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Modern construction projects are delivered in complex, fast pace environments. Stakeholders are required to participate in dynamic project settings with resource constraints, information constraints, and time constraints. To overcome gaps in knowledge, to deliver decisions quickly, and to overcome human limits in cognitive ability, decision makers typically employ heuristics, or rules of thumb to arrive at relatively quick answers. Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that an individual employs to arrive at quick decisions (Goodwin et al., 2004). These heuristics are used in a variety of ways, ranging from using the process of elimination (elimination heuristic) to applying different cognitive weights to options based on recent experience, reputation, or familiarity (Shah and Oppenheimer, 2008). This research aims to identify heuristics present in the implementation phase of construction. By summarizing the results of two studies conducted with a Mid-Atlantic Contractor, this thesis prescribes seven heuristics commonly used by construction stakeholders. / Master of Science / Modern construction provides a difficult decision making environment for workers. Construction stakeholders often work in environments with limited time, with limited information, and with limited knowledge. Decision makers in these environments typically use mental rules of thumb (formerly known as heuristics). These rules of thumb help decisions makers arrive at quick answers and often increase efficiency. They can be used in a variety of ways. An individual may use the process of elimination to find a solution. Others may base their decision off a company, person, or object ‘s reputation. Others may only choose an option that is recognizable. Rules of thumb take many forms and are used by all people. Studying rules of thumb can benefit an industry. This has already been proven in many industries, such as insurance (Handel & Kolstad, 2015), medicine (Martin et al., 2012), and economics (Grandori, 2010). The construction industry has begun to study rules of thumb that impact early stages of the construction process, but it still lacks rules of thumb that impact the process of physical construction. This paper aims to assist the construction industry in gaining a fuller view of decision making shortcuts used by its stakeholders. By summarizing the results of two studies conducted with a Mid-Atlantic Contractor, this thesis outlines seven heuristic used by construction workers.

Aiming to understand the mechanism of ripening of the Fuyu persimmon and extend the storage period, experiments were preformed to evaluate the effect of the period of exposure to low temperature, controlled atmosphere and inhibitor the ethylene action in the beginning or in the end of storage period on the incidence of softening. In the first experiment following treatments were evaluated: [1] 3 days at -0.5°C; [2] 6 days at -0.5°C; [3] 9 days at -0.5°C; [4] 6 days at 10°C; [5] 9 days at 10°C; [6] 15 days at 10°C; [7] 9 days at 15°C and [8] 15 days at 15°C. In the second experiment treatments were obtained by combining the temperature (-0.5; 10; 12.5; 15 e 17.5°C) with and without application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), before storage. The laboratory tests were performed after 1 and 2 months storage. In the third experiment at -0.5ºC were evaluated the treatments: [1] cold storage(CS), [2] application of 1ppm of 1-MCP and subsequent CS, [3] CS and subsequent application of 1-MCP, [4] controlled atmosphere (CA) with 1.0kPa O2 + 8.0kPa CO2, [5] application of 1-MCP and subsequent storage in CA, [6] CA storage and subsequent application of 1-MCP. The laboratory tests were performed after 2 months in fruits storage in CS and after 4 months in fruits storage in CA. According to the results of the experiments the period of 9 days at -0.5ºC does not provide sufficient cooling to stimulate the maturation process of persimmon, do not altering the production of ethylene, respiration and softening of the fruit when compared with 15ºC. The storage of Fuyu persimmon for one month at -0.5ºC is sufficient to stimulate the maturation process, with 100% fruit softened after 6 days at 20°C. Already, storage for two months at -0.5°C accelerates the maturation process and leaving 100% fruit soft after 4 days at 20°C. At the temperatures of 10, 12.5 and 15°C occurred softening of fruit during storage, showing that these temperatures for long periods, are also efficient in the unlock process of maturation. The softening is related with the ethylene action and probably with its receptor. The application of 1-MCP before or after storage block the maturation process even in fruit exposed at -0.5°C, not occurring softening after exposure at 20°C. Controlled atmosphere delayed the softening. CA condition with 1.0kPa O2 + 8.0kPa CO2 with application of 1-MCP was the most efficient treatment to control the maturation, but occurred high incidence of decay after 4 months storage of Fuyu persimmon. / Objetivando compreender o processo de amadurecimento do caqui Fuyu e prolongar o armazenamento foram conduzidos experimentos para avaliar o efeito do período de exposição à baixa temperatura, atmosfera controlada e aplicação de inibidor da ação do etileno em dois momentos, no início e no final do armazenamento, sobre o amolecimento, analisados visualmente. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se: [1] 3 dias na temperatura de -0,5°C; [2] 6 dias na temperatura de -0,5°C; [3] 9 dias na temperatura de -0,5°C; [4] 6 dias na temperatura de 10°C; [5] 9 dias na temperatura de 10°C; [6] 15 dias na temperatura de 10°C; [7] 9 dias na temperatura de 15°C e [8] 15 dias na temperatura de 15°C. No segundo experimento, os tratamentos foram originados da combinação de temperaturas (-0,5; 10; 12,5; 15 e 17,5°C) com e sem aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), antes do armazenamento. As análises laboratoriais foram realizadas após 1 e 2 meses de armazenamento. No terceiro experimento, na temperatura de -0,5ºC foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: [1] AR; [2] aplicação de 1ppm de 1-MCP durante 24h e posterior AR; [3] AR e posterior aplicação de 1ppm de 1-MCP durante 24h; [4] atmosfera controlada (AC) com 1,0kPa de O2 + 8,0kPa de CO2; [5] aplicação de 1ppm de 1-MCP 24h e posterior armazenamento em AC; [6] armazenamento em AC e posterior aplicação de 1ppm de 1-MCP. As análises laboratoriais foram realizadas após 2 meses nos frutos armazenados em AR e após 4 meses nos frutos armazenamentos em AC. Segundo os resultados dos experimentos, o período de 9 dias na temperatura de -0,5ºC não fornece frio suficiente para estimular o processo de maturação do caqui, não alterando a produção de etileno, a respiração e o amolecimento dos frutos em relação a 15ºC. O armazenamento de caqui por um mês na temperatura de -0,5ºC é suficiente para estimular o processo de maturação, com 100% dos frutos amolecidos aos 6 dias de exposição a 20ºC. Já, o armazenamento por dois meses na temperatura de -0,5ºC torna 100% dos frutos amolecidos aos 4 dias de exposição a 20ºC. As temperaturas de 10; 12,5 e 15ºC ocasionam amolecimento dos frutos durante o armazenamento, o que indica que essas temperaturas por longo período de tempo também são eficientes no desbloqueio da maturação. O amolecimento tem relação com a ação do etileno e, mais provavelmente, com o seu receptor. A aplicação de 1-MCP, antes ou após o armazenamento, bloqueia o processo de maturação, mesmo em frutos expostos ao frio de -0,5°C, evitando o amolecimento do caqui após exposição a 20ºC. A atmosfera controlada retardou o amolecimento, sendo que a condição de AC de 1,0kPa de O2 + 8,0Pa de CO2 com aplicação de 1-MCP foi a condição mais eficiente no controle da maturação, mas ocorreu alta incidência de podridão após 4 meses de armazenamento.

Title: Evaluation plantogram and range of motion of the joints of the lower extremity with hallux valgus deformity. Objectives: The aim of my thesis, "Evaluation plantogram and range of motion of the joints of the lower extremity with hallux valgus deformity" is a statistical comparison of the aspects of the lower limbs in healthy subjects and people affected by hallux valgus deformity. It will be a comparison of the measured values, such as the degree of hallux valgus angle, range of motion of the hip joint to spin, Q - angle of the lower limb, position of hocks and strained soles. Methods: Plantographic evaluation of the strain on the soles on Podoscope, goniometry, photography, plantographic diagnostic method - Chippaux - a Šmírák and Sztriter - Godunov. Results: During this research, I observed twenty seven individuals. Five individuals had hallux valgus deformity, fourteen individuals had valgus position of the thumb and seven individuals had no deformity. In the course of evaluating plantogram and range of motion of the joints of the lower limb with hallux valgus deformity I observed degree of flat. This statement was confirmed at a significant level of p = 0.01 for both legs. Unfortunately in case of individuals with mild hallux valgus deformity, the proximo-distal, or disto-proximal...

Technological knowledge is of many different kinds, from experience-based know-how in the crafts to science-based knowledge in modern engineering. It is inherently oriented towards being useful in technological activities, such as manufacturing and engineering design. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight special characteristics of technological knowledge and how these affect how technology should be taught in school. It consists of an introduction, a summary in Swedish, and five papers: Paper I is about rules of thumb, which are simple instructions, used to guide actions toward a specific result, without need of advanced knowledge. One off the major advantages of rules of thumb is the ease with which they can be learnt. One of their major disadvantages is that they cannot easily be adjusted to new situations or conditions. Paper II describes how Gilbert Ryle's distinction between knowing how and knowing that is applicable in the technological domain. Knowing how and knowing that are commonly used together, but there are important differences between them which motivate why they should be regarded as different types: they are learnt in different ways, justified in different ways, and knowing that is susceptible to Gettier type problems which technological knowing how is not. Paper III is based on a survey about how Swedish technology teachers understand the concept of technological knowledge. Their opinions show an extensive variation, and they have no common terminology for describing the knowledge. Paper IV deals with non-scientific models that are commonly used by engineers, based on for example folk theories or obsolete science. These should be included in technology education if it is to resemble real technology. Different, and partly contradictory, epistemological frameworks must be used in different school subjects. This leads to major pedagogical challenges, but also to opportunities to clarify the differences between technology and the natural sciences and between models and reality. Paper V is about explanation, prediction, and the use of models in technology education. Explanations and models in technology differ from those in the natural sciences in that they have to include users' actions and intentions. / <p>QC 20140512</p>

This thesis consists of two essays and an introduction. The main theme is technological knowledge that is not based on the natural sciences.The first essay is about rules of thumb, which are simple instructions, used to guide actions toward a specific result, without need of advanced knowledge. Knowing adequate rules of thumb is a common form of technological knowledge. It differs both from science-based and intuitive (or tacit) technological knowledge, although it may have its origin in experience, scientific knowledge, trial and error, or a combination thereof. One of the major advantages of rules of thumb is the ease with which they can be learned. One of their major disadvantages is that they cannot easily be adjusted to new situations or conditions. Engineers commonly use rules, theories and models that lack scientific justification. How to include these in introductory technology education is the theme of the second essay. Examples include rules of thumb based on experience, but also models based on obsolete science or folk theories. Centrifugal forces, heat and cold as substances, and sucking vacuum all belong to the latter group. These models contradict scientific knowledge, but are useful for prediction in limited contexts where they are used when found convenient. The role of this kind of models in technology education is the theme of the second essay. Engineers’ work is a common prototype for pupils’ work with product development and systematic problem solving during technology lessons. Therefore pupils should be allowed to use the engineers’ non-scientific models when doing design work in school technology. The acceptance of these could be experienced as contradictory by the pupils: a model that is allowed, or even encouraged in technology class is considered wrong when doing science. To account for this, different epistemological frameworks must be used in science and technology education. Technology is first and foremost about usefulness, not about the truth or even generally applicable laws. This could cause pedagogical problems, but also provide useful examples to explain the limitations of models, the relation between model and reality, and the differences between science and technology. / <p>QC 20111118</p>

This paper presents a quantitative comparison of perfective and corrective software maintenance performed by a large military contractor using a formal program release process. The analysis techniques used in the comparison make use of basic data collected throughout the maintenance process. The data collected allow the impact of performing perfective and corrective maintenance to be quantitatively compared. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques are applied to test relationships between and among process and product data. The results provide valuable information for predicting future process and product characteristics, assessing perfective and corrective maintenance impact, and quantitatively comparing the impact of both types of requirements volatility. The results also support one common rule of thumb, cast some doubt on another, and lead to the formulation of a new one.

Idag står mänskligheten inför stora förändringar i klimatet, men en ansträngning från alla kan dessa förändringar motverkas. Detta examensarbete är en påpekning som kan leda till en bättre miljö.   Syftet med examensarbetet är att i samverkan med företaget Lönn Energi undersöka och analysera kända köldbryggor i två småhus. Som ligger i närheten av Gävle och jämföra köldbryggsandelen i husen med schablon-påslaget om 20%.  Det som ska beräknas är andelen linjära köldbryggor i förhållande till värmegenomgångskoefficienten, Som resultat visar arbetet att för de två husen som undersöktes att andelen köldbryggor i förhållande till Um går på 4,5% för huset i Årsunda och 8,4% för huset i Lingbo. / Today, humanity is facing major climate changes, but with the efforts of all, these changes can be prevented. This thesis work is a remark that can lead to a better environment.  The purpose of the thesis is to investigate and analyze known thermal bridges in two single-family houses which is located near Gävle. And to compare the thermal bridges percentage in the houses with the recom-mended addition of 20 % in collaboration with Lönn Energi.   As a result, the work shows that for the two houses examined the propor-tion of thermal bridges in relation to heat transfer coefficient Um is 4.5% for the house in Årsunda and 8.4% for the house in Lingbo.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_tiago_zanatta_aumonde.pdf: 573942 bytes, checksum: 3c1ab4ac502409888cd80ead135d58f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-02 / The work was carried in the field between 2008 and 2009 at the Federal University of Pelotas and aimed to evaluate the mini watermelon cultivar Smile ® grafted and ungrafted. In the seedling stage were evalueted the survival rates and lignification. The rootstocks that provided the best results were transplanted to the field with ungrafted plants and where analyzed the growth, dry matter partitioning, production and fruit quality. The access Irai and C314, in the seedling stage, provided the best results. In the field, plants ungrafted obtained more accumulation total of dry matter, produticon rate of dry matter, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate of leaf area, leaf area ratio and leaf weight. But, the specific leaf area was higher in grafted plants. Allied to this, the maximum plant height was 1.5 meters to 49 days after transplanting (DAT) in grafted plants and 42 DAT in ungrafted. The leaf dry matter (Wf) were increased. Regarding Wf, increased to 70 DAT in grafted plants (52.91 g m-2) and to 63 DAT in ungrafted (71.55 g m-2). Concomitantly, the number of leaves increased to 63 DAT. Regarding the dry matter of stem (Wc), the maximum was 6.56 g m-2 in grafted plants and 7.85 g m-2 in ungrafted, at 70 DAT. The dry matter of fruit (Wfr) started to compose the total dry matter from 42 DAT and was growing by the end of the cycle (70 DAT). For the grafted plant, Wfr maximum was 47.29 g m-2 and to ungrafted plants was 57.20 g m-2. The growth rate of leaf (Cf) increased until the end of the cycle with the Cf of 1.31 g m-2 d-1. Already, in ungrafted the Cf maximum was of 1.92 g m-2 d-1, at 49 DAT. The production rate of dry matter of stem (Cc) in the grafted watermelon was the maximum of 0.72 g m-2 d-1 (70 DAT), and grafted plants was 0.48 g m-2 d-1 (56 DAT). The growth rate maximum of fruit (Cf) was 3.66 g m-2 d-1 (70 DAT), in grafted plants. Already, the Cf in grafted plants was 2.97 g m-2d-1 (56 DAT). Grafted plants produced less than ungrafted, however, provided the best color of pulp and higher amount of phenols in the fruits did not differ in other variables when compared to ungrafted showing the potential of this material as a rootstock for hybrid mini watermelon Smile®. / O trabalho foi realizado a campo entre no período de 2008 a 2009 na Universidade Federal de Pelotas e objetivou avaliar a cultivar de mini melancia Smile® na condição enxertada e não enxertada (pé-franco). Na fase de muda foram avaliados os índices de pega e lignificação. O porta-enxerto que proporcionou os melhores resultados foi transplantado para o campo juntamente com pé-franco onde foram analisados o crescimento, a partição de matéria seca, a produção e a qualidade dos frutos. Na fase de muda, os acessos Irai e C314 proporcionaram os melhores resultados. Na fase de campo, pé-franco obteve maior acumulo de matéria seca total, taxa de produção de matéria seca, taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatória líquida, taxa de crescimento relativo de área foliar, razão de área foliar e razão de massa foliar. Entretanto, a área foliar específica foi superior em plantas enxertadas. Aliado a isso, altura a altura máxima foi de 1,5 metros aos 49 dias após o transplante (DAT) em plantas enxertadas e aos 42 DAT em pé-franco. A matéria seca foliar (Wf) sempre foi crescente. No que tange a Wf, foi crescente até os 70 DAT em plantas enxertadas (52,91 g m-2) e até os 63 DAT em pé-franco (71,55 g m-2). Concomitantemente, o número de folhas aumentou até os 63 DAT. No que concerne a matéria seca de caule (Wc), o máximo foi de 6,56 g m-2 em plantas enxertadas e de 7,85 g m-2 em pé-franco, aos 70 DAT . A matéria seca dos frutos (Wfr) iniciou a compor a matéria seca total a partir dos 42 DAT e foi crescente até o final do ciclo de cultivo (70 DAT). Para planta enxertada o Wfr máximo foi de 47,29 g m-2 e para pé-franco foi de 57,20 g m-2. A taxa de crescimento de folha (Cf) foi crescente durante todo o ciclo com o Cf máximo de 1,31 g m-2 d-1. Já, em pé-franco o Cf máximo foi de 2,16 g m-2 d-1, aproximadamente aos 42 DAT. Quanto a taxa de produção de matéria seca de caule (Cc), em melancia enxertada o Cc máximo foi de 0,72 g m-2 d-1 (70 DAT) e, em pé-franco o Cc máximo foi de 0,48 g m-2 d-1 (56 DAT). A taxa de crescimento máxima de fruto (Cfr) em planta enxertada foi de 3,66 g m-2 d-1 (70 DAT). Já, a Cfr pé-franco foi de 2,97 g m-2d-1 (56 DAT). Plantas enxertadas produziram menos do que pé-franco, entretanto, proporcionaram melhor coloração de polpa e maior quantidade de fenóis totais nos frutos, não diferindo nas demais variáveis analisadas quando comparadas ao pé-franco mostrando a potencialidade desse material como porta-enxerto para o híbrido de mini melancia Smile®.