Child marriage, usually regarded as an issue pertaining to the non-‘developed’ parts of the world, can still be found in the United States (US), though efforts to combat it shape foreign policy goals. Is child marriage represented as a ‘problem’ in the same way internally as externally, and how do human rights play a role? Using Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” approach, the problem representations emerge, showing that child marriage functions as a ‘solution’ to welfare ‘problems’ in national policy, as an obstacle to economic prosperity in foreign policy; and as a ‘foreign’ culture ‘problem’ in immigration policy. Postcolonial feminist theory’s “Third World Girl” allows for a deeper understanding of some of the subjectivities these representations entail, and the biopolitical nature of the assumptions which underlie these problem representations are explored through Foucault’s theoretical work on sexuality and production.

This thesis applies the theory and method of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the ideological components of the First World Problems (FWP) and Third World Success (TWS) Internet memes. Drawing on analytical concepts from CDA and related perspectives, such as multimodal discourse analysis and social semiotics, the paper analyzes the visual and textual elements of a sample of the FWP and TWS memes. The paper argues that the text and images featured in the memes are ideologically salient and discursively construct oppositional binaries between “us” and “them” in terms of wealth disparity.

As a political, social, and cultural ideology, Pan-Africanism has been a complex movement attempting to ameliorate the dehumanizing effects of "the global Eurocentric colonial/modern capitalist model of power," which Anibal Quijano (2000) refers to as "the coloniality of power." The destructive forces of the coloniality of power--beginning with the transatlantic slave trade--that led to the dispersal and displacement of millions of Africans subsequently facilitated the creation of Pan-African political and cultural consciousness. Thus, this dissertation examines diverse articulations of Pan-African politics of cultural struggle as a response to racist and sexist oppression and economic exploitation of Afro-descendants. I am specifically interested in the formation of international politico-cultural movements, such as the Black Arts movement, Négritude, and the Pan-African Cultural Revolution and their ideological alignments to political liberation struggles for the emancipation of people of African descent. With varying degrees of revolutionary commitment, intellectuals in each of these movements utilized literary and cultural production to raise the political consciousness of Africans and Afro-descendants to combat forces that oppressed their communities. To demonstrate this, my dissertation historicizes and analyzes the numerous Pan-African festivals, congresses, and conferences, which occurred between 1965 and 1977, while interrogating the specific manifestations of "translocal" contacts and linkages between movement intellectuals. I chose to focus on these years because they roughly correspond with the historical time period known as the Black Arts movement in North America (1965-1975), which had a vibrant, yet understudied Pan-African worldview. Moreover, while Pan-Africanism gained considerable traction after World War II, it was particularly between 1966 and 1977 that intellectuals aligned with Négritude and Pan- African Marxism competed for ideological hegemony of the movement on the African continent and in the African Diaspora.

<p> This thesis examines the theory of unequal exchange - an application of the labour theory of value to international freetrade - arguing that increased trade will harm rather than improve economic and social disparities between the developed and Third World countries. The theory as put forward by Arghiri Emmanuel is first presented and criticised. Assumptions of capital mobility and labour mobility on a world scale are than examined. As a result of these analyses unequal exchange is found to be a process the magnitude of which is mediated by the historical development of technology and the increasing mobility of productive capital. Unequal exchange does not provide a monocausal explanation of uneven development in capitalism as dependency-like interpretations would suggest, though it does make a significant contribution to a multicausal explanation. </p> <p>The existence of unequal exchange is shown, and its magnitude measured'i""' empirically on the basis of Morishima's value system. Input-output accounts for Canada and the Philippines are used for 1961 to produce estimates of commodity values per dollar. It is found that exports from the Philippines sold at prices that were almost five times lower than exports from Canada of the same value. Unequal exchange therefore, is a significant counteracting influence to the tendency for the rate of profit to fall in developed sectors, reducing the rate of profit, and therefore the rate of accumulation, in less developed sectors of production. </p> <p> The results of this analysis provide for two policy suggestions. Firstly the need to extend the class struggle to an international scale. Secondly, whilst import substitution may not solve the problems of less developed countries, an increase in trade will only harm them further. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The Brazilian Neo-Pentecostal Movement has impressively spread throughout the country in the past two decades and significantly diversified the evangelical landscape in the nation. Churches affiliated with the movement comprise the fastest growing segment in Brazilian evangelicalism and their adherents make up an estimated forty-two percent of the Pentecostal camp. The Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is the most well-known denomination to come out of the movement and possibly the largest contemporary missionary export from a third-world nation. Therefore, the missiological case analysis centers on the IURD to determine if it has actually facilitated or inhibited the successful evangelization of Brazilian society. Published documents by the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization and evangelical scholars who are in general agreement with the Lausanne Movement provide sound criteria for the evangelical mission assessment. In the first chapter, I present preliminary details concerning Brazilian Neo-Pentecostalism and the IURD, the research question, a literature review, and rational for the project. The second chapter documents the development of Brazilian Pentecostalism from its inception to the 3 present third-wave movement. Chapter three surveys aspects of the IURD: its founder and principal leader, controversies and criticisms around the denomination, ecclesiastical organization, principal ministry outlet, primary message, and expansion. The fourth chapter explores factors that have facilitated the IURD‟s growth and integration in Brazilian society. The fifth chapter analyzes certain features of the IURD to determine if it has promoted or deterred the evangelization of Brazilian society; areas for consideration include soteriological tenets, certain aspects related to worldview, fellowship dynamics, the importance of financial giving, and societal interaction. The last chapter recaps the thesis‟ content, summarizes a response to the research question, and elaborates on the implications that the findings mean for evangelical mission. Through the contents herein, mission researchers and the global church can better comprehend the IURD‟s complexity, teachings, strategies, and practices and begin to understand its impact on evangelical mission. Furthermore, pastors and parishioners can effectively serve potential, current, and former adherents of the IURD and similar churches. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

This dissertation is a descriptive study in which the changed meaning of nonalignment in international politics between the years 1961 - 1992, is analysed. The concept non-alignment as manifested in four chronological phases of the Non-Aligned Movement {1960's, 1970's, 1980's, 1990/92] is analysed, compared and evaluated. The comparison shows that the meaning of non- alignment underwent a change in each of these four phases. It's meaning changed from a literal meaning in phases 1-3 [in which the focus shifted from being political to economic], to a symboric or figurative meaning in phase 4. The changes to the meaning of non-alignment came about mainly as a result of interaction with the international context and, to a lesser extent, due to the role of influential states in NAM. These changes were of critical importance for non-alignment to remain relevant and for NAM to be able to make a potential impact on an ever-changing world. / Political Sciences / M.A. (International Politics)

The dissertation addresses the causes and consequences of the 1973-1974 energy crisis. A new postcolonial concept of sovereignty, "permanent sovereignty over natural resources," challenged the structure of the international economy in the early 1950s. The proponents of permanent sovereignty identified the relationship between the industrial nations and raw material producers as a vestige of empire. By gaining control over national resources, Third World leaders hoped to reset the relationship between the developing and developed nations. The concept of permanent sovereignty authenticated new definitions and goals of decolonization and statehood. A new middle ground between U.S. diplomacy and Third World economic thought emerged in international oil politics. Chapters on the 1967 Arab oil embargo, Saudi and Iranian demands in the wake of imperial Britain's Persian Gulf withdrawal, the legal battles over the Iraqi Ba'ath regime's nationalized oil, and the reverberating effects of newly radical Libyan politics, explain how members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) remade permanent sovereignty between 1967 to 1972. OPEC underscored the salience of permanent sovereignty in the international political economy, but it also undermined it. The built-in tension culminated in the 1973-1974 energy crisis. The final chapters discuss how the impregnable sovereignty preached by OPEC and its transnational backers in the New International Economic Order engendered a strategic response from the United States: neoliberal diplomacy. OPEC's cartel politics became a scapegoat for policymakers who simplified and codified neoclassical economic ideas. Market-centered reform developed into an analytical refuge in the political-economic wreckage of the energy crisis. American strategy toward the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations reveal that neoliberal diplomacy became widely influential in U.S. foreign policy. / text

The Brazilian Neo-Pentecostal Movement has impressively spread throughout the country in the past two decades and significantly diversified the evangelical landscape in the nation. Churches affiliated with the movement comprise the fastest growing segment in Brazilian evangelicalism and their adherents make up an estimated forty-two percent of the Pentecostal camp. The Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) is the most well-known denomination to come out of the movement and possibly the largest contemporary missionary export from a third-world nation. Therefore, the missiological case analysis centers on the IURD to determine if it has actually facilitated or inhibited the successful evangelization of Brazilian society. Published documents by the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization and evangelical scholars who are in general agreement with the Lausanne Movement provide sound criteria for the evangelical mission assessment. In the first chapter, I present preliminary details concerning Brazilian Neo-Pentecostalism and the IURD, the research question, a literature review, and rational for the project. The second chapter documents the development of Brazilian Pentecostalism from its inception to the 3 present third-wave movement. Chapter three surveys aspects of the IURD: its founder and principal leader, controversies and criticisms around the denomination, ecclesiastical organization, principal ministry outlet, primary message, and expansion. The fourth chapter explores factors that have facilitated the IURD‟s growth and integration in Brazilian society. The fifth chapter analyzes certain features of the IURD to determine if it has promoted or deterred the evangelization of Brazilian society; areas for consideration include soteriological tenets, certain aspects related to worldview, fellowship dynamics, the importance of financial giving, and societal interaction. The last chapter recaps the thesis‟ content, summarizes a response to the research question, and elaborates on the implications that the findings mean for evangelical mission. Through the contents herein, mission researchers and the global church can better comprehend the IURD‟s complexity, teachings, strategies, and practices and begin to understand its impact on evangelical mission. Furthermore, pastors and parishioners can effectively serve potential, current, and former adherents of the IURD and similar churches. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

Anotation The diploma thesis entitled "The Phenomenon of food aid" deals with the topic of food aid, including its origins, its significance and functioning, as well as affiliates of the food bank. The diploma thesis also includes The Operational Programme of Material and Food Aid, provided for years 2014 to 2020 included. Another aspect of the thesis is an actual view over the problem of food wastage. They are measured a factors which affect the food security, and it also compares a several different institutions, dealing with the food aid. As a part of the research, there is a practical survey included. The practical part tries to primarily answer questions of food wastage. Than it searches kinds of the food groceries which are wasted most often, as well as their amount. The practical part also ascertains the willingness of the operators to provide the discarded food to a people in need. It also monitors the actual knowledge about the National Food Bank itself. A case study in the form of a short interview with a homeless person in included. The interview is thematically based on the possibility and the availability of food aid itself.

第一章為概要性地敘述發展中國家之情況，並略加說明「新國際經濟秩序 」提出之經過及其後之發展，對全文作一綜覽。第二章首先就第二次世界 大戰之後的經濟秩序，即所謂的「布來頓森林體系」（Bretton Woods System）加以描繪。繼論述該體系與第三世界國家貧窮之連帶關係，乃導 致第三世界國家對既有國際經濟秩序的強烈不滿，因而亟思對國際經濟秩 序有所改革。該章繼敘述布來頓森林體系式微之過程，並分析其原因及其 對一九七０年代世界局勢之影響。最後則是「新國際經濟秩序」提出之過 程，說明第三世界國家團結之因素並評估其成敗。第三章為理論分析的單 元。該章首先敘及曾經於二次大戰後不久盛行一時的「現代化理論」（ Modernization Theory）之內涵，以及對發展觀念的改變過程等。繼論及 一九五０年代時，拉丁美洲學者普雷畢齊 Raul Prebisch ）與「拉丁美 洲經濟理事會」（Economic Commission for Latin America ）對傳統現 代化理論之批評及其學說內容，然後是對依賴理論分析與評論。第三章的 主要目的是為第三世界國家建立「新國際經濟秩序」之主張，尋求理論的 基礎。因此該章以一九七０年代之前盛行的國際經濟理論為主，盼能瞭解 第三世界國家領袖思想轉變之因素。第四章主在針對「新國際經濟秩序」 的本質加以分析。包括其提出之考量點與時空因素等。繼而敘述「新國際 經濟秩序」內容所囊括之項目，其次是各國對「新國際經濟秩序」之看法 與解釋。最後是內容分析，以觀發展中國家提出「新國際經濟秩序」的動 機與目的。第五章首先說明北方國家對「新國際經濟秩序」之反應與謀求 之對策，以及南方國家的因應之道。繼而敘述「新國際經濟秩序」提出後 之世局發展，如一九七五年巴黎會議之召開，因而揭開南北對話之序幕。 之後略為敘及一九八０年代之國際經濟情勢。該章最後是對「新國際經濟 秩序」之整體評估，包括其影響、成敗及聲勢漸微之原因等。第六章為結 論，乃綜論各章之敘述與分析，提出對經濟成長與國家發展的應謀策略， 以供參考。