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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
301

Atténuation du bruit et des vibrations de structures minces par dispositifs piézoélectriques passifs : modèles numériques d'ordre réduit et optimisation. / Structural vibration and noise reduction of thin structures by means of passive piezoelectric devices : reduced order models and optimization

Pereira Da Silva, Luciano 05 September 2014 (has links)
Dans le cadre de la lutte contre les nuisances sonores et vibratoires, cette thèse porte sur la modélisation numérique des structures amorties par dispositifs piézoélectriques shuntés. La première partie du travail concerne la modélisation par éléments finis de structures en vibrations avec des pastilles piézoélectriques shuntées. Dans un premier temps, une formulation éléments finis originale, qui utilise des variables électriques globales (différence de potentiel et charge dans chaque pastille piézoélectrique), est analysée et validée. Dans un second temps, différentes stratégies de réduction de modèle basées sur la méthode de projection modale sont proposées pour résoudre le problème électromécanique discrétisé par éléments finis à moindre coût. La convergence de ces modèles d’ordre réduits est ensuite analysée pour les cas de shunts résistif et résonant. La deuxième partie du travail est consacrée à l’optimisation du système électromécanique, dans le but de maximiser l’amortissement apporté par les dispositifs piézoélectriques shuntés. Pour cela, une procédure d’optimisation topologique, basée sur la méthode SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization method), est développée pour déterminer les géométries et les emplacements optimaux des pastilles piézoélectriques. Cette procédure permet de maximiser le coefficient de couplage électromécanique modal entre les éléments piézoélectriques et la structure hôte, ceci de façon indépendante du choix des composants du circuit électrique. Les avantages de l’approche proposée sont mis en avant à travers un exemple de validation et un cas d'application industrielle. Enfin, la dernière partie du travail propose une approche numérique pour modéliser et optimiser la réduction du rayonnement acoustique de plaques minces dans le domaine des basses fréquences avec des éléments piézoélectriques shuntés. Cette approche est valable pour n’importe quelle plaque mince bafflée et non trouée, indépendamment des conditions aux limites. Un exemple d’application concernant l’atténuation du rayonnent acoustique d’une plaque avec renforts est présenté et analysé. / Passive structural vibration and noise reduction by means of shunted piezoelectric patches is addressed in this thesis. The first part of the work concerns the finite element modeling of shunted piezoelectric systems. Firstly, an original finite element formulation, with only a couple of electric variables per piezoelectric patch (the global charge/ voltage), is analyzed and validated. Secondly, several reduced order models based on a normal mode expansion are proposed to solve the electromechanical problem. The convergence of these reduced order models is then analyzed for a resistive and a resonant shunt circuits. In the second part of the work, the concept of topology optimization, based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization method (SIMP), is employed to optimize, in terms of damping efficiency, the geometry of piezoelectric patches as well as their placement on the host elastic structure. The proposed optimization procedure consists of distributing the piezoelectric material in such a way as to maximize the modal electromechanical coupling factor of the mechanical vibration mode to which the shunt is tuned, independently of the choice of electric circuit components. Numerical examples validate and demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach for the design of piezoelectric shunt devices. Finally, the last part of the work concerns the numerical modeling of noise and vibration reduction of thin structures in the low frequency range by using shunted piezoelectric elements. An efficient approach that can be applied to any thin continuous plates in an infinite baffle, independently of the boundary conditions, is proposed. An application example of a thin plate with reinforcements is presented and analyzed.
302

Manufacturing Constraints and Multi-Phase Shape and Topology Optimization via a Level-Set Method

Michailidis, Georgios 27 January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
The main contribution of this thesis is the implementation of manufacturing constraints in shape and topology optimization. Fabrication limitations related to the casting process are formulated as mathematical constraints and introduced in the optimization algorithm. In addition, based on the same theoretical and modelization tools, we propose a novel formulation for multi-phase optimization problems, which can be extended to the optimization of structures with functionally-graded properties. A key ingredient for the mathematical formulation of most problems throughout our work is the notion of the signed distance function to a domain. This work is divided into three parts. The rst part is bibliographical and contains the necessary background material for the understanding of the thesis' main core. It includes the rst two chapters. Chapter 1 provides a synopsis of shape and topology optimization methods and emphasizes the combination of shape sensitivity analysis and the level-set method for tracking a shape's boundary. In Chapter 2 we give a short description of the casting process, from which all our manufacturing constraints derive. We explain how industrial designers account for these limitations and propose a strategy to incorporate them in shape and topology optimization algorithms. The second part is about the mathematical formulation of manufacturing constraints. It starts with Chapter 3, where the control of thickness is discussed. Based on the signed distance function, we formulate three constraints to ensure a maximum and minimm feature size, as well as a minimal distance between structural members. Then, in Chapter 4, we propose ways to handle molding direction constraints and combine them with thickness constraints. Finally, a thermal constraint coming from the solidi cation of cast parts is treated in Chapter 5 using several thermal models. Multi-phase optimization is discussed in the third part. The general problem of shape and topology optimization using multiple phases is presented in detail in Chapter 6. A "smoothed-interface" approach, based again on the signed distance function, is proposed to avoid numerical di culties related to classical "sharp-interface" problems and a shape derivative is calculated. An extension of this novel formulation to general types of material properties' gradation is shown in the Appendix A.
303

Atténuation du bruit et des vibrations de structures minces par dispositifs piézoélectriques passifs : modèles numériques d'ordre réduit et optimisation / Structural vibration and noise reduction of thin structures by means of passive piezoelectric devices : reduced order models and optimization

Pereira Da Silva, Luciano 05 September 2014 (has links)
Dans le cadre de la lutte contre les nuisances sonores et vibratoires, cette thèse porte sur la modélisation numérique des structures amorties par dispositifs piézoélectriques shuntés. La première partie du travail concerne la modélisation par éléments finis de structures en vibrations avec des pastilles piézoélectriques shuntées. Dans un premier temps, une formulation éléments finis originale, qui utilise des variables électriques globales (différence de potentiel et charge dans chaque pastille piézoélectrique), est analysée et validée. Dans un second temps, différentes stratégies de réduction de modèle basées sur la méthode de projection modale sont proposées pour résoudre le problème électromécanique discrétisé par éléments finis à moindre coût. La convergence de ces modèles d’ordre réduits est ensuite analysée pour les cas de shunts résistif et résonant. La deuxième partie du travail est consacrée à l’optimisation du système électromécanique, dans le but de maximiser l’amortissement apporté par les dispositifs piézoélectriques shuntés. Pour cela, une procédure d’optimisation topologique, basée sur la méthode SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization method), est développée pour déterminer les géométries et les emplacements optimaux des pastilles piézoélectriques. Cette procédure permet de maximiser le coefficient de couplage électromécanique modal entre les éléments piézoélectriques et la structure hôte, ceci de façon indépendante du choix des composants du circuit électrique. Les avantages de l’approche proposée sont mis en avant à travers un exemple de validation et un cas d'application industrielle. Enfin, la dernière partie du travail propose une approche numérique pour modéliser et optimiser la réduction du rayonnement acoustique de plaques minces dans le domaine des basses fréquences avec des éléments piézoélectriques shuntés. Cette approche est valable pour n’importe quelle plaque mince bafflée et non trouée, indépendamment des conditions aux limites. Un exemple d’application concernant l’atténuation du rayonnent acoustique d’une plaque avec renforts est présenté et analysé. / Passive structural vibration and noise reduction by means of shunted piezoelectric patches is addressed in this thesis. The first part of the work concerns the finite element modeling of shunted piezoelectric systems. Firstly, an original finite element formulation, with only a couple of electric variables per piezoelectric patch (the global charge/ voltage), is analyzed and validated. Secondly, several reduced order models based on a normal mode expansion are proposed to solve the electromechanical problem. The convergence of these reduced order models is then analyzed for a resistive and a resonant shunt circuits. In the second part of the work, the concept of topology optimization, based on the Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization method (SIMP), is employed to optimize, in terms of damping efficiency, the geometry of piezoelectric patches as well as their placement on the host elastic structure. The proposed optimization procedure consists of distributing the piezoelectric material in such a way as to maximize the modal electromechanical coupling factor of the mechanical vibration mode to which the shunt is tuned, independently of the choice of electric circuit components. Numerical examples validate and demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach for the design of piezoelectric shunt devices. Finally, the last part of the work concerns the numerical modeling of noise and vibration reduction of thin structures in the low frequency range by using shunted piezoelectric elements. An efficient approach that can be applied to any thin continuous plates in an infinite baffle, independently of the boundary conditions, is proposed. An application example of a thin plate with reinforcements is presented and analyzed.
304

Conception optimale de circuits magnétiques dédiés à la propulsion spatiale électrique par des méthodes d'optimisation topologique / Optimal design of magnetic circuits dedicated to spatial electric propulsion by topology optimization methods

Sanogo, Satafa 01 February 2016 (has links)
Dans ces travaux, nous présentons des méthodes d'optimisation théoriques et numériques pour la conception optimale de circuits magnétiques pour propulseurs à effet Hall. Ces problèmes de conception sont des problèmes inverses très difficiles à résoudre que nous formulons sous forme de problèmes d'optimisation topologique. Les problèmes resultant sont non convexes avec des contraintes aux équations différentielles de Maxwell. Au cours de ces travaux, des approches originales ont été proposées afin de résoudre efficacement ces problèmes d'optimisation topologique. L'approche de densité de matériaux SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) qui est une variante de la méthode d'homogénéisation a été privilégiées. De plus, les travaux de ma thèse ont permis la mise en place de codes d'optimisation dénommé ATOP (Algorithm To Optimize Propulsion) utilisant en parallèle les logiciels de calculs scientifiques Matlab et d'élément finis FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetics). Dans ATOP, nous utilisant à la fois des algorithmes d'optimisation locale de type descente basés sur une analyse de la sensibilité du problème et des algorithmes d'optimisation globale principalement de type Branch and Bound basés sur l'Arithmétique des Intervals. ATOP permettra d'optimiser à la fois la forme topologique des circuits magnétiques mais aussi le temps et le coût de production de nouvelles génération de propulseurs électriques. / In this work, we present theoretical and numerical optimization method for designing magnetic circuits for Hall effect thrusters. These design problems are very difficult inverse ones that we formulate under the form of topology optimization problems. Then, the obtained problems are non convex subject to Maxwell equations like constraints. Some original approaches have been proposed to solve efficiently these topology optimization problems. These approaches are based on the material density model called SIMP approach (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) which is a variante of the homogenization method. The results in my thesis allowed to provide optimization source code named ATOP (Algorithm To Optimize Propulsion) unsung in parallel two scientific computing softwares namely Matlab and FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetics). In ATOP, we use both local optimization algorithms based on sensitivity analysis of the design problem; and global optimization algorithms mainly of type Branch and Bound based on Interval Arithmetic analysis. ATOP will help to optimize both the topological shape of the magnetic circuits and the time and cost of production (design process) of new generations of electrical thrusters.
305

Projeto de dispositivos de microcanais utilizando o método de otimização topológica. / Design of microchannel devices applying the topology optimization method.

Adriano Akio Koga 25 October 2010 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe o estudo do projeto de dispositivos baseados em microcanais de fluido, tais como difusores, misturadores, válvulas, e trocadores de calor, através da aplicação do Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT). O MOT é um método computacional que permite obter um projeto otimizado de um sistema, através da distribuição de uma quantidade limitada de material num dado domínio de projeto. Neste caso, o MOT é aplicado a um domínio fluido, e permite obter a topologia otimizada (formato ótimo) dos microcanais, segundo uma determinada característica, seja esta, a minimização da perda de carga, ou a maximização da velocidade num dado ponto, ou ainda a maximização da troca de calor, no caso de trocadores de calor. Os canais utilizados nestas aplicações operam com baixo número de Reynolds, sendo um caso típico da aplicação das equações de escoamento de Stokes. A implementação do MOT é realizada sob a forma de rotinas computacionais, permitindo um projeto sistematizado dos canais. No processo de otimização, utiliza-se o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) como método de análise dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos, e a Programação Linear Seqüencial (PLS) como algoritmo de otimização. Ao final, propõe-se um estudo multi-físico, aliando-se características otimizadas tanto do ponto de vista da eficiência do escoamento, quanto do ponto de vista da dissipação térmica no canal, combinando-os através de uma função multi-objetivo. Exemplos de projeto bidimensionais de dispositivos de fluido são apresentados para ilustrar o método. / This work proposes studying the design of micro channel devices, such as fluid diffusers, mixers, valves, and heat exchangers, through the application of the Topology Optimization Method (TOM). The TOM is a computational method that allows the distribution of a limited amount of material, inside a given design domain, in order to obtain an optimized system design. Herein, the TOM is applied to a fluidic domain, allowing the design of an optimized microchannel topology (optimal configuration), according to a given objective function, such as head loss minimization, maximum velocity in a given direction, or the heat transfer maximization, in a heat exchanger example. Especially this kind of channel devices, operates at low Reynolds number, thus, it can be modeled through Stokes flow equations. The optimization procedure applies the Finite Element Method (FEM) to perform the physical analysis, and Sequential Linear Programming (SLP) as the optimization algorithm. At the end, a multi-physics analysis is proposed, through a multi-objective cost function, that combines both flow and heat dissipation efficiency optimization. Two-dimensional designs of fluidic devices are presented as examples to illustrate the method.
306

Projeto de multi-atuadores piezelétricos homogêneos e gradados utilizando o método de otimização topológica. / Design of graded and homogeneous piezoelectric multi-actuators using the topology optimization method.

Ronny Calixto Carbonari 22 January 2008 (has links)
Microdispositivos piezelétricos tem uma vasta aplicação em mecânica de precisão, como, por exemplo, manipulação de células, microcirurgias, equipamentos de nanotecnologia e principalmente em microeletromecanismos (MEMS). Os microdispositivos piezelétricos considerados nesta tese essencialmente consistem de uma estrutura multi-flexível atuada por duas ou mais piezocerâmicas, que geram deslocamentos e forças em direções e regiões pré-determinadas do domínio, ou seja, a estrutura multi-flexível atua como um transformador mecânico amplificando e alterando os deslocamentos gerados pelas piezocerâmicas nos movimentos de atuação. O desenvolvimento destes microdispositivos piezelétricos em sua grande maioria não utiliza ferramentas sistemáticas e genéricas. A complexidade dos movimentos de atuação torna o desenvolvimento dos microdispositivos piezelétricos complexo, principalmente devido ao surgimento de movimentos indesejados ou acoplados durante a sua atuação. Portanto, é necessário um método sistemático e eficiente como o método de otimização topológica (MOT), que incorpore na sua formulação as principais exigências de projeto dos microdispositivos, como apresentado nesse trabalho. O MOT implementado é baseado na abordagem CAMD (Distribuição Contínua da Distribuição de Material), onde as pseudo-densidades são interpoladas nos nós de cada elemento finito, resultando numa distribuição contínua de material no domínio. Um método adjunto foi implementado para o cálculo das sensibilidades. São consideradas três formulações. A primeira denominada de MAPs (Multi-Atuadores Piezelétricos) considera as regiões piezocerâmicas fixas, otimizando apenas a estrutura multi-flexível no domínio de projeto. Nesta formulação materiais não-piezelétricos (como, por exemplo, Alumínio) e vazio são distribuídos no domínio de projeto, mantendo as regiões piezocerâmicas fixas e homogêneas. Para validar os resultados obtidos com essa formulação foram fabricados protótipos de nanoposicionadores $XY$, que foram caracterizados experimentalmente utilizando técnicas de interferometria laser, considerando excitação quasi-estática. No entanto, essa primeira formulação impõe restrições no problema, limitando a optimalidade da solução obtida pela otimização topológica. Assim, surgiu a necessidade de desenvolver uma segunda formulação, que permite distribuir simultaneamente material não-piezelétrico, piezelétrico e vazio no domínio de projeto, denominada de LOMPs (Localização Ótima do Material Piezelétrico). A formulação dos LOMPs obtém simultaneamente a localização do material piezelétrico na estrutura flexível otimizada pela OT, e inclui também uma variável de projeto para determinar o ângulo ótimo entre as direções de polarização e do campo elétrico. Nesta formulação como as posições dos eletrodos não são conhecidas, ``a priori\'\', é utilizado como abordagem aplicar um campo elétrico constante para determinar a localização do material piezelétrico e conseqüentemente dos eletrodos. Finalmente, foi explorado o conceito de materiais com gradação funcional (MGFs) no projeto dos MAPs. Os MGFs apresentam uma distribuição contínua de materiais na sua microestrutura, não possuindo interface entre os materiais distribuídos, o que possibilita aumentar a vida útil do dispositivo piezelétrico. Assim, foi implementado uma terceira formulação denominada de MAPs MGFs, que permite obter a gradação ótima de materiais piezelétricos e não-piezelétricos no domínio piezocerâmico dos MAPs, conjuntamente com a topologia da estrutura multi-flexível. Essa formulação foi estendida para projetar atuadores bilaminares MGFs. Todas as formulações desenvolvidas utilizam uma função multi-objetivo, que permite controlar a rigidez e a flexibilidade minimizando o movimento acoplado, de cada movimento de atuação. Os exemplos numéricos são limitados a modelos bi-dimensionais, utilizando o estado plano de tensões e deformações mecânicas e elétricas, uma vez que a grande maioria das aplicações dos microdispositivos piezelétricos são bi-dimensionais. / Microtools offer significant promise in a wide range of applications such as cell manipulation, microsurgery, nanotechnology processes, and many other fields. The microtools considered in this doctoral thesis essentially consist of a multi-flexible structure actuated by two or more piezoceramic devices that when each piezoceramic is actuated, it generates an output displacement and force at a specified point of the domain and direction. The multi-flexible structure acts as a mechanical transformer by amplifying and changing the direction of the piezoceramic output displacements. Thus, the development of microtools requires the design of actuated flexible structures that can perform complex movements. The development of these microtools is still in the beginning and it can be strongly enhanced by using design tools. In addition, when multiple piezoceramic devices are involved, coupling effects in their movements become critical, especially the appearance of undesired movements, which makes the design task very complex. One way to avoid such undesirable effects is the use of a systematic design method, such as topology optimization, with appropriate formulation of the optimization problem. The topology optimization method implemented is based on the CAMD (Continuous Approximation of Material Distribution) approach where fictitious densities are interpolated at each finite element, providing a continuum material distribution in the domain. The corresponding sensitivity analysis is presented using the adjoint method. Three formulations are considered. The first formulation, called Piezoelectric Multi-Actuators (PMAs), keeps fixed piezoceramic positions in the design domain and only the flexible structure is designed by distributing some non-piezoelectric material (Aluminum, for example). $XY$ Piezoelectric Nanopositioner are manufactured and experimentally analyzed to validate the results of the topology optimization obtained using this formulation. Experimental analyses are conducted using laser interferometry to measure displacement, while considering a quasi-static excitation. However, this first formulation imposes a constraint to the position of piezoelectric material in the optimization problem limiting the optimality of the solution. Thus, the second formulation presented, called LOMPs, allows the simultaneous distribution of non-piezoelectric and piezoelectric material in the design domain, to achieve certain specified actuation movements. The optimization problem is posed as the simultaneous search for an optimal topology of a flexible structure as well as the optimal position of piezoceramics in the design domain and optimal rotation angle of piezoceramic material axes that maximize output displacements or output forces at a specified point of the domain and direction. When the distribution of a non-piezoelectric conductor material and a piezoceramic material is considered in the design domain, the electrode positions are not known ``a priori\'\'. To circumvent this problem, an electric field is applied as electrical excitation. Finally, the concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) is applied to PMAs design. FGMs are special materials that possess continuously graded properties without interfaces which can increase lifetime of piezoelectric devices. Thus, a third formulation is implemented to find the optimum gradation and polarization sign variation of piezoceramic FGMs, while simultaneously optimizing the multi-flexible structural configuration. This formulation is extended to design bimorph type FGM actuators. For all developed formulations, a multi-objective function is defined that controls the stiffness and flexibility, minimizing the coupling movement of each actuated movement. The present examples are limited to two-dimensional models because most part of the applications for such micro-tools are planar devices.
307

Projeto de estruturas considerando o efeito da não-linearidade geométrica utilizando o método de otimização topológica. / Design of structures considering the nonlinear geometric effect using topology optimization method.

Ricardo Doll Lahuerta 11 January 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe estudar o projeto de estruturas submetidas a grandes deslocamentos utilizando o Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT). O MOT é um método numérico capaz de fornecer de forma sistemática a distribuição ótima de material no domínio de uma estrutura de forma a atender a um dado requisito de projeto, por exemplo, o valor de flexibilidade máxima permitida em uma estrutura. Desde sua introdução, há quase três décadas, o MOT ganhou popularidade na área acadêmica e na indústria. Até o presente momento (2011), a maioria dos trabalhos relacionados com o método tem se preocupado com a otimização de estruturas com o comportamento linear, ou seja, pequenos deslocamentos. Um pequeno número de artigos e trabalhos tem sido relacionado com a modelagem e otimização topológica de estruturas submetidas a efeitos não-lineares. Este trabalho propõe compilar as formulações descritas na literatura e agregar novas técnicas na implementação da OT de forma a melhorar a robustez na obtenção de resultados sob não-linearidade geométrica. O MOT para o comportamento não-linear geométrico neste trabalho foi implementado utilizando o modelo de material SIMP. O comportamento não-linear geométrico é representado utilizando a formulação Lagrangiana para as leis de material de Kirchhoff-Saint Venant e neo-Hookiana. Ambas as leis de material foram implementadas utilizando o método de elementos finitos (MEF) e o equilíbrio estático da estrutura é obtido através de uma rotina incremental e iterativa de Newton incluindo todos os elementos (inclusive os de baixa densidade) dentro do domínio de projeto. A sensibilidade da função objetivo é deduzida utilizando o método adjunto e o problema de otimização é resolvido utilizando o Método das Assíntotas Móveis (MAM) em conjunto com uma função de Relaxação proposta para estabilizar a solução de OT não-linear. A função de projeção não-linear em conjunto com o Método da Continuação é utilizada para eliminar o problema de tabuleiro e independência de malha, melhorando a convergência dos resultados. A função objetivo para minimização da flexibilidade no ponto de aplicação do carregamento é testada, considerando um carregamento fixo. Neste trabalho, os exemplos mostram que as diferenças na rigidez das estruturas otimizadas utilizando modelagem linear e não-linear são geralmente pequenas para pequenos carregamentos, mas elas podem ser grandes em certos casos envolvendo grandes cargas, acarretando em instabilidades na estrutura, o que pode degenerar a solução obtida. / This work proposes studying the design of structures undergoing large displacement using Topology Optimization Method (TOM). The TOM is a numerical method capable of synthesizing the basic layout of a mechanical structure accomplishing to a given design requirement, for example the maximum strain energy allowed in the structure. Since its introduction nearly three decades, TOM has gained widespread popularity in academia and industry. So far, most papers dealing with the method have been concerned with the optimization of structures with linear geometric and material behavior. Even now a small number of works and articles have been concerned with the modeling and topology optimization of structures undergoing nonlinear effects. This work proposes to compile the formulations described in the literature and adding new techniques to improve the robustness for obtaining results of OT under geometric nonlinearity. The TOM for geometric nonlinear behavior in this work is implemented with Solid Isotropic Microstructure with Penalization (SIMP) material model. The geometrically nonlinear behavior of the structures is modeled using a Lagrangean description for hyperelastic constitutive models for Saint Venant-Kirchhoff and neo-Hookean. Both constitutive models are implemented using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the static equilibrium of the structure is obtained using an incremental and iterative Full-Newton Method considering all elements and internal force of the design domain (elements called \"voids\"). The sensitivity of the objective function is derived using the adjoint method and the optimization problem is solved using the Optimality Criteria (OC) method and Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) together with a Relaxation Function proposed to stabilize the TO nonlinear solution. The nonlinear projection function in conjunction with the Continuation Method is used to obtain checkerboard-free and mesh-independent designs and to improve the convergence results. The objective function of end-compliance is tested, by minimizing it for a fixed load. In this work, some examples show that differences in stiffness of optimized structures using linear and nonlinear modeling are generally small, however they can be large in certain cases involving buckling or bifurcation point, that degenerate the solution obtained.
308

Projeto, otimização e análise de incertezas de um dispositivo coletor de energia proveniente de vibrações mecânicas utilizando transdutores piezelétricos e circuito ressonante / Design, optimization and uncertainty analysis of a mechanical vibration energy harvesting device using piezoelectric transducers and resonant circuit

Tatiane Corrêa de Godoy 05 November 2012 (has links)
O uso de materiais piezelétricos no desenvolvimento de dispositivos para o aproveitamento de energia provinda de vibrações mecânicas, Energy Harvesting, tem sido largamente estudado na última década. Materiais piezelétricos podem ser encontrados na forma de finas camadas ou pastilhas, sendo facilmente integradas a estruturas sem aumento significativo de massa. A conversão de energia mecânica em energia elétrica se dá graças ao acoplamento eletromecânico dos materiais piezelétricos. A maioria das publicações encontradas na literatura exploram o uso de dispositivos eletromecânicos ressonantes, sintonizados na frequência de operação da estrutura, maximizando assim, a energia elétrica de saída dada uma certa condição de operação. O desempenho desses dispositivos ressonantes para coletar e armazenar energia é altamente dependente da adequada sintonização da sua frequência de ressonância com a frequência de operação do sistema/estrutura. Este trabalho apresenta o projeto, otimização e análise de incertezas de um dispositivo coletor/armazenador de energia que consiste em uma placa sob duas condições de contorno, engastada-livre (EL) e deslizante-livre (DL), com massa sísmica e materiais piezelétricos conectados a um circuito shunt. Um modelo em elementos finitos de placa laminada piezelétrica conectada a circuitos R e RL é utilizado combinando as teorias de camada equivalente e deformação de cisalhamento de primeira ordem. A disposição/quantidade de material piezelétrico bem como a massa sísmica acoplados à estrutura foram otimizadas utilizando-se um Algoritmo Genético, levando em conta análises mecânica (modelo mecânico, geometria, peso) e elétrica (modelo elétrico, circuito armazenador). Além disso, o efeito de incertezas dos parâmetros dielétrico e piezelétrico do transdutor, e da indutância elétrica ligada em série ao circuito coletor/armazenador de energia foi estudado. Os resultados indicam que a inclusão de uma indutância sintética ao circuito pode melhorar a coleta de energia em uma banda de frequência e, ainda, que a otimização geométrica pode reduzir a quantidade de material piezelétrico sem no entanto diminuir significativamente a energia gerada. / The use of piezoelectric materials in the development of devices to harvest energy from mechanical vibrations (Energy Harvesting) has been widely studied in the last decade. Piezoelectric materials can be found in the form of thin layers or patches easily integrated into structures without significant mass increase. The conversion of mechanical energy into electric power is provided by the electromechanical coupling of piezoelectric materials. Most publications in the literature explore the use of resonant electromechanical devices, tuned to the operating frequency of the host structure, thus maximizing the power output given a certain operating condition. The performance of these resonant devices to harvest and store energy is highly dependent on the proper tuning of its resonance frequency with the operation frequency of the system/structure. This work presents a design, optimization and uncertainty analysis of energy harvester device consisting of a plate with tip mass and piezoelectric materials connected to shunt circuits. Two boundary conditions are used for the plate, cantilever (EL) and sliding-free (DL). A coupled finite element model with R and RL circuits, combining equivalent single layer and first order shear deformation theories, was used. The distribution and volume of piezoelectric material and the tip mass coupled to the structure were optimized using a Genetic Algorithm, accounting for both mechanical (mechanical model, geometry, weight) and electric (electric model, storer circuit) analyses. Furthermore, the effect of uncertainties of transducer dielectric and piezoelectric constants and electric inductance connected in series with harvesting circuit was studied. The results indicate that the inclusion of a synthetic inductance can improve energy harvesting performance over a frequency range and also that the geometric optimization may reduce the piezoelectric material volume without diminishing significantly the harvested energy.
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Shape and topology optimization of multiphysics systems / Optimisation topologique de systèmes multiphysiques

Feppon, Florian 16 December 2019 (has links)
Cette thèse est consacrée à l'optimisation de la topologie et de la forme de systèmesmultiphysiques motivés par des applications de l'industrie aéronautique. Nouscalculons les dérivées de forme de fonctions de coût arbitraires pour un modèlefluide, thermique et mécanique faiblement couplé. Nous développons ensuite unalgorithme de type gradient adapté à la résolution de problèmes d'optimisation deformes sous contraintes qui ne requiert par de réglage de paramètres nonphysiques. Nous introduisons ensuite une méthode variationnelle qui permet decalculer des intégrales le long de rayons sur un maillage par la résolution d'unproblème variationnel qui ne requiert pas la détermination explicite de ces lignessur la discrétisation spatiale. Cette méthode nous a ainsi permis d'imposer unecontrainte de non-mélange de phases pour une application à l'optimisationd'échangeurs de chaleur bi-tubes. Tous ces ingrédients ont été employés pour traiterune variété de cas tests d'optimisation de formes pour des systèmes multi-physiques2-d ou 3-d. Nous avons considéré des problèmes à une seule, deux ou bien troisphysiques couplées en 2-d, et des problèmes de tailles relativement élevées en 3-dpour la mécanique, la conduction thermique, l'optimisation de profils aérodynamiques,et de la forme de systèmes en interaction fluide-structure. Un dernier chapitred'ouverture est consacré à l'étude de modèles homogénéisées d'ordres élevés pour lessystèmes elliptiques perforés. Ces équations d'ordres élevés englobent les troisrégimes homogénéisés classiques associés à divers rapports d'échelles pour la tailledes obstacles. Elles pourraient permettre, dans de futurs travaux, de développer denouvelles méthodes d'optimisation pour les systèmes fluides caractérisés par desmotifs multi-échelles, ainsi que couramment rencontré dans la conception deséchangeurs thermiques industriels. / This work is devoted to shape and topology optimization of multiphysics systemsmotivated by aeronautic industrial applications. Shape derivatives of arbitraryobjective functionals are computed for a weakly coupled thermal fluid-structuremodel. A novel gradient flow type algorithm is then developed for solving genericconstrained shape optimization problems without the need for tuning non-physicalmetaparameters. Motivated by the need for enforcing non-mixing constraints in thedesign of liquid-liquid heat exchangers, a variational method is developed in orderto simplify the numerical evaluation of geometric constraints: it allows to computeline integrals on a mesh by solving a variational problem without requiring theexplicit knowledge of these lines on the spatial discretization. All theseingredients allowed us to implement a variety of 2-d and 3-d multiphysics shapeoptimization test cases: from single, double or three physics problems in 2-d, tomoderately large-scale 3-d test cases for structural design, thermal conduction,aerodynamic design and a fluid-structure interacting system. A final opening chapterderives high order homogenized equations for perforated elliptic systems. These highorder equations encompass the three classical regimes of homogenized modelsassociated with different obstacle's size scalings. They could allow, in futureworks, to develop new topology optimization methods for fluid systems characterizedby multi-scale patterns as commonly encountered in industrial heat exchanger designs.
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[pt] OTIMIZAÇÃO TOPOLÓGICA USANDO MALHAS POLIÉDRICAS / [en] TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION USING POLYHEDRAL MESHES

22 February 2019 (has links)
[pt] A otimização topológica tem se desenvolvido bastante e possui potencial para revolucionar diversas áreas da engenharia. Este método pode ser implementado a partir de diferentes abordagens, tendo como base o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Ao se utilizar uma abordagem baseada no elemento, potencialmente, cada elemento finito pode se tornar um vazio ou um sólido, e a cada elemento do domínio é atribuído uma variável de projeto, constante, denominada densidade. Do ponto de vista Euleriano, a topologia obtida é um subconjunto dos elementos iniciais. No entanto, tal abordagem está sujeita a instabilidades numéricas, tais como conexões de um nó e rápidas oscilações de materiais do tipo sólido-vazio (conhecidas como instabilidade de tabuleiro). Projetos indesejáveis podem ser obtidos quando elementos de baixa ordem são utilizados e métodos de regularização e/ou restrição não são aplicados. Malhas poliédricas não estruturadas naturalmente resolvem esses problemas e oferecem maior flexibilidade na discretização de domínios não Cartesianos. Neste trabalho investigamos a otimização topológica em malhas poliédricas por meio de um acoplamento entre malhas. Primeiramente, as malhas poliédricas são geradas com base no conceito de diagramas centroidais de Voronoi e posteriormente otimizadas para uso em análises de elementos finitos. Demonstramos que o número de condicionamento do sistema de equações associado pode ser melhorado ao se minimizar uma função de energia relacionada com a geometria dos elementos. Dada a qualidade da malha e o tamanho do problema, diferentes tipos de resolvedores de sistemas de equações lineares apresentam diferentes desempenhos e, portanto, ambos os resolvedores diretos e iterativos são abordados. Em seguida, os poliedros são decompostos em tetraedros por um algoritmo específico de acoplamento entre as malhas. A discretização em poliedros é responsável pelas variáveis de projeto enquanto a malha tetraédrica, obtida pela subdiscretização da poliédrica, é utilizada nas análises via método dos elementos finitos. A estrutura modular, que separa as rotinas e as variáveis usadas nas análises de deslocamentos das usadas no processo de otimização, tem se mostrado promissora tanto na melhoria da eficiência computacional como na qualidade das soluções que foram obtidas neste trabalho. Os campos de deslocamentos e as variáveis de projeto são relacionados por meio de um mapeamento. A arquitetura computacional proposta oferece uma abordagem genérica para a solução de problemas tridimensionais de otimização topológica usando poliedros, com potencial para ser explorada em outras aplicações que vão além do escopo deste trabalho. Finalmente, são apresentados diversos exemplos que demonstram os recursos e o potencial da abordagem proposta. / [en] Topology optimization has had an impact in various fields and has the potential to revolutionize several areas of engineering. This method can be implemented based on the finite element method, and there are several approaches of choice. When using an element-based approach, every finite element is a potential void or actual material, whereas every element in the domain is assigned to a constant design variable, namely, density. In an Eulerian setting, the obtained topology consists of a subset of initial elements. This approach, however, is subject to numerical instabilities such as one-node connections and rapid oscillations of solid and void material (the so-called checkerboard pattern). Undesirable designs might be obtained when standard low-order elements are used and no further regularization and/or restrictions methods are employed. Unstructured polyhedral meshes naturally address these issues and offer fl exibility in discretizing non-Cartesians domains. In this work we investigate topology optimization on polyhedra meshes through a mesh staggering approach. First, polyhedra meshes are generated based on the concept of centroidal Voronoi diagrams and further optimized for finite element computations. We show that the condition number of the associated system of equations can be improved by minimizing an energy function related to the element s geometry. Given the mesh quality and problem size, different types of solvers provide different performances and thus both direct and iterative solvers are addressed. Second, polyhedrons are decomposed into tetrahedrons by a tailored embedding algorithm. The polyhedra discretization carries the design variable and a tetrahedra subdiscretization is nested within the polyhedra for finite element analysis. The modular framework decouples analysis and optimization routines and variables, which is promising for software enhancement and for achieving high fidelity solutions. Fields such as displacement and design variables are linked through a mapping. The proposed mapping-based framework provides a general approach to solve three-dimensional topology optimization problems using polyhedrons, which has the potential to be explored in applications beyond the scope of the present work. Finally, the capabilities of the framework are evaluated through several examples, which demonstrate the features and potential of the proposed approach.

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