no / The majority of studies have demonstrated a right hemisphere (RH) advantage for the perception of emotions. Other studies have found that the involvement of each hemisphere is valence specific, with the RH better at perceiving negative emotions and the LH better at perceiving positive emotions [Reuter-Lorenz, P., & Davidson, R.J. (1981) Differential contributions of the 2 cerebral hemispheres to the perception of happy and sad faces.Neuropsychologia, 19, 609¿613]. To account for valence laterality effects in emotion perception we propose an `expectancy¿ hypothesis which suggests that valence effects are obtained when the top-down expectancy to perceive an emotion outweighs the strength of bottom-up perceptual information enabling the discrimination of an emotion. A dichotic listening task was used to examine alternative explanations of valence effects in emotion perception. Emotional sentences (spoken in a happy or sad tone of voice), and morphed-happy and morphed-sad sentences (which blended a neutral version of the sentence with the pitch of the emotion sentence) were paired with neutral versions of each sentence and presented dichotically. A control condition was also used, consisting of two identical neutral sentences presented dichotically, with one channel arriving before the other by 7 ms. In support of the RH hypothesis there was a left ear advantage for the perception of sad and happy emotional sentences. However, morphed sentences showed no ear advantage, suggesting that the RH is specialised for the perception of genuine emotions and that a laterality effect may be a useful tool for the detection of fake emotion. Finally, for the control condition we obtained an interaction between the expected emotion and the effect of ear lead. Participants tended to select the ear that received the sentence first, when they expected a `sad¿ sentence, but not when they expected a `happy¿ sentence. The results are discussed in relation to the different theoretical explanations of valence laterality effects in emotion perception.

Syfte: Byråkratiska entreprenadorganisationer vill attrahera ung topptalang men anses inte attraktiva arbetsgivare för generation Z. Det beror på att dessa organisationer saknar tydliga arbetssätt för hur och på vilket sätt man ska nå ut till denna målgrupp. Syftet med studien är därför att utveckla arbetssätt för hur entreprenadorganisationer ska gå tillväga för att anses attraktiva samt hur de ska gå tillväga för att rekrytera generation Z. Metod: En explorativ fallstudie genomfördes med ett entreprenad- och generation Z-perspektiv. Totalt genomfördes 30 intervjuer med individer inom 17 olika organisationer. Respondenterna utgjordes av tre kategorier: (1) interna respondenter från case-organisationen, (2) traineer, individer med erfarenhet av traineeprogram och (3) experter med erfarenhet av rekryteringsarbete.  Resultat: Baserat på inhämtad data har ett ramverk utvecklats för hur organisationer kan attrahera topptalang. De olika faserna i ramverket är: identifiera målgrupp, marknadsföra tjänster, aktiv rekrytering, anställning och utvärdering. Dessutom tillkom kontinuerliga aktiviteter som är en process som sker löpande genom hela rekryteringsprocessen. Samtliga stegen beskriver hur organisationer bör gå tillväga för att maximera sin attraktionskraft och genomföra en effektiv rekryteringsprocess. Teoretiskt och praktiskt bidrag: Studien tillhandahåller ett ramverk över hur entreprenadorganisationer kan optimera rekryteringsprocessen för att attrahera topptalang. Detta stärker den existerande litteraturen genom att studien identifierar specifika arbetsgivarkrav hos generation Z. Den har även fastställt strategier för att utveckla attraktionskraften hos byråkratiska organisationer. Vidare betonar studien vikten av att organisationer arbetar med employer branding för att locka topptalang. Slutligen belyser studien vikten av organisationers förmåga att anpassa sig och arbeta med dynamic capabilities för att vara mottagliga för ny arbetskraft och dess krav.  Begränsningar och framtida studier: Studien antar ett fallstudieperspektiv som begränsar generaliserbarheten. Studien tar inte studien i beaktning tidigare anställda, vilket påverkar praktiserbarheten negativt. Vidare har studien begränsad till att enbart undersöka rekryteringsprocessen fram till anställning. Det lämnar utrymme att undersöka senare delar av anställningar och bibehållning av talang till framtida studier. Det kan även kompletteras med att undersöka lönsamheten i de olika delarna av rekryteringsprocessen och olika initiativ. / Purpose: Bureaucratic organizations aim to attract top talent but are considered unattractive employers for Generation Z. There is a lack of clear approaches for organizations to reach the target group. Therefore, the study aims to investigate how organizations should develop approaches to be considered attractive and how they should recruit Generation Z. Method: An exploratory case study was conducted with an entrepreneurial and Generation Z perspective. A total of 30 interviews were conducted with individuals from 17 different organizations. Respondents consisted of three categories: (1) internal respondents from the case organization, (2) trainees, individuals with experience of trainee programs, and (3) experts with experience in recruitment. Findings: Based on the collected data, a framework has been developed for how organizations can attract top talent. The different phases in the framework are: identify target group, branding, active recruitment, hiring, and evaluation. In addition, continuous activities are included, which are a process that occurs continuously throughout the recruitment process. All steps describe how organizations should work to maximize their attractiveness and conduct an effective recruitment process. Theoretical and practical contribution: The study provides a framework for how entrepreneurial organizations can optimize the recruitment process to attract top talent. This strengthens existing literature by identifying specific employer requirements of Generation Z. It has also established strategies to develop the attractiveness of bureaucratic organizations. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of organizations' ability to utilize employer branding to attract top talent. Finally, the study highlights the importance of organizations' ability to adapt and work with dynamic capabilities to be receptive to new workforce and their demands. Limitations and future research: The study was conducted as a single case study which limits generalizability. It does not take into account previous employees, which affects practicability negatively. Furthermore, the study is limited to only examining the recruitment process up to hiring. This leaves room to investigate later parts of employment and talent retention for future studies. It can also be complemented by examining the profitability of the different parts of the recruitment process and various initiatives.

Endohedral metalofullerenes (EMFs) have emerged as an important class of nanomaterials with vast promise in applications of molecular devices and nanomedicines. This dissertation addresses the EMF research span from synthesis to application, with an emphasis of work on trimetallic nitride template (TNT) EMF and carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs). As a general introduction, chapter 1 reviews the main literature in TNT EMF studies. Also key works in CCF area are highlighted to show the common feature and uniqueness of this class of EMF in comparison with other EMFs. In the last part of the chapter a list of milestone progress in EMF area has been summarized. Chapter 2 is devoted to the synthetic work on EMFs. Especially, for isotopic modification, the trial and actual EMF syntheses in efforts to introduce 13C, 89Y and 177Lu are described. The next three chapters address the structural characterization of EMFs. Chapter 3 focuses on structural studies of CCFs. With detailed interpretation of 13C NMR and DFT computational results for selected members of the Y2C2@C2n family, the influence of fullerene cage on the size and shape of the yttrium carbide cluster (Y2C2)4+ is investigated. It has also been established that the carbide cluster prefers a linear shape in sufficiently large fullerene cages but adopts a compressed butterfly shape in smaller cages where space is constrained. Chapter 4 presents a systemic examination of dipole moments in TNT EMFs. The first 13C NMR study of M3N@C2(22010)-C78 is achieved on Y3N@C2(22010)-C78. In addition, dipole moments of the M3N@C2n (n=39-44) family are probed by interpretation of chromatographic retention behavior, DFT computational results and single-crystal data. It has been found that TNT EMFs with pentalene motifs exhibit enhanced dipole moments due to the cluster-cage interplay. Chapter 5 provides full characterization of the M2C2@C1(51383)-C84 (M=Y, Gd) molecule, which contains the first example of an asymmetric fullerene cage with fused pentagons. Furthermore, it is suggested that the C1(51383)-C84 cage is capable of a cascade of rearrangements into high symmetry and stable fullerene cages via well-established mechanistic steps, namely, extrusion of C2 units from pentalene or indene motifs and Stone-Wales transformations. As an important intermediate in the formation of high symmetry fullerene cages, the C1(51383)-C84 represents a missing link that implies the "top-down" fullerene formation mechanism. Chapter 6 describes the endeavor to functionalize two exotic EMFs, the room-temperature radical heterometallofullerene Gd2@C79N, and the egg-shaped TNT EMF Gd3N@C84. The reactivity of Gd2@C79N is directly compared to Y2@C79N, Gd3N@C80 and Sc3N@C80 in two reactions and the paramagnetic Gd2@C79N is proven to be very inert toward many known common fullerene cage reactions. Eventually both EMFs have been successfully functionalized via the Bingel reaction, and the derivatives are characterized with HPLC and mass-spectrometry. Chapter 7 compares the effective magnetic moment of Gd3N@C80 and Gd3N@C84, together with the previously reported Gd@C82. The magnetic moment has a second-order contribution to the T1 relaxivity and thereby is an important factor to evaluate an EMF's value in application as MRI contrast agents. Furthermore the influence of cluster motion to magnetic behavior in TNT EMF is discussed. / Ph. D.

How firms compete for an advantage is among the most critical questions in Business Strategy. While several researchers link executives to key strategic outcomes, much less is understood on how the Upper-Echelon team drives the actual competitive behavior of the firm, which is manifested in the launching of observable and purposeful competitive actions within the marketplace. Considering that competitive behavior research tends to overlook the importance of human assets, in general, and executive human assets, in particular, I explore how the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the Chief Executive (CEO), Top Management Team (TMT), and Board of Directors (BOD) impact a firm's competitive behavior. In addition, I examine how sources of Social Capital, or the relationships between these Upper-Echelon actors, influence a firm's competitive behavior. Moreover, I argue and test for the moderating influence of executive compensation on firm competitive behavior. Applying relational demography to capture Human Capital and sources of Social Capital within the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry, I find some empirical support that executives do, indeed, affect firm competitive behavior. Overall, the empirical evidence indicates that the Human Capital of the CEO, TMT, and BOD can influence all dimensions of a firm's Competitive Intensity. Unexpectedly and, contrary to prediction, executive dissimilarity (not similarity) tended to greatly influence a firm's Competitive Activity and Repertoire Complexity. Also, the moderating impact of executive bonus and incentive pay was largely supported. This dissertation contributes to both the competitive behavior and Upper-Echelon literatures. Notably, this dissertation adds to the very limited work that attempts to theoretically link and empirically test for executive impact on firm competitive behavior. By so doing, it begins to open the "black box" on how human assets at the Upper Echelon affect strategic outcomes through a firm's competitive behavior. / Ph. D.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Un des défis actuels en écologie du plancton est de déterminer la contribution relative des processus abiotiques et biotiques dans le contrôle environnemental des communautés planctoniques selon différentes échelles spatiales et suivant un continuum d'hétérogénéité environnementale. Cette thèse répond à ces attentes et vise deux principaux objectifs: (1) déterminer l'hétérogénéité spatiale de la biomasse et de la structure en taille des communautés planctoniques aux échelles intra- et inter-lacs; (2) évaluer la contribution relative des facteurs environnementaux ascendants "Bottom-Up" et/ou descendants "Top-Down" à l'origine de cette hétérogénéité. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, quatre études ont été réalisées à différentes échelles spatiales intra-lac et inter-lacs. A l'échelle intra-lac, nous avons déterminé dans un lac de tourbière l'influence de la prédation par les invertébrés (Chaoboridae) et de la physico-chimie des eaux sur la distribution horizontale et verticale de la biomasse zooplanctonique et sur sa structure en taille (Chapitre 1). Dans le lac Geai, l'hétérogénéité du zooplancton était aussi importante sur l'axe horizontal que vertical. La prédation était le facteur le plus important influençant la répartition horizontale et verticale du zooplancton. La taille et la densité des Chaoboridae, ainsi que la conductivité des eaux influençaient la répartition horizontale du zooplancton dans le lac. Sur l'axe vertical, la biomasse zooplanctonique diminuait avec la profondeur. Le zooplancton évitait les eaux hypolimnétiques froides et anoxiques où se retrouvaient de fortes densités de gros prédateurs Chaoboridae. La seconde étude à l'échelle intra-lac avait pour objectif d'évaluer dans un lac subalpin les effets de la prédation par les juvéniles de perche (Perca fluviatilis) sur la distribution horizontale et verticale des daphnies et des copépodes cyclopoïdes au cours d'un cycle jour-nuit (Chapitre 2). La répartition horizontale et verticale du zooplancton était inverse à celle des poissons. Sur l'axe vertical, le zooplancton était situé de jour dans l'hypolimnion évitant ainsi la prédation par les juvéniles de perche situés dans les eaux épilimnétiques. Une forte opposition horizontale a été identifiée autant de jour que de nuit. La majorité de la densité zooplanctonique a été enregistrée en zone littorale, tandis que la biomasse de perche était principalement pélagique. Nous avons proposé l'hypothèse que la répartition inverse horizontale et verticale du zooplancton face à leur prédateur était due à la prédation des poissons, ainsi que par leur comportement d'anti-prédation (migrations horizontale et verticale). Au cours de la nuit, les cyclopoïdes qui constituaient le principal item du régime alimentaire des perches, étaient plus abondants dans les eaux métalimnétiques plus froides qui étaient évitées par les jeunes perches. A l'échelle inter-lacs, nous avons testé l'influence de la géologie sur la relation phosphore-chlorophylle a (Chapitre 3). Des modèles phosphore-chlorophylle a déterminant la réponse quantitative de la biomasse algale totale et pour 4 classes de taille (< 3 pin, 3 - 20 pm, < 20 pm, et> 20 pm) face aux gradients de TP ont été établis pour les lacs du sud du Québec. Nous avons finalement évalué l'influence d'autres paramètres physicochimiques sur ces relations. Les lacs étudiés reposait sur un socle granitique caractéristique du bouclier canadien. Ces lacs présentaient des concentrations en chlorophylle a plus faible par unité de phosphore que les lacs retrouvés sur des socles sédimentaires. Les lacs les plus productifs étaient dominés par des algues de grandes tailles (>20 pm), tandis que les algues de petites tailles (< 20 pm) étaient plus abondantes dans les lacs de type oligotrophe. L'identification de l'alcalinité comme variable complémentaire à nos modèles de prédiction a permis de proposer l'hypothèse d'un contrôle algal par broutage par le gros zooplancton herbivore dans les lacs plus productifs et alcalins. Les sources de variations spatiales de la biomasse zooplanctonique ont été quantifiées aux échelles intra- (entre les strates) et inter-lacs (entre les lacs) (Chapitre 4). L'influence des facteurs environnementaux abiotiques et biotiques "Bottom-Up" et "TopDown" sur les variations de la biomasse et de la structure en taille du zooplancton (53-100 pm, 100-202 pm, 202-500 pm, > 500 pm) ont été évalués dans les 3 strates limnétiques des lacs du sud du Québec. La variation de la biomasse zooplanctonique était plus importante entre les lacs qu'entre les strates d'un même lac. Cependant, les variations entre les strates n'étaient pas constantes d'un lac à l'autre. Les facteurs "Bottorn-Up" ont été identifiés comme la plus importante source de variation épilimnétique de la biomasse zooplanctonique entre les lacs. Les facteurs "Top-Down", soit la présence ou l'absence de piscivore dans les lacs, expliquaient la structure en taille des communautés zooplanctoniques ainsi que leur variation verticale (entre les strates). Les lacs où les piscivores étaient absents (dominance des planctivores) présentaient des communautés zooplanctoniques dominées par des petits individus. L'ensemble de ces résultats permet de conclure que l'hétérogénéité des communautés planctoniques augmentent avec l'échelle d'observation. A petites échelles (intra-lac, inter-strates), les facteurs biotiques (prédation) exercent un contrôle sur les communautés planctoniques, tandis qu'à plus grandes échelles (inter-lacs), ce sont les facteurs abiotiques (physico-chimie et morphométrie) qui expliquent en premier lieu la variabilité du plancton. La complémentarité des facteurs abiotiques et biotiques "BottomUp" et biotiques "Top-Down" dans le contrôle des communautés planctoniques est omniprésente quel que soit l'échelle d'observation.

This research serves to evaluate the ability of optical detection techniques to ascertain the lubricity of revenue service track from a moving platform for railroad applications. A literature review is presented that covers the rail vehicle dynamics that drive the need of Top-of-Rail lubrication and directly affect the manner in which the Top-of-Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM) and flange grease both spread down rail and eventually wear away. This literature review also highlights previous research in the field of rail lubrication and the benefits that rail lubricants, specifically TORFM, provide for the railroads. Finally, the literature review covers the governing optical principals inherent to the synchronous spot radiometer that has been developed for use in the research as a gloss ratio instrument and also addresses the drawbacks and challenges inherent to applying this type of instrument in the railroad industry. The research then overviews previous rail lubricity sensors developed by the Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL) at Virginia Tech and the lessons learned from their application. The preceding field testing conducting with a modified second generation rail lubricity sensor and a rail push car is briefly summarized with emphasis on the drawbacks and issues that were used to develop the third generation sensor used for this research. The development of the third generation sensor is covered, including the issues that it attempts to solve from its predecessor and the governing optical principals that govern the operation of the sensor. The laboratory evaluations conducting to commission the sensor are also covered in preparation for deploying the new third generation sensor in medium speed, medium distance revenue service testing. This includes a shakedown run on a siding in Riverside, VA prior to conducting mainline in-service testing. Finally, this research thesis covers the in-service testing on revenue track conducted with the new third generation rail lubricity sensor and the accompanying remote-controlled (RC) rail cart. The two components, when combined, create a Lubricity Assessment System which is capable of being operated at speeds upwards of 10 mph remotely from a follow hy-rail truck. The data collected from this field test is analyzed for the lubricity assessments that are able to be drawn from this initial phase of field service testing. The conclusions from this testing affirm the ability of optical methods to determine and evaluate Top-of-Rail (TOR) lubricity from a moving platform. Specifically, the new sensor is able to identify several local phenomena that demonstrate the high potential for errant evaluation of rail lubricity evaluation from spot check based methods that are solved by evaluating the track in a continuous, moving fashion. Based on the continuous moving data collected for this test, several new signal traits such as the spatial frequency (wavenumber) associated with the passing freight cart wheels in the lubricity signal and the phantom applicator effect of transient lubricity conditions at the entrances and exits of curves can be detected and investigated. The success of this research indicates the continued evaluation of lubricity signals from a moving platform is warranted and suggests the potential for introducing one of these systems to various track metrology cars deployed throughout the United States railroads. / Master of Science / The United States railroads have been employing rail lubricants to the rails since the beginning of the industry and have recently, in the past 20 years, introduced another type of lubricant: Top-of-Rail Friction Modifiers (TORFM). TORFM creates a third body layer between the train wheels and the Top-of-Rail surface to minimize asset wear of both the wheel and rail and to increase the train efficiency. As the United States railroads embrace Precision Scheduled Railroading (PSR), increased train efficiency can allow the railroads to run longer trains with fewer locomotives. This increases the efficiency and capability of the rail network and also decreases the fuel burned and the amount of rail and wheel wear. TORFM has been proven to be effective and is widely adopted, but the railroads are still in need of tools to determine the presence and absence of these thin and often nearly invisible layers of lubricant on the rail surface. This research uses lasers as tool to quantify the level of lubrication of the rail surface. The presence of rail lubricants, such as TORFM, on the rail surface change the amount of light that is reflected and scattered off the shiny steel surface. These changes are often small but can be captured by photodetectors housed in the instrument. By plotting the detected sensor values, trends in the lubricity signal can be tracked and evaluated to determine the presence or absence of rail lubricants and assess the overall quality of lubrication on the rail at specific locations down track. The research in this thesis takes existing methods that were used for single spot inspections and adapts them to a moving platform. The moving platform is able to continuously scan the Top-of-Rail surface as the instrument moves along and generates continuous moving evaluations of rail lubricity. This can be especially important when the lubricity is not uniform and allows for trends in the data to be analyzed to provide more consistent and precise evaluations of the lubricity trends down rail. Optical tools like this sensor, which are by nature non-contact sensors, can easily be adapted to existing track measurement railcars and deployed system wide. This solves a strong need for railroad engineers: to be able to identify the presence of rail lubricants and evaluate the effectiveness of their lubrication practices.

Master of Science / Mercury is the most mysterious planet in the inner Solar System, suggested by observations from the MESSENGER mission. These observations shine a light on potential processes occurring within Mercury as it evolved over time. Scientific instruments aboard MESSENGER indicate that Mercury has a very thin surface layer of broken rocks, a thin crustal layer covered by lavas erupted from a melt formed in a relatively thin, FeO poor mantle, and a large metal rich core made from Fe and some quantity of a light element. These conditions are different than those seen on Earth: a thick crust covered by a layer of varied thickness made up of loose unconsolidated rocks and dust, a large mantle with more FeO, and a smaller core to planet ratio. To understand how these non-Earth like conditions affect how the planet's interior changes with time, a modified evolution model was created to track the changes in heat and chemistry within Mercury. This model accounts for complications like a dynamic core density that changes with a growing inner core, the formation method of the inner core, and the FeO poor mantle composition. Using this model offers illumination on the conditions Mercury experienced after it formed. This model is limited, but results suggest that Mercury's mantle began at an initial mantle temperature of 1600 K, and a mantle reference viscosity of 1021–1022 Pa s, indicating the mantle was less likely to flow easily. Model results also suggest the core contained some sulfur from 0.05–8.9 wt.% S, derived from the MESSENGER data. BepiColombo, a new Mercury mission, will provide some perspectives on the interior of Mercury, leading to more detailed information about conditions present after planetary formation and the effect of non-Earth like conditions on a planet's interior as it cools.

No description available.

This study explores the financial performance measurement of South Africa's Top Companies. It aims to find a conclusion on the research problem, that is 'Do South Africa's Top Companies use the available arsenal to measure their financial performance?' Commerce and industry are the cornerstones of the economy of a country. This study purports to contribute to the ways and means of minimising the risk of business failures due to the resultant effects on the economy. The sample comprises of sixty companies. The sampling frame is the first hundred companies of the Financial Mail 200 Top Performers for 2004. The arsenal that is available to measure financial performance is researched in the financial literature. Mainly, this covers ratio analysis and interpretation, and the bankruptcy prediction models. To arrive at a conclusion on the research problem, a research instrument is developed from the host of financial ratios in the literature, including the bankruptcy prediction models. The research instrument comprises of popular ratios that are also found to be 'logical', as well as the ratios that make up the Z-Score bankruptcy prediction model. The instrument is called the Ratio Map and Z-Score and is applied to test the financial strengths/weaknesses of the Top Companies. In addition to the Ratio Map and Z-Score, the measures applied by the Top Companies as 'highlights' are analysed. This is done to determine the extent at which the measures unearth the strengths/weaknesses of the Top Companies. The conclusion drawn is that the Top Companies do not utilise the available arsenal to measure their financial performance. The supporting evidence is that the most frequently applied 'highlights' measures by the Top Companies cover only one area of the many financial fields of a company, that is, share performance. On the other hand, the analyses per Ratio Map and Z-Score have not revealed major material weaknesses in the financial position of the Top Companies. It is proposed that: ïf  More information be given in the notes to the financial statements to facilitate meaningful analysis; and ïf  A follow-up research study be done to assess the trends of the Top Companies. / Business Management / D.Comm. (Business Management)

This study explores the financial performance measurement of South Africa's Top Companies. It aims to find a conclusion on the research problem, that is 'Do South Africa's Top Companies use the available arsenal to measure their financial performance?' Commerce and industry are the cornerstones of the economy of a country. This study purports to contribute to the ways and means of minimising the risk of business failures due to the resultant effects on the economy. The sample comprises of sixty companies. The sampling frame is the first hundred companies of the Financial Mail 200 Top Performers for 2004. The arsenal that is available to measure financial performance is researched in the financial literature. Mainly, this covers ratio analysis and interpretation, and the bankruptcy prediction models. To arrive at a conclusion on the research problem, a research instrument is developed from the host of financial ratios in the literature, including the bankruptcy prediction models. The research instrument comprises of popular ratios that are also found to be 'logical', as well as the ratios that make up the Z-Score bankruptcy prediction model. The instrument is called the Ratio Map and Z-Score and is applied to test the financial strengths/weaknesses of the Top Companies. In addition to the Ratio Map and Z-Score, the measures applied by the Top Companies as 'highlights' are analysed. This is done to determine the extent at which the measures unearth the strengths/weaknesses of the Top Companies. The conclusion drawn is that the Top Companies do not utilise the available arsenal to measure their financial performance. The supporting evidence is that the most frequently applied 'highlights' measures by the Top Companies cover only one area of the many financial fields of a company, that is, share performance. On the other hand, the analyses per Ratio Map and Z-Score have not revealed major material weaknesses in the financial position of the Top Companies. It is proposed that: ïf  More information be given in the notes to the financial statements to facilitate meaningful analysis; and ïf  A follow-up research study be done to assess the trends of the Top Companies. / Business Management / D.Comm. (Business Management)