To lead an organization in change is complex. Leaders today struggle with how to adapt to the digital transformational change organizations are being exposed to. Digitalization forces leaders to go beyond the traditional way of leading when professions are getting automated. This requires leaders to engage subordinates in the leadership to handle a transformational change since both subordinates and leaders are expected to adapt to technological development. Here is when the role of shared leadership becomes preferable. To investigate this complexity in the banking industry, a case study has been done. A qualitative method was used to collect and analyze the data needed to understand what leaders do to engage subordinates in the transformational change the banks are being exposed to. The results indicate that the leaders to some extent take advantage of shared leadership to involve subordinates. The findings could be applied to the shared leadership model, and the analysis shows that leaders tend to use all components to engage their subordinates, and all components are proven to be equally important. But, the analysis also shows that the banks still face challenges with being hierarchical, which inhibits the subordinates to be completely involved and engaged in the leadership. Conclusions have been made that the leaders believe they engage subordinates in transformational change, whereas not all subordinates perceive it that way.

High-stakes teacher evaluations (HSTEs) in public education influence millions of students and teachers across the U.S. Currently, there is a dearth of published quantitative research that shows the relation of HSTEs to teacher job satisfaction. The purpose of this quasiexperimental quantitative study was to determine if implementation of HSTEs in state of Hawaiʻi as part of the U.S. Department of Education's Race to the Top program initiative was related to teacher job satisfaction in public schools over time. A repeated measures analyses was conducted using archived teacher job satisfaction data from over 200 public schools in Hawaiʻi from 2009 to 2014, including data collected from 2 years before until 2 years after implementation of HSTEs. The theoretical framework used for the study was grounded in Herzberg's 2-factor theory of motivation. It was hypothesized that the implementation of HSTEs may have affected extrinsic hygiene factors such as wages, supervisory practices, and organizational policy relative to intrinsic motivational factors such as work achievement, recognition, and personal growth of teachers working in schools implementing the federal initiative. The most significant study finding was that both overall satisfaction and satisfaction with student achievement increased during the 2011-2012 implementation year and then fell below pre-implementation levels in the 2 years subsequent to implementation of HSTEs. This finding is discussed in the context of an increase in pay for public school teachers in Hawai'i during the post-implementation period. The results of this research may promote positive social change by highlighting the need for a focus on potential unintended consequences (i.e., possible negative effects on teacher job satisfaction) of federal education policies associated with HSTE systems.

Världen blir alltmer digital och att handla kläder via internet är idag en självklarhet för många. Undersökningen syftar till att utforska hur företag kommunicerar passform till konsument, oavsett om de bedriver online försäljning eller enbart använder sina hemsidor för att exponera sitt sortiment. Denna studie kommer undersöka vilka verktyg som är vanligt förekommande, hur de kan kombineras och vad de förmedlar till konsument. En litteraturöversikt ligger till grund för studien och i nästa steg har en kvantitativ urvalsundersökning tagit plats där 45st företag som tillhandahåller överdelsplagg för dam/herr undersökts. I sista steget har en teoretisk kartläggning där verktygen jämförts mot faktorer som påverkar passform har utförts för att klargöra vad varje verktyg kommunicerar. Forskningen som studien bygger på förtydligar problematiken kring passformskommunikation då detta kan anses vara ett subjektivt ämne där fysiska och mentala värderingar påverkar hur konsumenten upplever passform. Resultatet visar att de flesta företag använder sig av kroppsmåttlista i kombination med bildillustrationer för att förtydliga plaggets passform. Den teoretiska kartläggningens resultat visar att visuella och virtuella verktyg ger konsumenten en bättre indikation på plaggets passform. / The world is becoming increasingly digital and shopping for clothes via the internet is a matter of course for many today. The survey aims to explore how companies communicate fit to the consumer, whether they conduct online sales or only use their websites to expose their range. This study will examine which tools are commonly used, how they can be combined and what they convey to the consumer. A literature review is the basis for the study and in the next step, a quantitative sample survey has taken place where 45 companies that provide tops for women / men have been examined. In the last step, a theoretical survey where the tools have been compared against factors that affect fit has been performed to clarify what each tool communicates. The research on which the study is based clarifies the problem of fit communication as this can be considered a subjective subject where physical and mental values affect how the consumer experiences fit. The results show that most companies use body measurements in combination with image illustrations to clarify the garment's fit. The results of the theoretical survey show that visual and virtual tools give the consumer a better indication of the garment's fit.

Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Umweltkennzahlensysteme für die Umweltleistungsmessung. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, Unternehmen ein Hilfsmittel zur Integration von Umweltaspekten ins allgemeine Unternehmensgeschehen an die Hand zu geben. Angestrebt ist die Konzeption eines Umweltkennzahlensystems zur Umweltleistungsmessung für Prozesse. Im ersten Schritt wird ein Öko-Controlling-Modell vorgestellt und Umweltkennzahlensysteme in dieses eingeordnet. Umweltkennzahlensysteme sind der Informationsversorgung zuzurechnen. Sie dienen der Information der Informationsverwender, die mit ihrer Hilfe Planen, Steuern und Kontrollieren sollen. Es wird ein Anforderungsprofil für Umweltkennzahlensysteme erstellt, dieses Anforderungsprofil beinhaltet allgemeine Anforderungen, wie die ?Anforderungen der Informationsverwender? und ?formale und logische Anforderungen? und spezielle Anforderungen. Vorhandene Ansätze zu Umweltkennzahlensystemen werden vorgestellt und hinsichtlich des Anforderungsprofils analysiert. Aus dieser Analyse ergibt sich der Schluss, dass es kein Umweltkennzahlensystem gibt, das alle Anforderungen erfüllt. Die Auswertung der an ausgewählte Führungskräfte der SIEMENS AG verschickten Fragebögen zu Umweltkennzahlen bestätigt die gewonnene Aussage der Nicht-Existenz einer first-best-Lösung hinsichtlich eines Umweltkennzahlensystems für alle Unternehmen, da sie verdeutlicht, dass schon die Kennzahlensysteme innerhalb eines Unternehmens stark (aufgrund zu unterschiedlicher Strukturen, Ziele und Strategien) differieren. An die Auswertung der Analyse der vorhandenen Ansätze und der Fragebögen schließt sich die Entwicklung einer Vorgehensweise zur Konzeption von Umweltkennzahlensystemen in Unternehmen an, die in den Schritten Festlegung der Umweltleistung von Unternehmen, Definition der Zielebene, Festlegung und Auswahl von Kennzahlen abläuft.

Syfte: Studien har till syfte att undersöka hur anställdas självledarskap påverkas av arbetsautonomi och stärkande ledarskap samt hur det i sin tur påverkar arbetstillfredsställelse.   Metod: Denna studie utnyttjade en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats. En enkätundersökning användes som datainsamling och resulterade i 137 användbara svar från ett bekvämlighetsurval. Datan analyserades med hjälp av statistikprogrammet JASP, där en deskriptiv-, korrelations- samt nätverksanalys genomfördes.    Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar att självledarskap påverkas positivt av både arbetsautonomi samt stärkande ledarskap som helhet och att dessa två därför kan ses som antecedenter. Dock fann studien att arbetsautonomi och stärkande ledarskap har en större inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelse direkt, än vad de har via självledarskap. Ytterligare en slutsats var att resultatet skiljer sig mellan män och kvinnor. Studien hittade att det inte existerar något samband mellan stärkande ledarskap och självledarskap för kvinnor. Männen uppvisar istället att det finns ett samband mellan stärkande ledarskap och självledarskap.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Detta arbete har hjälpt till att fylla ett forskningsgap om vad det finns för potentiella antecedenter till självledarskap. Dessutom har studien bidragit till att fylla ytterligare ett forskningsgap om hur stärkande ledarskap fungerar som potentiell antecedent till självledarskap.     Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Stora skillnader mellan män och kvinnor hittades i nätverksanalysen, det skulle därför vara intressant att göra en större studie med fler respondenter för att gå in djupare på könsskillnader. Det hade även varit intressant att undersöka hur personers självledarskap inom olika branscher påverkas av antecedenterna som undersökts i denna studie. / Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate how employees' self-leadership is affected by job autonomy and empowering leadership, and how this in turn affects job satisfaction.   Method: This study utilized a quantitative research method with a deductive approach. A questionnaire survey was used for data collection and resulted in 137 usable responses from a convenience sample. The data was analyzed using the statistical program JASP, where a descriptive, correlation and network analysis was carried out.   Results and conclusion: The study shows that self-leadership is positively affected by both job autonomy and empowering leadership as a whole and that these two can therefore be seen as antecedents. However, the study found that job autonomy and empowering leadership have a greater impact on job satisfaction directly than they have via self-leadership. Another conclusion was that the results differ between men and women. The study found that no relationship exists between empowering leadership and self-leadership for women. Instead, the men show that there is a connection between empowering leadership and self-leadership.   Contribution of the thesis: This work has helped to fill a research gap regarding potential antecedents of self-leadership. In addition, the study has contributed to filling another research gap on how empowering leadership functions as a potential antecedent to self-leadership.   Suggestions for future research: Large differences between men and women were found in the network analysis, it would therefore be interesting to do a larger study with more respondents to go deeper into gender differences. It would also be interesting to investigate how people's self-leadership in different industries is affected by the antecedents investigated in this study.

A prospect in utilizing thermal energy in development of energy systems is by the useof phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs are materials that can store and releaseenergy during phase changes, e.g. from solid to liquid. By-products from the woodand pulping industry could be of interest in this area, in part to add value to theby-products, enhance the yield of the raw product of wood and become less dependenton fossil based fuels. Capsules of lignin and tall oil pitch/tall oil fatty acids weresuccessfully produced with a straightforward coprecipitation method. The solventused was acetone and the antisolvent was distilled water. Dynamic light scatteringanalysis showed average particle diameters of 300 to 500 nm and fairly lowpolydispersity, between 0.2 to 0.3, indicating spherical particles. Scanning electronmicroscopy confirmed particle size and the formation of capsules with shell thicknessless than 100 nm. The particle dispersions showed sufficiently high zeta potential tomaintain a stable colloidal system. Thermal analysis confirmed stability in atemperature range of at least -40 °C to +50 °C, and resistance to decomposition at leastup to around 200 °C. There were also indications of enhanced thermal stability of talloil pitch due to encapsulation. A desired feature for a phase change material is theability to keep a constant temperature during phase change. Regarding using thesynthesized material as phase change material, the results show that the temperaturerange in which phase change, such as melting, occurs is too broad. Latent heat of fusionof 4.7 J/g for the material is also very low compared with commercial phase changematerials. Further studies in modifying the system to impact melting point andenhancement of latent heat is needed if the material should be applicable as an efficientand competitive phase change material.

With a growing global population, food security and waste management strategies are needed (FAO, 2002b); insects have been promoted for these goals. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are endorsed for their ability in decomposition and use as feed (Bava et al., 2019; Swett Walker, 2018). Studies show the life cycle of BSFL is impacted by bacterial supplementation (Franks et al., 2021; Kooienga et al., 2020). We seek to determine the effects of supplementing BSFL diet with Pseudomonas putida 3P. We conducted two forms of a 10-day bench-top study observing larval mass, frass conversion, C:N content, and ammonia production with supplementation of Pseudomonas putida 3P in single and double-doses. Supplementation with P. putida results in roughly 1.5X larger larval wet and dry mass, variable concentrations of ammonia, and approximately 1.15X smaller C:N ratios in frass. This suggests interruption of larval rearing may affect volatile ammonia concentrations and inhibit P. putida behavior.

The introduction and establishment of exotic species can profoundly alter ecosystems. Two exotic species drastically changing the landscape of deserts in western North America are Bromus tectorum L. and Bromus rubens L. Through the buildup of biomass and slow decomposition rates in deserts these two exotic annual grasses can alter fire regimes that change the plant and animal community dynamics in the ecosystems. To better understand the ecological mechanisms that could restrict or alter the patterns of invasive plant establishment we established a replicated full factorial experiment in the Great Basin and Mojave Desert. The combinations of factors being manipulated are burned or intact plant communities, and presence or exclusion of small mammals. Generally invasive species establishment is thought to be a result of competitive superiority or lack of natural enemies, but if that is the case then why do not all invasive species establish and become highly abundant in their new ecosystems? To understand why some invasive species establish and others do not we monitored three dominant exotic species from the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert, B. tectorum, Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) C.A. Mey., and B. rubens. We observed that the presence of small mammals create a biotic resistance to B. tectorum, H. glomeratus, and B. rubens. This pattern was observed in both intact and burned plant communities; however, it was most prevalent in the burned plant communities. The strength of the biotic resistance on these invasive species varied between species and the years sampled. In deserts both plant and small mammal communities are tightly tied to precipitation. We wanted to understand how invasive species establishment is affected by small mammal presence after a fire disturbance, and manipulating total precipitation. Total precipitation was manipulated through three different treatments: 1) drought or 30% reduction of ambient precipitation; 2) ambient precipitation; 3) water addition or an increase of 30% ambient precipitation. We focused on B. rubens establishment in the Mojave Desert as our model organism by monitoring it beneath rain manipulation shelters nested in burned/intact and small mammal presence/absence full factorial plots. What we observed was that again small mammals created a biotic resistance on the density of B. rubens regardless of the burn or precipitation treatments. This biotic resistance also translated into decreasing B. rubens biomass and seed density. Under the drought and ambient precipitation treatments we found that small mammals kept the density and biomass equal but under increased precipitation the efficacy of biotic resistance on B. rubens density and biomass was lessened by the availability of the added water.

In today’s overloaded media landscape, television viewers are constantly confronted with the problem of what media content to select. This media overload speaks directly to the theory of bounded rationality when viewers work to understand all available choices. This thesis presents and evaluates an Internet of Things driven media recommendation concept (IoT TV) which could ease decision making for viewers by providing more personalized media content recommendations. This study evaluates the concept using three focus groups to understand what aspects of IoT TV are important for viewers. IoT TV concept addresses factors such as timing and emotions which influence a media choice extensively. The conducted thematic analysis identifies the four themes: time saving and passing, monitoring people and devices, media choice, and privacy. These themes are treated as the results of this study because the themes describe the important aspects which have to be considered before launching IoT TV. IoT TV will make media content selection easier by saving time and matching content according to emotions. Consequently, IoT TV connection with smart devices which share data about viewers’ time and emotions would solve the problem of media overload. / I dagens överbelastade medielandskap stöter tv-tittare ständigt på frågan om vilket medieinnehåll de ska välja. Denna medieöverbelastning väcker teorier om begränsad rationalitet när tittarna kämpar för att förstå alla tillgängliga valmöjligheter. Denna uppsats presenterar ett rekommendationskoncept för medier drivna av sakernas internet (IoT-tv), som skulle kunna underlätta tittarnas beslutsfattande genom att ge mer personaliserade medieinnehållsrekommendationer. Studien utvärderar konceptet genom tre fokusgrupper för att förstå vilka aspekter av IoT-tv som är viktiga för tittare. Konceptet IoT-tv tar i beaktande sådana faktorer som tajmning och känslor som kan påverka medievalet betydligt. Den utförda tematiska analysen pekar ut följande fyra teman: tidsbesparing och -passning, människo- och enhetsövervakning, medieval samt integritet. Dessa teman behandlas som studiens resultat eftersom de beskriver viktiga aspekter som bör beaktas innan IoT-tv lanseras. IoT-tv kommer att underlätta val av medieinnehåll genom att spara tid och synkronisera innehållet med aktuella känslor hos tittaren. Således skulle smarta tv-enheter med IoT-anslutning som delar data om tittarens tid och känslor, lösa problemet med medieöverbelastning.

Background: Sports have a significant impact on people all around the world. Although sport brings a lot of joy, a sense of togetherness, and pride, it also involves ethically difficult issues such as doping. Doping in sports is a growing global concern that jeopardizes sports ethics, values, and integrity (The World Anti-Doping Agency WADA, a). Previous research has mainly approached the topic by understanding athletes’ motivation behind the decision to dope. Hence, there is a growing need to understand athletes’ attitudes and beliefs towards clean sports. Aim: This study aimed to comprehensively understand athletes’ attitudes and beliefs on reaching the top without doping and their beliefs on whether doping affects the results of competitions at the national and international levels. Also, it was examined whether variables such as age, gender, testing history, and sports have any distinguished matter on athletes’ attitudes towards clean sports. Method: A cross-sectional mixed-methods study explored athletes' attitudes and beliefs on clean sports. A total of 73 tested athletes (response rate 14,4%) completed a web-based "Assessments of Doping Control and FINCIS Activities" -survey. Results: In this research, athletes’ age, gender, testing history, and sports did not show any significance concerning athletes' attitudes towards reaching the national and international tops without doping. In the open-ended questions, athletes expressed trust in national-level competitions but had more suspicions about international competitions. Conclusion: The results suggest that the athletes in this research reported positive attitudes and beliefs in competing clean. However, it is challenging to determine whether athletes feel that they need to answer “correctly” and according to the values of clean sports. Therefore, it is important to continue studying athletes’ attitudes and clean sports.