Since colonization, Indigenous women in Chiapas have occupied very disadvantaged social positions, characterized by ethnic, gender and class-based oppression. However, during the last thirty five years, important social dynamics have taken place which have driven women to perceive themselves as the main actors of social transformation, and to start participating in planning and development efforts at a household and community level. Building on the ideas of Paulo Freire and Pierre Bourdieu, oppression is understood as a dynamic where the oppressed are also implicated by, among other things, the involuntary body adhesion to oppression, experienced as shame, fear and silence. Therefore, the main focus of this research is the processes by which women achieved to exercise the internal capability to speak out; as well as how this new ability has been critical in order to have transformative agency, by having a meaningful participation in planning, agency and decision-making in the different spheres of their private and public life. The main findings of this thesis arise from six month of field research. With a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach, seventeen Indigenous and ten non-Indigenous women participated through in-depth interviews and focus groups. Participatory observation and a validation workshop were also undertaken. Findings are related, first, to women’s participation in group processes, by which, on the one hand, they achieved to generate critical-reflective awareness, denaturalizing oppression, and, on the other hand, they removed embodied oppressive dispositions by retraining their bodies through dialogue and corporal techniques. Second, praxis of liberation aroused from reflection, with no need of a mechanistic plan informed by efficient and effective predetermined justifications. Praxis of liberation took the form of practical wisdom and wise judgment for the achievement of good life.

Since colonization, Indigenous women in Chiapas have occupied very disadvantaged social positions, characterized by ethnic, gender and class-based oppression. However, during the last thirty five years, important social dynamics have taken place which have driven women to perceive themselves as the main actors of social transformation, and to start participating in planning and development efforts at a household and community level. Building on the ideas of Paulo Freire and Pierre Bourdieu, oppression is understood as a dynamic where the oppressed are also implicated by, among other things, the involuntary body adhesion to oppression, experienced as shame, fear and silence. Therefore, the main focus of this research is the processes by which women achieved to exercise the internal capability to speak out; as well as how this new ability has been critical in order to have transformative agency, by having a meaningful participation in planning, agency and decision-making in the different spheres of their private and public life. The main findings of this thesis arise from six month of field research. With a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach, seventeen Indigenous and ten non-Indigenous women participated through in-depth interviews and focus groups. Participatory observation and a validation workshop were also undertaken. Findings are related, first, to women’s participation in group processes, by which, on the one hand, they achieved to generate critical-reflective awareness, denaturalizing oppression, and, on the other hand, they removed embodied oppressive dispositions by retraining their bodies through dialogue and corporal techniques. Second, praxis of liberation aroused from reflection, with no need of a mechanistic plan informed by efficient and effective predetermined justifications. Praxis of liberation took the form of practical wisdom and wise judgment for the achievement of good life.

Since colonization, Indigenous women in Chiapas have occupied very disadvantaged social positions, characterized by ethnic, gender and class-based oppression. However, during the last thirty five years, important social dynamics have taken place which have driven women to perceive themselves as the main actors of social transformation, and to start participating in planning and development efforts at a household and community level. Building on the ideas of Paulo Freire and Pierre Bourdieu, oppression is understood as a dynamic where the oppressed are also implicated by, among other things, the involuntary body adhesion to oppression, experienced as shame, fear and silence. Therefore, the main focus of this research is the processes by which women achieved to exercise the internal capability to speak out; as well as how this new ability has been critical in order to have transformative agency, by having a meaningful participation in planning, agency and decision-making in the different spheres of their private and public life. The main findings of this thesis arise from six month of field research. With a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach, seventeen Indigenous and ten non-Indigenous women participated through in-depth interviews and focus groups. Participatory observation and a validation workshop were also undertaken. Findings are related, first, to women’s participation in group processes, by which, on the one hand, they achieved to generate critical-reflective awareness, denaturalizing oppression, and, on the other hand, they removed embodied oppressive dispositions by retraining their bodies through dialogue and corporal techniques. Second, praxis of liberation aroused from reflection, with no need of a mechanistic plan informed by efficient and effective predetermined justifications. Praxis of liberation took the form of practical wisdom and wise judgment for the achievement of good life. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In this study I have focused my research on learning more about how pupils in grade three experience the requirement to present and convey their thoughts and opinions out loud in the classroom. The purpose was also to find out more about working methods that support pupils whom are perceived as shy and silent in their progress to become confident speakers. By allowing pupils in grade three to reply to surveys and by interviewing a teacher, I received answers to my questions. The result of the survey showed that a large proportion of pupils experience the joy of talking out loud in the classroom and a smaller proportion of experiencing anxiety symtomps. The results also showed that the pupils wanted to gain more knowledge of how to become a safer speaker, but pointed out at the same time that they did not know what work method that would help them. The teacher also pointed out that she lacked the knowledge on the subject. She has not been educated about rhetoric during the teacher education courses she had studied. Thus, we can see that there is a requierment from the pupils but lack of knowledge within teaching staff. / I denna undersökning har jag sökt vidare kunskaper om hur elever i årskurs 3 upplever kravet av att presentera och framföra sina tankar och åsikter högt i klassrummet. Syftet var även att söka lärdomar kring arbetsmetoder som stöttar elever som utav omgivningen uppfattas som blyga och tystlåtna i sin utveckling till att bli säkra talare. Genom att låta elever i årskurs 3 genomföra enkäter samt intervjua en aktiv lärare fick jag svar på mina frågeställningar. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att en stor andel av elever upplever det lustfyllt att tala högt i klassrummet och en mindre andel upplever ångestliknande symtom som kan uppkomma. Resultatet visade även att eleverna önskade få mer kunskaper i hur man ska agera för att bli en säkrare talare men påpekade samtidigt att de inte vet vilken arbetsmetod som skulle hjälpa dem. Även läraren påpekade att hon saknade kunskaper i ämnet då hon inte fått utbildning om retorik på de lärarutbildningar hon gått. Vi kan alltså se att det finns ett behov från eleverna men kunskapsbrister hos lärare.

À la Réunion, le créole et le français cohabitent dans un même espace linguistique avec un mode spécifique de variation. Selon bon nombre de linguistes, renvoyant au vieux modèle de la diglossie, il existerait deux variétés de créole qui s'organiseraient selon leur proximité avec le français, la basilectale (dite éloignée du français) et l'acrolectale (réputée plus proche du français). Dans l'ensemble de la communauté, la définition de dialectes nets et le cloisonnement linguistique n'apparaissent donc pas toujours de manière saillante. Ce que certains ont appelé la « décomplexification » de la tension diglossique s'est en fin de compte effectuée dans un laps de temps assez court compte tenu de l'urbanisation croissante et de l'arrivée massive des moyens de communication de masse. Un cadre citadin en pleine construction, de nouveaux rapports entre segments sociaux, des types de contact inédits entre générations, l'influence croissante des outils médiatiques dans le paysage local, une considération inattendue pour la parole sérieuse, artistique et prestigieuse proférée en créole tendent à modifier l'expression des aînés et la réception des plus jeunes. Au fond, un constat s'impose aujourd'hui, c'est que traitant du créole et du français, l'on ne peut plus parler de systèmes linguistiques discrets et autonomes qui se départiraient l'un de l'autre, selon une frontière nette et harmonieuse. Le gauchissement du français dans les pratiques langagières quotidiennes des locuteurs créoles entraîne alors des difficultés descriptives pour les linguistes qui ne parviennent plus à classer ce qui appartient au créole ou au français. Ainsi, au vu d'une pluralité de lectes entre deux pôles linguistiques, nous adoptons le concept de macro-système mis en évidence par une jolie forme macaronique et assumée : l'interlecte. Intégrant des angles d'approche variés, nos travaux n'ont pas pour prétention d'apporter toutes les réponses que suggèrent les problématiques qui gravitent autour des « parlers jeunes ». Nous nous proposons d'analyser des mots, des locutions, des expressions, des énoncés que nous entendons dans la bouche des jeunes et à la radio, que nous lisons dans des textes artistiques et sur les écrans des réseaux sociaux. Dès lors, après avoir tenté une saisie complexe et diversifiée de ce matériau, nous soumettons ces mots ou expressions à analyse afin de dégager le sémantisme le plus large et le plus nuancé possible, tout en analysant des structures syntaxiques caractéristiques, notamment l'usage des auxiliaires verbaux, des pronoms ou des prépositions. / In Réunion island, the Creole and French cohabit in the same linguistic space with a specific mode of variation. According to a good amount of linguists, returning to the old model of the diglossy, there would exist two varieties of Creole which would be organized according to their proximity with French, the basilectale (known as far away from French) and the acrolectale (famous nearer to French). In the whole of the community, the definition of dialects Nets and the linguistic bulk-heading thus do not appear always in a projecting way. What some called the “decomplexification” of the diglossic tension is in the final analysis carried out in a period of time enough runs taking into account the increasing urbanisation and of the massive arrival of the means of communication of mass. A town framework in full construction, new relationship between social segments, of the new types of contact between generations, the increasing influence of the media tools in the local landscape, an unexpected consideration for the serious, artistic and prestigious word uttered in Creole tend to modify the expression of elder and the reception of young people. At the bottom, a report is essential today, it is that dealing with the Creole and of French, one cannot speak any more about discrete and autonomous linguistic systems which would separate one of the other, according to a clear and harmonious border. The warping of French in the daily linguistic practices of the creole speakers then involves descriptive difficulties for the linguists who do not manage any more to classify what belongs to the Creole or to French. Thus, within sight of a plurality of lectes between two linguistic poles, we adopt the concept of macro-system highlighted by a pretty macaronic and assumed form: the interlecte. Integrating varied angles of incidence, our work does not have as a claim to give all the answers which the problems suggest which revolve around the “young speeches”. We propose to analyze words, phrases, expressions, statements which we hear in the mouth of the young people and with the radio, that we read in artistic texts and on the screens of the social networks. Consequently, after having tried a complex and diversified seizure of this material, we subject these words or expressions to analysis in order to release the broadest semantism and most moderate possible, while analyzing characteristic syntactic structures, in particular the use of the verbal auxiliaries, pronouns or prepositions.

Det finns få studier som har undersökt gymnasielevers muntliga deltagande i ämnet samhällskunskap. Den här uppsatsens syfte är således att undersöka gymnasieelevers upplevelse av att svara på samhällskunskapslärares frågor. I tidigare forskning har främst observationer och elevintervjuer använts som metod för att undersöka gymnasielevers muntliga deltagande. Den här undersökningen kommer istället att genomföras med hjälp av enkäter med både flervalsfrågor och fritextfrågor. De 80 deltagande eleverna fick svara på totalt sju frågor om deras muntliga deltagande i ämnet samhällskunskap. Resultatet visade tydliga skillnader mellan könen, generellt anser sig pojkar vara mer muntligt aktiva i jämförelse med hur flickorna upplever sitt muntliga deltagande. Det finns också skillnader mellan könen när det gäller bakomliggande faktorer till varför man inte svarar på lärarens frågor. Flickornas vanligaste anledning till att de inte svarar på lärarens frågor är obehaget kring att prata inför grupp. Pojkarna uppger att ork och motivation är den vanligaste anledningen till uteblivna svar. Resultaten visar också att fler faktorer än kön spelar roll, såsom betyg och trygghet i gruppen. Slutsatsen är därför att kön och dess könsmönster är en avgörande faktor till elevers muntliga deltagande, men det finns fler orsaker till att elever väljer att vara tysta på samhällslektionerna. / There are few studies exploring high school students’ oral participation in the classroom. This essay aims to cover these gaps by exploring why high school students do not answer their teacher’s questions in class. In previous studies, observations and student interviews have mainly been used as method to explore high school students’ oral participation in the classroom. Thus, this essay will instead be based on surveys including both multiple choice questions and free text questions. The 80 students who participated in the survey were asked to answer seven questions in total regarding their oral participation during lectures of society knowledge. The result showed significant differences between the sexes, in general do boys perceive themselves as more orally active in the classroom compared to how girls perceive themselves. Further, there are differences between the sex regarding the reasons to why the students are not answering the teacher’s questions. The most common reason for why girls do not answer the teacher’s questions is a perceived discomfort when talking in front of a group. The most common reason why boys are not answering the teacher’s questions is due to lack of commitment and motivation. The result also shows more factors than just the sex affects the oral participation, for example the grades and the perceived level of trust within the group. Finally, the conclusion is made that sex and gender stereotypes is a crucial factor to the quantity of students’ oral participation in classroom, however there are more reasons as well to why students stay silent.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T19:59:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VILKER NASCIMENTO BEZERRA DE AQUINO.pdf: 1061474 bytes, checksum: c2f92049892fb70ce20131143b2fd9f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T19:59:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VILKER NASCIMENTO BEZERRA DE AQUINO.pdf: 1061474 bytes, checksum: c2f92049892fb70ce20131143b2fd9f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / This study aimed to evaluate the control exercised by antecedent and consequent events that controlled the behavior of inability to speak in public of two students, one female, 17 years old, and the other male, 15 years old. For evaluation, the functional assessment process was used by indirect observation, in which the functional evaluation interview was applied, direct observation of its behavior at various moments in the institution and functional (experimental) analysis. The functional analysis involved the manipulation of environmental events in four main conditions: attention, demand, alone and control. The attention condition was subdivided into: (1) attention-exhortation, (2) attention-direct eyeto- eye contact, and (3) attention-disapproval for P1, and for P2 Eye to eye, (2) attentionexhortation, and (3) attention-contrast. The results showed that for the two participants there was a greater register of problem behaviors in the attention conditions and their subconditions and demand, in comparison to the conditions alone and control. These results demonstrate that these behaviors were maintained by sources of positive and negative reinforcement in both cases. The objective of this study was to treat participants' problem behaviors. Treatment with the use of verbal instruction modeling was used and, after differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors combined with extinction, it was possible to reduce inappropriate behaviors and to increase appropriate behaviors. For the control of the procedures was used the design of alternate treatments of the ABC type followed by follow-up. As a result of treatment there was a significant reduction in the frequency of inappropriate behaviors in both techniques employed and in both participants, in addition to increasing the frequency of appropriate behaviors. It was possible to reach the objectives of this study, proving, as well as in others existing in the literature, that through the application of behavioral analysis strategies, it becomes possible to increase the frequency of appropriate behaviors in adolescents who are inability to speak in public. / Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o controle exercido pelos eventos antecedentes e consequentes que controlaram o comportamento de inabilidade para falar em público de dois estudantes, uma do sexo feminino, de 17 anos, e outro do sexo masculino, 15 anos. Para avaliação utilizou-se de estratégias do processo de avaliação funcional por observação indireta, em que foi aplicada a entrevista de avaliação funcional, observação direta de seus comportamentos em vários momentos na própria instituição e análise funcional (experimental). A análise funcional envolveu a manipulação de eventos ambientais em quatro condições principais: atenção, demanda, sozinho e controle. A condição atenção foi subdividida em: (1) atenção-exortação, (2) atenção-contato direto olho a olho e (3) atenção-desaprovação para P1, e para o P2 utilizou-se das subcondições (1) atençãocontato direto olho a olho, (2) atenção-exortação e (3) atenção-contraposição. Os resultados mostraram que para os dois participantes houve maior registro de comportamentos-problema nas condições de atenção e suas subcondições e demanda, em comparação às condições sozinho e controle. Estes resultados demonstram que estes comportamentos foram mantidos por fontes de reforçamento positivo e negativo em ambos os casos. Objetivou-se ainda tratar os comportamentos-problema dos participantes. Foi empregado tratamento com o uso de modelação com instrução verbal e, após o reforçamento diferencial de comportamentos alternativos combinado com extinção, sendo possível reduzir os comportamentos inapropriados e aumentar os comportamentos apropriados. Para o controle dos procedimentos foi usado o delineamento de tratamentos alternados do tipo ABC seguido por follow-up. Como resultado do tratamento houve importante redução da frequência dos comportamentos inapropriados em ambas as técnicas empregadas e em ambos os participantes, além da elevação da frequência de comportamentos apropriados. Foi possível alcançar os objetivos deste estudo, comprovando, assim como em outros existentes na literatura, que através da aplicação das estratégias da análise do comportamento, torna-se possível aumentar a frequência de comportamentos apropriados em adolescentes que apresentem inabilidade para falar em público.

Gibbons (2015) writes that speaking is considered as the most important skill in language learning. However, Lundahl (2014) states that there are some pupils, in year 4-6, in Sweden who do not speak during the English lessons. Thus, the aim of this study is to find out what the reasons behind EFL pupils' unwillingness to speak English are. Furthermore, teaching strategies to overcome pupils' speaking anxiety are investigated. There are many studies that investigate the underlying reasons. The data collection, for this thesis, consists of interviews with some student-teachers at Malmö University. The results showed that traditional teaching methods along with fear of making linguistic errors are two of the main reasons. In addition, negative evaluation from peers and fear of producing grammatically incorrect sentences are also factors that contribute to some pupils’ anxiety over speaking English. According to our interviewees, the implementation of a safe, supportive and communicative environment in the classroom is crucial for encouraging and motivating pupils in language learning. Providing different authentic communicative tasks, songs, stories, and games that are related to pupils' lives and interests, as well as their needs and knowledge levels, are some of the strategies employed by some teachers.

The aim of this study is to investigate how the transition into remote education in Swedish upper-secondary schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the implementation of communicative tasks during lessons in English as a foreign language, and its consequences on students’ willingness to speak. For this purpose, the following three research questions were posed: 1. In which ways have communicative classroom activities in Swedish upper-secondary schools been affected by remote education according to English as a foreign language learners? 2. According to English as a foreign language learners, in which ways have their willingness to speak English been affected by remote education in Swedish upper-secondary schools? 3. What are some aspects that have influenced English as a foreign language learners’ willingness to speak English during remote education in Swedish upper-secondary schools? A total of 128 students from different upper-secondary schools and regions in Sweden were surveyed, after which three of them were interviewed. The data were then analyzed using a univariate and content analysis method. The results of the study suggest that remote education has entailed an immense impact on the communicative classroom. All studied communicative activities decreased in amount, as did the students’ willingness to speak English. This is a consequence of aspects such as technical complications, difficulties in reading others’ body language, locational restraints, and learning objectives.

Background: Previous research shows that openness in the Swedish public sector is limited and the social workers as a professional group rarely speaks out about their work situation. Aim: The aim of this study is to clarify which elements social workers experience enables and limits them to speak out concerning their work situation.  Methods: The study is based on seven individual qualitative interviews with social workers from different municipalities in Sweden. For analysis system theory and coping strategies are used. Results: Different factors are distinguished that both enables and limits social workers to use the coping strategie voice. The management style has been crucial and a democratic management style are preferred since they are more open to dialogue and were more encouraging to criticism. The openness between the levels at the workplaces turned out to be limited. The higher levels of management rarely included the social workers in dialogue and there were clear signs of a hierarchical view of communication.Conclusion: The social workers apply voice as a strategy to a greater extent than previous research shows. Despite the fact that the social workers are good at speaking out, the openness in the workplace turned out to be limited and this is something that needs to be developed and strengthened.