La fabrication du pare-brise automobile est réalisée par un procédé de thermoformage dans un four tunnel où des feuilles de verre subissent un chauffage différentiel par rayonnement par des centaines d'éléments chauffants électriques contrôlés individuellement. Ces travaux ont pour objectif final de répondre à une problématique industrielle formulée en tant que problème d'optimisation. Elle consiste à aider le conducteur du four à retrouver la cartographie de puissance qui permet d'obtenir le champ de température nécessaire à la surface du verre afin d'aboutir à une forme souhaitée. Pour y parvenir, un modèle du four basé sur la méthode de réseau de composants est utilisé afin de simuler le cycle de chauffage. Dans un premier temps, la précision de la température calculée est améliorée par identification paramétrique en se référant à des données de mesures effectuées in situ. Une étude de sensibilité locale et globale a été réalisée au préalable. Par la suite, dans le but d'accélérer ces calculs, une méthode d'optimisation originale est proposée. Elle consiste à combiner la méthode métaheuristique du Recuit Simulé et l'Algorithme de Re-revêtement pour identifier l'émissivité multi-bande des matériaux. Après avoir effectué une validation sur un modèle simplifié 3D de four radiatif de traitement de matériaux, la méthode originale est appliquée pour le modèle du four réel. Outre l'amélioration de la précision des résultats de la simulation, la nouvelle démarche réduit considérablement le temps de calcul. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, plusieurs méthodes métaheuristiques, telles que l'Algorithme Génétique, le Recuit Simulé, la Recherche Tabou ainsi que leur hybridation sont expérimentées pour un modèle simplifié d'une enceinte radiative. Les résultats montrent que la combinaison de l'Algorithme Génétique et du Recuit Simulé a permis d'accélérer la convergence pour atteindre les champs de températures souhaités sur la surface du produit. Cette méthode est par la suite appliquée avec succès pour inverser le modèle du four afin de retrouver les paramètres de commande du four. / The manufacturing of automobile windshield is produced by a thermoforming process in a tunnel furnace where glass undergoes differential heating radiation by hundreds of electrical heating elements individually controlled. The final purpose of this work is to answer a real industrial problem, which is formulated as an optimization problem. It aims at assisting the furnace driver to find the setting that allows obtaining the required temperature distribution on the glass design in order to achieve the desired shape. Based on the method of network components, a model of the furnace is used to simulate the heating cycle. As a first step of this work, the accuracy of the temperature calculated is improved by parametric identification by referring to the data of measurements taken in situ. A local and global sensitivity analysis was performed beforehand. Thereafter, in order to accelerate these calculations, an original and optimization method is proposed. It consists in combining the Simulated Annealing metaheuristic method and the Replating Algorithm to identify multi-band emissivity. First, the original method validation is performed on a simplified 3D model of radiative enclosure, and then applied to the real furnace model. The new approach significantly reduces the computation time while improving the accuracy of the simulation results. In the second part of this work, several metaheuristic methods, such as Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, and their hybridization are tested on a simplified model of a radiative enclosure. Results show that the combination of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing has accelerated the convergence to achieve the desired temperature fields on the product surface. This new method is successfully applied to the real furnace model to find the optimal control parameters.

Karton ist ein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen hergestelltes Halbzeug, biologisch abbaubar und mit sehr guter Wiederverwertbarkeit. Damit stellt Karton eine zukunftsträchtige Grundlage für die Herstellung von Verpackungen für die Lebensmittel- und Konsumgüterproduktion dar. Schon heute werden in vielen Verpackungslösungen Kunststoffe durch naturfaserbasierte Halbzeuge ersetzt, um von den genannten Vorteilen zu profitieren. Um die Verbreitung dieses Naturstoffes weiter zu unterstützen, werden intelligente und effektive Herstellungsverfahren benötigt, die eine Massenfertigung von Packmitteln in hoher Qualität ermöglichen. [... aus der Einleitung]

This thesis covers a product development process carried out at the company “Asclepion Laser Technologies” for a product family of aesthetic medical laser devices. Due to different dimensions and dates of origin, an obvious divergence in the appearance of the present products within the product family had emerged in the company. Since the recognition value of a brand is greatly influenced by its product design the company aspired the development of a uniform design for the whole product family.   For this purpose, the objective of this thesis was the development of a new housing design. A modular design was pursued, to make it applicable for different devices of the same product family. Building multiple devices from the same housing modules reduces the overall production costs by decreasing tooling costs and decreasing the diversity of parts from suppliers. With the use of thermoforming as the predetermined production method, the production costs are kept low in addition.   During the master thesis project, the whole product development process was executed. The present thesis describes the development process in its four different phases, beginning with the pre-studies over ideation, concept development till the development of a final product ready for production. The implementation of suitable methods and tools in this design process, like observational studies and morphological idea generation, is outlined.   In collaboration with a thermoform specialist a CAD-model, ready for production, was delivered. After a revision of the developed product design by a commercial design company the design has been immediately transferred into serial production. / Denna uppsats beskriver den produktutvecklingsprocess som genomförts i samarbete med “Asclepion Laser Technologies” i syfte att ta fram ett gemensamt formspråk för en produktfamilj av medicinska lasrar. Eftersom att dessa produkter varierar i storlek såväl som utvecklingsår fanns stora skillnader i deras respektive formspråk. Eftersom att formspråk och design är viktiga för varumärkets identitet så eftersträvade företaget att införa ett gemensamt formspråk för sina produkter.   Examensarbetets syfte var sålunda att ta fram en design för nya kåpor. För att göra designen applicerbar över hela produktfamiljen så eftersträvades ett modulärt system. Genom att nyttja samma kåpor till flera produkter kan dessutom produktionskostnad, verktygskostnad och antal underleverantörer sänkas. Varmforming som preliminär tillverkningsmetod bidrar även det till en låg produktionskostnad.   Arbetet omfattade hela produktutvecklingsprocessen i fyra steg, med förstudie, idégenerering, konceptutveckling och produktionsklart koncept. Användandet av metoder och verktyg för utvecklingsprocessen, såsom observationsstudier morfologisk idégenerering, beskrivs övergripande.   I samarbete med en varmformningsspecialist levererades en produktionsklar CAD-modell. Efter att ha reviderats av ett kommersiellt designföretag har den framtagna designen satts i serieproduktion.

<p>Multilayer polymer decorative films are showing a growing presence in the automotive industry, substituting conventional paint applications while maintaining similar aesthetic appeal. However for certain film constructions that have distinct layer properties, the polymer film laminates have shown to form wrinkles on application of heat during thermoforming. In this study, attempts were made to identify the factors influencing wrinkling and to predict the variation in the wrinkle parameters under changing forming conditions using existing theoretical models. A new modified thermoforming technique is proposed for producing thermoformed parts without wrinkles and thereby achieving a <em>Class A</em> finished surface.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

La simulation de la mise en forme des films polymères de décoration par le procédé de thermoformage a plusieurs objectifs. Elle permet de déterminer la faisabilité, ou les conditions de cette faisabilité et surtout elle permet de résoudre les nombreuses problématiques concernant la maîtrise des propriétés finales du film de décoration, telles que sa distribution d'épaisseur. Les simulations évitent les coûteuses études expérimentales par essais-erreurs. Le travail présenté dans ce document concerne les deux étapes principales de la mise en forme des films polymères par thermoformage, à savoir, l’étape de chauffage thermique par infrarouge et l’étape dite de formage. Les apports de ce travail sont les suivants : le développement d’une loi de comportement viscoélastique isotrope non isotherme, permettant de décrire le comportement mécanique du film polymère au cours de sa déformation. La simulation de l’étape de chauffage infrarouge permettant la mise en forme des films polymères à la température calculée par la prise en compte de la loi de comportement mécanique proposée. Enfin, un ensemble de simulations de mise en forme ont été réalisés et validés par comparaison avec des essais expérimentaux. / The simulation of the forming process of polymer films for thermoforming process has several objectives. It allows to determine feasibility or the conditions of this feasibility and above all it allows to know the thickness distribution of the deformed film of decoration. Simulations avoid the expensive experimental studies by test-errors. The work presented in this document relates to the two steps of the thermoforming of polymer films. The first step consists in heating the sheet using infrared lamps and the second step consists in forming the sheet into a mold. The contributions of this work are as follows: development of numerical modelling of the thermoforming process for non-isothermal viscoelastic sheet under large strains. Simulation of the heating step with taken into account the heterogeneous radiative heat transfer due to the shape of the tools. Finally, a set of simulations of forming processes was realized and the results of the simulations are compared to the results of experiments.

Implant dentistry is a growing field in the education of undergraduate dental students. The present laboratory study evaluates factors which may potentially influence the accuracy of free-hand implant insertion and the use of an orientation template. After three-dimensional planning using coDiagnostiXTM, orientation templates, including sleeves for the pilot-drill in regions 41 and 45, were manufactured by thermoforming. Sixty-one fifth year dental students inserted one implant using the orientation template and another implant free-hand in an artificial mandible. Information regarding age, sex, handedness, education, and the time required for implant insertion were recorded. Subsequently, the mandibles were scanned using cone-beam-computed tomography and the accuracy of the implant position was assessed, while statistical analysis followed. The free-hand implant insertion resulted in a distal deviation of −1.34 ± 5.15° and a mesial mismatch of 0.06 ± 0.79 mm at the artificial bone level compared to the sleeves. When using the orientation templates, the deviation decreased to −0.67 ± 3.48° and a distal mismatch of −0.22 ± 0.62 mm was achieved. The difference was statistically significant for the mismatch (p < 0.049). Regarding the limitations of our study, it could be said that the accuracy level achieved by dental undergraduates using implant placement with orientation templates is comparable to that in other studies.

The aim of this work is to explore the joining of inspiration, such as different garments and materials, in relation to commonly used methods in the fashion industry when it comes to joining of different trends and references such as clashing and collaging. The work proposes a new method and framework for join- ing inspiration which generates different results depending on what kind of inspiration that is put in to it. A garment can roughly be broken down to a silhouette and shape, materials and details. The material put in to the method and framework is based on information from trend seminars for SS16, because that is how many of today’s trend-oriented fashion brands get there inspiration. Trendy garment silhouettes are mixed through processes of computational morphing in Adobe Flash by a generation of spin in the mixing process were shape hints are used in a new manner. The new generated silhouettes are further developed and materialized through procedures of interpretation and figuration. Different trendy materials are melded in a direct and concrete way through mixed media techniques such as laminating, fusing and vacuum-techniques. The final steps of the method is a garment shape and material synthesis with starting point in the generated shape with the final material. The projects intention is to let the physical experimentation, interpretation and figuration play a central role in the research process for new types of methods, garments, materials and expressive pos- sibilities.