terms of usability and applicability in the context of human relating. An alternative approach is investigated based on nonlinear causality and the complex responsive process of relating using the work of Stacey (2003, 2007, 2010), Stacey and Griffin (2005), Stacey et al. (2000). What is explored is the Leader as expert and the ability through communication, decision making, and planning to create certainty. What is problematized is the fantasy that this creates in ongoing day-to-day interactions. The work explores interactions between a leadership consultant/coach and clients in varied domains: the role of the practitioner in the delivery and creation of theory, models, best practices and standard operating procedures; and the reflections of both the practitioner and clients that what is emerging cannot be foreseen. This leads to a further exploration cycle of the human experience in organizations and how reification, the uncanny, and the struggle for recognition might offer other ways of making sense of the experience. The work examines the role of the consultant/teacher and the client/student and the emergence of knowledge. It further investigates the relationship of time and causality and how this is connected to theoretical knowledge and knowledge in action. This leads to a further connection of thinking, reflecting and reflexivity and what this means as practice for leadership development. Using the context of leadership coaching for management teams and connecting the reflexive aspect of knowledge, what is argued is that sensemaking as developed by Weick (1995, 2001, 2009), Weick and Sutcliffe (2007) is not a sufficient practice to explain and create best practices, standard operating procedures, models, and theories. What is also necessary, and is identified as sensemaking and connected to Elias (1987) work, is our own involvement and detachment as we abstract to understand what is happening in the moment between human agents. It is argued that paying attention to these aspects of ongoing human relating offer the possibility of thicker and a more contextualized understanding of the emergent unpredictable outcomes that leaders deal with every day.

Bakgrund: Det finns väl rapporterat kunskap och teoribildningar om sjuksköterskans övergång från utbildningen till det praktiska yrkesutövandet. Den kunskap som saknas är bland annat hur den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan upplever sina förmågor i praxis, särskilt i relation till god vård och omvårdnad. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskans upplevelser av sin kunskap i relation till kraven på säker vård och omvårdnad. Metod: Studien genomfördes som litteraturöversikt som bygger på nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Analysmetoden var deduktiv innehållsanalys (template analysis; Malterud,1998). Strukturen i analysmetoden byggde på modellen människa, teknik och organisation av Ödegård (2006). Resultat: Analysfynden formades efter kategorierna människa, teknik, organisation enligt Ödegårds modell. Dessa kategorier innehåller åtta subkategorier: fysisk påfrestning, förhindrad koncentration, känslomässig otillräcklighet, oförmåga till kritiskt tänkande inom omvårdnad; stödberoende vid akuta situationer, frustration vid invecklad och krånglande teknik; gäst i den dysfunktionella verkligheten och den svaga punkten – den ojämna bemanningen. Slutsats: Analysen av nio vetenskapliga arbeten med stöd av Ödegårds och Benners teoretiska begrepp har visat att övergången från sjuksköterskestudent till novis och avancerad nybörjare, det vill säga en övergång från teoretisk kunskap till praktisk handling, innefattar upplevelser av en samling av hinder. Hindren manifesteras tydligast i relation till sjuksköterskans upplevelser av sin kunskap enligt kategorin människa och måttligt enligt kategorierna teknik och organisation. Vad gäller den oerfarna sjuksköterskans kunskapsproblem i relation till kraven på säker vård och omvårdnad, visas i arbetet att dessa härrör främst från begreppen människa och organisation och endast sparsamt från begreppet teknik. / Background: A nurse graduate’s transition period in her profession is well illustrated from previous studies and theories. However, what has been overlooked is how the newly graduate perceives her ability in practice, especially in relation to what is actually required in good nursing care. Aim: The aim of this study was to elucidate the newly examined nurse’s experience of her conception of what is demanded of her in relation to a safe care. Method: This study was carried out as a literature review from nine scientific articles. The analysis method was a deductive content analysis (template analysis; Malterud, 1998). The structure of the analysis was based on the model Man -Technique-Organisation of Ödegård (2006). Results: in the analysis, originated from the categories – man– technique – organisation after the model of Ödegård, emerged eight subcategories: physical stress, distraction, emotional inadequacy, inability to objective thinking regarding nursing care; need of support in urgent situations, frustration in dealing with complicated and difficult technology; a guest in a dysfunctional reality, and the weak link – an imbalance in staffing. Conclusion : The analysis of nine scientific articles, with support of Ödegård’s and Benner’s theoretical concepts, has shown that the transition from a student nurse to novice and advanced beginner, i.e. a transition from the theoretical knowledge to the knowledge in practice, subsequently includes experiences of restraining aspects which leads to problem issues. The nurse’s inability in practice is manifested clearly according to the category person and moderately to the categories technology and organisation. Regarding the newly examined nurses’ experience of knowledge issues in relation to the demand in giving a good and safe nursing care, the results originate primarily from the concepts Man and Organisation, and only hardly from the concept, technology.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:20:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalJosicleide.pdf: 2447454 bytes, checksum: 49200095e1d93140360955279b0d33ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Taking into account the changes in this globalized world, whose consequences echo in the accounting setting, in which their effects are manifested in reflections, theories and social, tax or normative practices, it is realized that the accountant needs a theoretical and practical formation that fosters a professional profile which makes feasible better organizational results and social development. Hence, accounting formation should encompass the necessary competences so that the course s graduate student can be placed in the labor market so as to respond to its demands as well as to the settings of the global economic policies, consciously and critically, ensuring thus the citizenship exercise by envisaging better life conditions and information democratization. Due to this fact, this research aimed at analyzing the existent relationship between the theoretical knowledge and the practice knowledge in the Accounting formation from the pedagogical-political fundamentals of Higher Education in the state of Paraíba. Consequently, Jürgem Habermas´ contributions to the Theory of Communicative Action were used with the intention to understand the relation established between the theoretical discourse and the practical one, having as starting point the definitions of instrumental reason and communicative reason . For the development of this research of empirical classification and quanti-qualitative approach, the exploratory typology was adopted having bibliographical and documental research as procedures. As to data collection, a questionnaire with closed questions was answered by students/trainees from the following public institutions: UFPB Campus I, UFPB Campus IV, UFCG Campus Sousa, UEPB Campus I and UEPB Campus VI. The results obtained from the content analysis of the Pedagogical Projects of the Courses (PPCs) denote the fulfillment of the National Curricular Guidelines (DCNs) by the researched Higher Education Institutions. The analysis of syllabuses of the Laboratory of Practices demonstrates that the activities inherent to the exercise of accounting profession were not fully covered. Time dedicated to the total course load is reduced thus highlighting that there is concern with reflection and understanding originated from the objectives of the accounting technique, and with the means on attaining the specific goals, providing instrumental rationality. Questionnaire results reveal that the courses have a highly theoretical design. Practices are not carried out in full time and their focus is on the modus operandi . The training students feel fairly qualified for their entry in the labor market and they are not fully prepared to perform all the activities that are fulfilled by means of technological systems. The duality, that the obtained data make reference to the hypothesis, corroborates the dichotomy itself of the accounting formation that is related to the imperatives of instrumental rationality as well as to the communicative one. It can be concluded, however not acceptable, that in the accounting formation, the practice is dissociated from the theory and vice versa. / A Estratégia Saúde da Família enfrenta hoje o grande desafio de superar um modelo de atenção biologicista, e consolidar-se como espaço de cuidado integral, de inovação, e de aprendizagem contínua. Reconhecer as diferentes subculturas nas organizações e potencializar a aprendizagem individual e coletiva é essencial em espaços como este. Nesta pesquisa estudamos a Aprendizagem e a Cultura Organizacional em uma unidade docente-assistencial, campo de prática para alguns cursos de graduação e para a residência em medicina de família e comunidade da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Fizemos um estudo de caso com uma abordagem qualitativa apoiado na hermenêutica-dialética. Realizamos 15 entrevistas com profissionais (incluindo residentes), apoiadores e preceptores da residência. A equipe se mostrou com traços positivos de coletividade, tolerância ao outro, compreensão, e como aspectos negativos uma relação tensa com a gestão e, poucos e difíceis espaços de conversa. A residência foi um ponto discutido como fator de mudança de práticas, qualificação do cuidado, e de construção de propostas para a unidade de saúde. Ao mesmo tempo, as mudanças ocorridas neste período geram ansiedades e conflitos trabalhados pela equipe. As unidade estudada apresentou algumas identificações com princípios da Atenção Básica, principalmente com o trabalho em equipe, e o cuidado ao paciente. Diversos aspectos foram levantados sobre a valorização e desvalorização do trabalho, principalmente o reconhecimento do trabalho no primeiro, e condições difíceis de trabalho no segundo. O acolhimento e o papel do apoiador, foram temas repetidamente discutido nas entrevistas.

This thesis investigates latent theoretical knowledge and practical skills in zoology in differently aged sets of basic- and grammar school pupils and students of biology- and natural history education at faculty of education. Examination was taken by test complemented by screened set of photographs and pictures of animals, which was submitted to sample of 844 respondents. It was discovered, various year-class of basic- and grammar schools pupils and students of biology- and natural history education keep in only slightly above-average latent theoretical knowledge and skills of basic zoology curriculum. Biology education and naural history education students finishing their curricula prove less then 85 % success of theoretical and practical parts of the test used for investigation. It was discovered, the time period after the zoology curriculum had been taught has different effect to level of latent knowledge of differently aged respondents from different types of schools. Results of investigation found between the years 2006 - 2008 are analyzed, evaluated and compared with results of similar past studies.