Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research utilizes the manipulation of digital images to link past, present and future, besides pointing out the existing hybridization in ancient architectural blends with your existing urban context . The invention of urban landscapes combines images of cultural heritage ( photographed or painted ) with elements of urban visuality , inferring whether their memories , and memories subjectifications ; instigating the everyday diversity and acceleration has th. The poetic creation produced from this context is a way of suggesting possibilities for different interpretations , reached in the deconstruction of the urban landscape . This study tra -ering plastic creations that were becoming such production began with di - gitais prints and projected images sequences in plants and concluded with the creation of videos that mix footage and scanned images , in building invented landscapes . Later, such landscapes are presented in installations where partially overlapping images with the intention of exploring " instant hybridizations ." This study has two main operational concepts : invention as production of images , and hybridization , as the songwriting process . The various theoretical and practical pursuits resulted in " Inventions of Urban Landscapes " , invented urban spaces that highlight certain ancient architectures and highlight the diversity , indeterminacy , uncertainty , instability and hybridisation of the urban landscape that contains these buildings as a way to update the past. With this visual poetics proposed another way of perceiving and wondering about the old buildings in the city . / A presente pesquisa se utiliza da manipulação de imagens digitais para associar passado, presente e futuro; além de salientar a hibridação existente nas misturas arquitetônicas antigas com seu contexto urbano atual. A invenção de paisagens urbanas combina imagens de patrimônios culturais (fotografadas ou pintadas) com elementos da visualidade urbana, inferindo-se as suas lembranças, memórias e subjetivações; instigando à diversidade cotidiana e à aceleração do tempo. A criação poética produzida a partir desse contexto é um modo de sugerir possibilidades de interpretações diversas, alcançadas na desconstrução da paisagem urbana. O presente estudo trata- se de criações plásticas que foram se transformando, tal produção iniciou-se com gravuras digitais e sequências de imagens projetadas em instalações e concluiu com a criação de vídeos que misturam filmagens e imagens digitalizadas, na construção de paisagens inventadas. Posteriormente, tais paisagens são apresentadas em instalações, onde se sobrepõem parcialmente imagens na intenção de explorar hibridações instantâneas . Esse estudo possui dois principais conceitos operacionais: invenção, como produção de imagens; e hibridação, como processo de composição. As diversas buscas teóricas e práticas resultaram em Invenções de Paisagens Urbanas , espaços urbanos inventados que destacam determinadas arquiteturas antigas e salientam a diversidade, a indeterminação, a incerteza, a instabilidade e a hibridação da paisagem urbana que contém essas edificações, como forma de atualização do passado. Com essa poética visual é proposto outro modo de perceber e questionar acerca das edificações antigas da cidade.

The following study, tries to show and to explain strategies for the right of urban landscaping through the system of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, specially through advice and law sentences. That´s because precedent could occasionatean a possible legislative developments in the domestic sphere which may enable an effective protection of this right in Brazil. Therefore, it is proposed to answer the following question: considering the failure of the Brazilian State to provide sufficient legal and regulatory instruments to the effective protection of the urban landscape in Brazil, is it possible to outline a contentious insertion strategy this right for Inter-American Human Rights? The approach method was deductive, because part of assumptions already consolidated and, adding to the procedure technique which stresses highlights an analysis of the cases before the system as well as an exhibition of laws dealing about the landscape in Brazil, this descriptive research emerges from two sides. Initially explores the evolution of the thematic agenda of the Inter-American Human Rights passing of the States Parties to demand an active role in the production of social equilibrium. After , studying strategically the right to urban landscape , seeking unveil it as a human right and ratify it in the list of fundamental rights, locating it on the concepts of environment, culture, space, checking the subjectivity that encompasses the theme from the perspective of Milton Santos . The results confirmed the possibility of indirect insertion of the theme in the system by asserting possible violations of civil and political rights under the American Convention as effective judicial protection, due process, mental integrity and access to information that may ensure protection reflective urban landscape within the system and may lead to an evolution of the theme in the legislative environment in Brazil. / O presente estudo objetiva o delinear estratégias de inserção para proteção (pela via reflexiva) do direito à paisagem urbana pelo Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, especialmente através das recomendações e sentenças. Isso porque, configuram precedentes passíveis de ocasionar uma possível evolução legislativa em âmbito interno o que poderá possibilitar uma tutela efetiva deste direito no Brasil. Para tanto, propõe-se responder a seguinte pergunta: considerando a omissão do Estado brasileiro em prever e regulamentar instrumentos legais suficientes à tutela efetiva da paisagem urbana no Brasil, é possível delinear uma estratégia de inserção litigiosa deste direito no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos? O método de abordagem utilizado foi o dedutivo, porque parte de pressupostos já consolidados e, somando-se a técnica de procedimento na qual se destaca uma análise dos casos diante do Sistema assim como, uma exposição de leis que tratam acerca da paisagem no Brasil, a presente pesquisa descritiva emerge de duas vertentes. Inicialmente explora-se a evolução da agenda temática do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos que passa a demandar dos Estados Partes um papel ativo na produção de equilíbrios sociais. Após, estuda-se estrategicamente o direito à paisagem urbana, buscando desvelá-la como um direito humano e ratificá-la no rol de direitos fundamentais, localizando-a nos conceitos de meio ambiente, cultura, espaço, verificando a subjetividade que engloba o tema sob a ótica de Milton Santos. Conclui-se pela possibilidade de inserção indireta da temática no Sistema e diante a alegação de possíveis violações aos direitos civis e políticos previstos na Convenção Americana como a tutela judicial efetiva, o devido processo legal, integridade psíquica e o acesso à informação que poderão garantir uma tutela reflexiva à paisagem urbana no âmbito do Sistema podendo induzir em uma evolução do tema no cenário legislativo do Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 4319832 bytes, checksum: 79c07a6d9ab1b622daf3939bb90654e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation studies the role played by the public architecture produced between 1900 and 1950 at the capital of Paraíba State (Brazil) in the transformation of its townscape occurred between those years. This architecture introduced into the town many public buildings that were much larger and taller than the existing ones and styles that had not been used there yet, such as the academic classicism, the Neocolonial language, the Art Deco and the International Style (the last three, created during the above period). The dissertation examines over forty buildings that contributed to the mentioned transformation; they were both new constructions and the result of works of renovation or extension. Most of these buildings appeared during the 25 years comprised between 1916 and 1940 and many of them were produced by the government as part of its policy to embellish the capital of the State. The transformation of the townscape took place mainly at major squares and along the two main traffic routes of the town, one stretching from the north to the south and the other from the east to the west. / Esta dissertação estuda a contribuição da arquitetura pública produzida entre 1900 e 1950 na capital do estado da Paraíba para a transformação da paisagem desta então ocorrida. Tal arquitetura introduziu na cidade muitos prédios públicos bem maiores e altos que os existentes e linguagens que ali não tinham sido usadas ainda, como o classicismo acadêmico, o estilo neocolonial, o art déco e o modernismo as três últimas, criadas no período estudado. A dissertação examina mais de quarenta edifícios que contribuíram para a transformação mencionada; uns eram novas construções, outros eram o resultado de obras de reforma ou ampliação. A maioria dessas edificações surgiram nos 25 anos compreendidos entre 1916 e 1940 e muitas foram produzidas pelo governo, como parte de sua política visando o embelezamento da capital do estado. A transformação da paisagem teve lugar principalmente em praças importantes e ao longo dos dois principais eixos viários da cidade, um se estendendo do norte para o sul e o outro do leste para o oeste.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-29T17:20:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Maria Ester de Souza - 2014.pdf: 8976439 bytes, checksum: a881dab897875e126a09071835605d91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-01-29T17:43:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Maria Ester de Souza - 2014.pdf: 8976439 bytes, checksum: a881dab897875e126a09071835605d91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-29T17:43:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Maria Ester de Souza - 2014.pdf: 8976439 bytes, checksum: a881dab897875e126a09071835605d91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Understanding the city, is not only challenging, but also necessary for both the maintenance of positive points and the modification of what may seem to be out of the city managers and inhabitants control. Qualifying the urban landscape is the desire of every one. However, watching legal and administrative disputes related to occupation or preservation of areas considered public has become a commonplace. This research analyzed the process of occupation of public areas located in two boroughs in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia, called Setor Mansões Paraíso and Colina Azul as a case study. Identify what the current role of the city public area is; identify the kinds of usage practiced in the Municipal Public Areas – APMs existing in these two districts; evaluate the production process of the intra-urban space from their occupation date to the present day and understand how the appropiation of these areas occurred were the objectives of this research. In order to have a complete view of the structuring process of these two areas, data were collected from the public, federal and municipal agencies, as well as visits, photographic records, elaboration of maps, drawings, interviews, news clippings made in printed newspaper, queries to specific laws, participation in events of the studied communities. The idea that a relevant analysis is inseperable from the observation of the political-economic and socio-cultural relations of a particular group of people at a certain time, guided the reading and understanding of t he collected data of this research. It was possible to conclude that public policies, forms of management and appropriation are defining elements to the urban landscape. / Compreender a cidade, além de desafiador, é necessário, sobretudo para a modificação do que possa parecer estar fora de controle de dos seus gestores e dos seus habitantes. Qualificar a paisagem urbana visando a melhoria da qualidade de vida é o desejo de cada um. Entretanto, tem se tornado corriqueiro assistirmos contendas jurídico-administrativas relativas à ocupação ou preservação de áreas consideradas Bem Público. Nesta pesquisa foi analisado, como estudo de caso, o processo de ocupação de Áreas Públicas localizadas em dois bairros da cidade de Aparecida de Goiânia, quais sejam o Setor Mansões Paraíso e o Setor Colina Azul. Identificar qual a atual função da Área Pública na cidade; identificar os tipos de uso praticados nas Áreas Públicas Municipais - APMs existentes nos dois bairros; avaliar o processo de produção do espaço intra-urbano, a partir de sua ocupação até os dias atuais, e compreender como ocorreu a apropriação destas Áreas foram os objetivos desta pesquisa. Com o intuito de ter uma visão o mais completa possível do processo de estruturação dos referidos espaços públicos, foram coletados dados junto aos Órgãos Públicos Federais e Municipais, bem como foram feitas visitas, registros fotográficos, elaboração de mapas, desenhos, entrevistas, clipagem de notícias de jornal impresso, consultas às legislações específicas e participação em festas e eventos das comunidades estudadas. A ideia de que uma análise relevante é inseparável da observação das relações político-econômicas e socioculturais de um determinado grupo de pessoas, numa determinada época, norteou a leitura e compreensão das informações coletadas para esta pesquisa. Disso decorreu a conclusão de como as políticas públicas, as formas de gestão e a apropriação são elementos definidores da paisagem urbana.

Darbe nagirnėjami XX a. pabaigos – XXI a. pradžios Lietuvoje pastatytų sakralinių pastatų - katalikų bažnyčių architektūriniai ir konstrukciniai sprendiniai. Aptariama bažnyčių erdvinės - tūrinės kompozicijos, planinės struktūros, urbanistinis kontekstas ir konstrukcinės sistemos. / In thesis of the master analyzing of architectural and structural solutions in sacral buildings of Lithuanian at the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21th century. The church's are important in architectural and cultural history, they are important of the nation culturally. Sacral buildings represented material and mental valuables of their century, so they are interesting subject of architecture.

La multiplication de l’alternative d’aménagement « ville nouvelle » à proximité des métropoles au XXe siècle dans le monde, laisse a priori croire à la reproduction d’un archétype urbain, la « cité-jardin » et a posteriori, attendre une évolution vers un prototype propre au XXIe siècle. Ces postulats incitent à un approfondissement sur la forme existante et l’image reflétée : quel paysage urbain fabriqué et à fabriquer. En ce sens, cette thèse de doctorat permet d’exploiter le binôme « ville nouvelle/paysage urbain ».De l’observation à la qualification, l’analyse s’appuie sur les pratiques traditionnelles des précurseurs du townscape (lectures pittoresque et morphologique, analyse séquentielle, silhouette, inventaire urbain), par le biais d’images fixes (photographies) et d’images en mouvement (vidéo) recueillies en France, Chine, Pays-Bas, Finlande, États-Unis et Angleterre. Les composantes de l’aménagement sont développées selon quatre thématiques : le(s) centre(s) ville(s), le tissu minéral (de la mobilité), le tissu de nature, et le « tissu vertical » ou membrane architecturale. Face au constat du manque de renouvellement dans l’interprétation graphique du paysage, une représentation prenant en compte l’expérience sensible de type « carte d’identité » est encouragée. Pluridisciplinaire, achronique et internationale, notre recherche confirme l’identité conceptuelle de la « ville nouvelle métropolitaine » du XXe siècle en s’écartant de l’idée de modèle urbain ; elle reconnait au paysage ses qualités in-transposables et sa capacité de levier dans l’aménagement du territoire ; elle accentue le rôle de l’esthétique urbaine contribuant au plaisir des « villeneuviens ». / The proliferation of new towns as an alternative development near the metropolis in the 20th Century in the world, a priori suggests the reproduction of an urban archetype, the “garden city”, a posteriori a change towards a specific 21st Century prototype might be expected. These assumptions encourage a deepening of the existing form and of its reflected image: what type of townscape built and yet to be built. The present doctoral thesis enables us to take advantage of the binomial “new town/townscape”.From observation to qualification, the analysis is based on the precursors of townscape's traditional practices: picturesque survey, serial vision, skyline, urban inventory and morphological reading. The methodology operates mainly through still images (photographs) and moving images (video) collected through fieldwork in France, China, the Netherlands, Finland, the USA and England.The major components of the “metropolitan new towns” development are presented along four themes: multipolarity or town-center(s), mineral fabric or mobility weft, natural fabric and “vertical fabric” or “architectural membrane”. Considering the lack of renewal in the graphic interpretation of townscapes, a representation such as an “Identity Map”, which expresses a more sensitive experience, is proposed.This multidisciplinary, achronic and international research confirms the facial identity of the “metropolitan new town” of the 20th Century, downplaying the notion of an urban model. It recognizes in the townscape both non-transferable qualities and a leveraging potential for territorial development. It emphasizes the role of urban aesthetics in contributing to the pleasure of new town residents.

本研究探討「景觀法（草案）」施行前後，對於現行都市計畫體系等所產生改變，以及未來在景觀法下景觀計畫，將不再僅為都市計畫定期通盤檢討實施辦法第八條內都市設計應辦事項，乃提升為更上位指導性計畫（法定程序與計畫位階），以充份發揮在地所屬地方特色且能因地制宜。因此，本研究乃依據政府當前所施行主要「政策趨向」與「法令規範」為基礎，從「景觀計畫」理念涵構、內容範疇、架構體系、操作方法等面向來加以探究。並於理論研議之後再透過案例模擬，以「宜蘭縣政府」為主導單位來探討合理推動「宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫」之操作程序與策略指引研議。以下是本研究在研討過程當中，根據理論與模擬結果，所歸納出來主要成果，並可供未來發展景觀計畫工作時建議方向。其一為政策機制：1.重視計畫擬訂過程整合、2.計畫主體縣（市）政府、3.設景觀計畫審議委員會、4.落實行政專業專職人員、5.提供修訂上位計畫參據、6.建蔽率與容積率的檢討、7.景觀計畫之行銷與考核、8.鼓勵公私合夥廣籌財源等。其二為管理維護：1.定期與不定期資料蒐集、2.城鄉景觀資源有效整合、3.訂定管理維護獎懲條例、4.成長管理的監測與評估、5.嚴格監督整體開發成果、6.提供經驗技術專責單位、7.整合相關查報取締工作、8.教育民眾自我意識提升、9.落實環境宣導教育推廣、10.閒置土地綠美化等。其三為案例模擬：1.通盤檢討落實、2.審議制度建構、3.當地民眾參與、4.自治條例研擬、5.預期成效模擬、6.行銷策略推廣等。 / The study process is based on the "Qualitative Research- Exploratory & Conclusive Research" & assistant by "Practical Prove" of the landscape planning framework system and operation procedure. In past years, the effort to promote townscape so as to create a rural feel has demonstrated its results in many places. However, it has always lacked the guidance of a prospectus and long- term planning. Local development has been the focus of attention for a long time; there are important theme for discussion, is a local intent of the landscape planning is to complement the defeat of two- dimensional arrangement of traditional urban planning and to achieve three- dimensional control of the townscape. Furthermore, Landscape planning can also integrate the activities in city, rural and shape the unique townscape characteristics. A practice of the landscape law will be a trend in Taiwan. This study is consisted of the three parts; namely basic study, the analysis and verification, and remedies. This study would probe concepts and theories of sustainable townscape via the relative literatures. To review the bottom- up processing & top- down processing on the relative literatures and theories- probes the concepts, a theory, control elements of the landscape planning, and furthermore, establishes the research framework system- consequence strategies of behavior change and antecedent strategies of behavior change of this study; the landscape law and institutions should fit the needs of landscape planning. And the researcher will make clear the operating mechanism of the landscape planning framework system in every law level according to the enforceable contents of current urban planning. The processing procedure timeline will be improving and thus the landscape law will be satisfied. Implementation for the plan is divided into current stage and future stage, according to the physical environment potentials, constraints and the planning goals. Thus the government authorities show the confident of implementing the planning and win public trust. In a long run, continuing the sustainable development process. For the principles of setting up the regulation, it needs to clearly explain on the three levels, the goals, objectives and criteria. Furthermore, we try to apply the concepts of landscape law in the landscape planning of case and discover the potential and limits of the local region with the analysis methodology of the S.W.O.T. analysis method to construct a reasonable and suitable landscape development strategy of the "I- Lan county government development area". Finally, the purpose is to understand whether the local administration institution does suit introduces on the "landscape law and planning" in Taiwan. Besides, on this research also attempt to consult the factors that affect the landscape law & planning development of Taiwan today, and then to bring up the vision of the future in Taiwan. All these efforts enhance Taiwan townscape’ style shape and characterize on the districts with a sustainable development townscape vision. / 目 錄 中文摘要i 英文摘要ii 誌 謝iv 目 錄v 表 目 錄viii 圖 目 錄ix 第一章 緒論1 1.1 研究背景1 1.2 研究動機與目的5 1.2.1 研究動機5 1.2.2 研究目的8 1.3 研究範疇與架構10 1.3.1 研究範疇10 1.3.2 研究架構11 1.4 研究方法與流程13 1.4.1 研究方法13 1.4.2 研究流程15 1.5 名詞定義18 第二章 文獻回顧21 2.1 臺灣城鄉風貌問題21 2.2 創造城鄉新風貌行動方案趨勢26 2.2.1 計畫回顧26 2.2.2 計畫探討29 2.3 永續城鄉觀點34 2.3.1 基本觀念探討35 2.3.2 發展思考脈絡38 2.4 景觀計畫涵蓋範疇芻議49 2.4.1 相關文獻回顧50 2.4.2 計畫內容研議52 2.5 小結58 第三章 景觀計畫架構體系59 3.1 景觀計畫定位59 3.2 景觀法（草案）探討60 3.2.1 擬訂背景60 3.2.2 綜合探討65 3.3 景觀計畫體系衍議66 3.3.1 現行都市計畫體系對於景觀計畫影響67 3.3.2 未來景觀計畫於都市計畫體系中定位73 3.4 景觀計畫架構探討79 3.4.1 景觀計畫架構體系79 3.4.2 都市計畫位階內容84 3.5 小結95 第四章 景觀計畫操作方法97 4.1 景觀計畫執行97 4.2 景觀計畫操作範疇99 4.2.1 推動程序99 4.2.2 調查內容102 4.3 景觀計畫操作方法111 4.3.1 規劃認知111 4.3.2 規劃步驟112 4.4 景觀計畫操作建議129 4.4.1 政策機制的操作方向129 4.4.2 管理維護的操作方向131 4.5 小結133 第五章 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫操作模擬（先期研究）135 5.1 宜蘭縣（研究範圍）環境調查分析135 5.1.1 地區發展背景與政策定位136 5.1.2 相關上位計畫與發展計畫139 5.1.3 研究範圍景觀資源的分析140 5.1.4 小結142 5.2 宜蘭縣政中心地區（計畫範圍）環境調查分析142 5.2.1 計畫地區發展背景與定位142 5.2.2 計畫地區主要與細部計畫146 5.2.3 計畫範圍景觀資源的分析148 5.2.4 小結156 5.3 蘭陽地區（案例研析）地域性規劃設計案例探討156 5.3.1 規劃案例一：冬山河親水公園159 5.3.2 規劃案例二：羅東運動公園162 5.3.3 設計案例一：宜蘭縣政中心行政大樓165 5.3.4 設計案例二：宜蘭厝168 5.3.5 小結172 第六章 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫操作模擬（計畫整合）173 6.1 宜蘭縣政中心地區相關景觀議題整合173 6.1.1 自然景觀向度議題175 6.1.2 人文景觀向度議題177 6.1.3 實質景觀向度議題179 6.1.4 ＳＷＯＴ分析181 6.2 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫策略指引186 6.2.1 景觀計畫發展願景與目標187 6.2.2 景觀計畫擬訂標的與原則191 6.2.3 小結202 6.3 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫架構體系與操作建議207 6.3.1 縣（市）綜合發展計畫位階體系架構207 6.3.2 都市計畫主要計畫位階景觀計畫內容213 6.3.3 都市計畫細部計畫位階景觀計畫內容216 6.3.4 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫操作建議221 第七章 結論與建議229 7.1 結論229 7.2 建議231 參考文獻237 附錄 A 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫發展原則（策略指引）245 B 宜蘭縣相關景觀資源整理289 C 宜蘭縣政中心地區建築及土地使用分區管制要點305 D 宜蘭縣建築管理自治條例311 E 景觀法（草案）條文內容說明317 F 創造城鄉新風貌行動方案整理323 G 相關法令規章331 H 研究文獻評析335 作者簡介339 表目錄 表2.1 傳統城鄉規劃與永續城鄉規劃的差異性41 表2.2 相關文獻回顧整理與應用51 表3.1 景觀法（草案）計畫架構與本研究計畫層級內容比較82 表4.1 公部門擬訂景觀計畫之計畫內容與計畫範疇99 表4.2 自然景觀向度之計畫調查內容103 表4.3 人文景觀向度之計畫調查內容105 表4.4 實質景觀向度之計畫調查內容108 表4.5 落實景觀計畫執行方法與執行範疇125 表4.6 景觀計畫構成比較分析134 表5.1 研究範圍（宜蘭縣）相關景觀資源；對於「景觀計畫」應用屬性140 表6.1 「綜合策略評估（SWOT）」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀影響因子構成（一）181 表6.2 「綜合策略評估（SWOT）」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀因應策略矩陣（二）182 表6.3 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫架構內容204 表6.4 「主要計畫位階」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫比較（一）214 表6.5 「主要計畫位階」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫比較（二）215 表6.6 「細部計畫位階」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫比較（一）217 表6.7 「細部計畫位階」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫比較（二）219 表6.8 落實宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫執行方法與執行範疇223 圖目錄 圖1.1 宜蘭縣政中心區位示意圖11 圖1.2 宜蘭縣政中心主要發展區11 圖1.3 研究理論架構與範疇12 圖1.4 研究方法架構與範疇16 圖1.5 研究流程17 圖1.6 永續景觀﹣德國漢堡20 圖1.7 自然景觀﹣宜蘭石牌20 圖1.8 人文景觀﹣宜蘭縣政中心20 圖1.9 實質景觀﹣台北士林20 圖2.1 永續觀念下生態規劃概念﹣以基地（小）尺度開發為例44 圖2.2 計畫架構層次示意圖54 圖2.3 景觀計畫架構內容初擬57 圖3.1 歷年來創造城鄉新風貌政策推動主要演進點62 圖3.2 景觀法（草案）計畫體系示意圖64 圖3.3 狹義屬性景觀計畫體系72 圖3.4 廣義屬性景觀計畫體系78 圖3.5 景觀計畫架構體系初擬80 圖3.6 景觀計畫行政體系初擬81 圖3.7 主要計畫位階景觀計畫架構與範疇89 圖3.8 細部計畫位階景觀計畫架構與範疇94 圖4.1 景觀計畫執行架構初擬98 圖4.2 落實景觀計畫民眾參與執行方法122 圖4.3 臺灣地區實施景觀計畫操作流程127 圖5.1 宜蘭縣區位分析137 圖5.2 宜蘭縣政中心地區計畫發展構想144 圖5.3 宜蘭縣政中心地區都市計畫範圍示意圖145 圖5.4 宜蘭縣政中心地區都市計畫主要發展區145 圖5.5 縣政中心主要發展區公共設施分佈圖145 圖5.6 縣政中心主要發展區公共設施紋理圖145 圖5.7 縣政中心主要發展區土地使用分區圖145 圖5.8 縣政中心主要發展區土地使用紋理圖145 圖5.9 宜蘭市區﹣舊街區紋理比較151 圖5.10 羅東市區﹣舊街區紋理比較151 圖5.11 宜蘭縣政中心地區城鄉風貌結構紋理演變進程152 圖5.12 景觀資源分佈﹣社區發展現況部份153 圖5.13 景觀資源分佈﹣人文景觀現況部份153 圖5.14 景觀資源分佈﹣交通系統現況部份154 圖5.15 景觀資源分佈﹣公共設施現況部份154 圖5.16 景觀資源分佈﹣植栽景觀現況部份155 圖5.17 景觀資源分佈﹣夜間景觀現況部份155 圖5.18 冬山親水公園﹣防洪與遊憩157 圖5.19 羅東運動公園﹣教育與休閒157 圖5.20 縣政行政大樓﹣機能與公園157 圖5.21 宜蘭民居形塑﹣氣候與模式157 圖5.22 冬山河親水公園規劃手法圖示說明161 圖5.23 羅東運動公園規劃手法圖示說明（一）163 圖5.24 羅東運動公園規劃手法圖示說明（二）164 圖5.25 宜蘭縣政中心行政大樓設計手法圖示說明167 圖5.26 宜蘭厝設計手法圖示說明171 圖6.1 宜蘭縣內高山景觀資源175 圖6.2 宜蘭縣內溪流景觀資源175 圖6.3 宜蘭縣內平原景觀資源175 圖6.4 宜蘭縣內田園景觀資源175 圖6.5 宜蘭縣內山地不當破壞175 圖6.6 宜蘭意象所在景觀資源176 圖6.7 宜蘭多樣豐富景觀資源176 圖6.8 宜蘭縣內河川景觀資源176 圖6.9 宜蘭縣內海岸景觀資源176 圖6.10 地區農村產業景觀資源176 圖6.11 宜蘭風俗民情景觀資源177 圖6.12 地區人文歷史古蹟資源177 圖6.13 地區竹圍農舍景觀資源177 圖6.14 地區周邊土地利用現況177 圖6.15 國道北宜高速公路現況178 圖6.16 北迴線鐵路的發展現況178 圖6.17 計畫區內風貌發展現況178 圖6.18 計畫區內日間景觀現況178 圖6.19 計畫區內夜間景觀現況178 圖6.20 台九省道日間景觀現況179 圖6.21 台九省道夜間景觀現況179 圖6.22 內環道路日間景觀現況179 圖6.23 內環道路夜間景觀現況179 圖6.24 集散道路日間景觀現況179 圖6.25 集散道路夜間景觀現況179 圖6.26 外環道路日間景觀現況180 圖6.27 外環道路夜間景觀現況180 圖6.28 凱旋路兩側的連續樟樹180 圖6.29 土地區段徵收整地現況180 圖6.30 地區內原有栽植的果樹180 圖6.31 地區舊存社區建築現況180 圖6.32 城鄉整體景觀（地景）風貌發展概念圖199 圖6.33 適當保留邊緣農業區避免開發無限蔓延199 圖6.34 鄉土樹種為主外來樹種為輔達適地適樹199 圖6.35 透過生態施工方法以降低開發影響程度199 圖6.36 落實鄉土性生態教育與保育觀念的紮根199 圖6.37 營造整體秩序與風格形塑獨有城鄉意象200 圖6.38 配合計畫發展塑造各分區使用空間意象200 圖6.39 計畫單元整體開發營造分區風格與意象200 圖6.40 配合分區使用特性促使新舊建築間和諧200 圖6.41 配合周遭的地景或街景形塑場所自明性200 圖6.42 既有空間綠點的增加提升整體綠美化量200 圖6.43 配合各分區法定空地退縮進行整體設計200 圖6.44 提供多目標活動使用的開放空間或綠地200 圖6.45 設施應與周邊環境結合以體現當地氣候201 圖6.46 設施應適度的加入環境教育與教化功能201 圖6.47 服務設施應透過民眾參與體現當地風格201 圖6.48 服務設施應配合多目標使用與教化功能201 圖6.49 區內建立適當比例混植密林區或荒野區201 圖6.50 透過多層次生態綠化結合休憩活化身心201 圖6.51 針對區內閒置空間進行綠美化環境改善201 圖6.52 採不同時序開花植栽創造四季色彩變化201 圖6.53 重要地標照明以形塑地區夜間視覺焦點202 圖6.54 透過對歷史建築適當照明營造夜間氣氛202 圖6.55 重要交通路徑應加強夜間照明視覺引導202 圖6.56 依分區屬性給予適當照明營造夜間氣氛202 圖6.57 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫架構層次203 圖6.58 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫行政體系初擬208 圖6.59 「狹義屬性」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫體系210 圖6.60 「廣義屬性」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫體系212 圖6.61 「主要計畫位階」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫架構與範疇213 圖6.62 「細部計畫位階」宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫架構與範疇216 圖6.63 宜蘭縣政中心地區景觀計畫執行架構初擬222

La formation de la périphérie urbaine d’Orléans des années 1870 à l’après-guerre, étudiée à partir d’une échelle d’analyse particulière, le lotissement, constitue le sujet central de cette thèse. L’analyse des processus d’extension resitue plus largement les lotissements dans la ville. Elle montre d’abord les relations étroites qu’ils entretiennent avec le quartier Dunois, aménagé en 1879-1880. Si les Plans d’aménagement, d’embellissement et d’extension (loi Cornudet, 1919), ont peu d’impact sur la construction des lotissements, ces derniers témoignent, à des degrés divers, de la mise en oeuvre du Projet de reconstruction et d’aménagement de la commune (1949). La compréhension du cadre réglementaire et juridique permet d’éclairer la politique d’aménagement de voirie municipale et les projets de lotissement sur une longue durée. Elle nous renseigne également sur la constitution du paysage urbain. Cette étude offre ainsi de nouvelles clés de lecture du territoire orléanais, en nous informant non seulement sur les acteurs et leurs pratiques, mais également sur les formes urbaines et architecturales que ces hommes ont générées / This dissertation focuses on the urbanization of Orléans’ (France) outskirts, from the 1870s to the post-war period, studied from a special analysis of scale, i.e. subdivisions. Analysis of mechanisms and forms of urban extension situates subdivisions in the city on a wider scale. It first enhances the close relationship that subdivisions have with the quartier Dunois that was planned in 1879-1880. In 1919, a French town-planning law named “Cornudet Act” was established. It appears that it had little impact on the construction of subdivisions. In fact, it is the implementation of town-planning for reconstruction and rehabilitation in 1949 that showed more its influence on the construction of subdivisions. Understanding the regulatory and legal framework can illuminate road system rehabilitation policy of the city and subdivision projects on a long-term perspective. It highlights the creation of urban landscape as well. This study provides new keys to understand Orléans’ territory: not only does it accounts for the actors’ roles and their practices, but it also provides new insights into urban and architectural forms that these people generated.

Ce travail fait émerger les indices d'urbanité dans une Savoie encore toute rurale, entre 1536 (indépendance de Genève) et septembre 1792 (invasion de la Savoie par les troupes révolutionnaires françaises). Une première partie dégage d'abord un corpus de villes, de villes-bourgs et de simples bourgs, à partir des témoignages contemporains. Elle insiste ensuite sur les conditions du développement urbain. La Savoie urbaine compte de toutes petites villes, dont le ressort s'étend généralement sur un territoire et une population ruraux importants. Au cours de la période, ces cités connaissent une croissance démographique faible, voire négative pour nombre de bourgs. Quelques traits spécifiques à la démographie urbaine caractérisent les villes savoyardes (surmortalité, surféminité, faible part des familles élargies et multiples...). L'examen des fonctions administratives, religieuses et culturelles dévoile une hiérarchie urbaine dominée par Chambéry, et dans une moindre mesure par six capitales de province. La fonction militaire est insignifiante, sauf à Montmélian. Au plan économique, les villes savoyardes, en général bien situées sur un carrefour international, ont manqué leur chance. En l'absence d'une élite entreprenante et suffisamment aisée, du fait de la pauvreté chronique du duché, et en raison de réticences politiques, elles n'ont pas su capter une partie du commerce européen et n'ont pas accompli de démarrage économique. Une deuxième partie s'intéresse à la pratique de la ville. L'étude du cadre urbain dessine des villes marquées par la ruralité et fortement dépendantes des conditions naturelles. Le manque de moyens financiers et diverses pesanteurs ont empêché les tenants de la gouvernance urbaine de sortir les villes de leur carcan médiéval, même si quelques nouveautés urbanistiques apparaissent à la fin de la période. L'usage social de la ville est également envisagé. Il fait apparaître des facteurs de cohésion qui lient la société urbaine, mais aussi des menaces qui pèsent sur l'ordre social, et des rythmes proches de ceux de la campagne. Une troisième partie cherche à évaluer les capacités d'ouverture des villes savoyardes. Elle s'intéresse aux notions de concurrence, de dépendance et de complémentarité, entre les villes et leurs campagnes, entre les cités du duché, et entre ces dernières et les grandes villes voisines, comme Genève, Lyon, Grenoble ou Turin. En outre, de par sa situation géographique, la Savoie offre un chapelet de villes frontières dont les caractéristiques sont exposées. Un tableau du réseau urbain savoyard à l'époque moderne vient conclure cette étude. / With this work, the urbanity rating can emerge in Savoy which was rural between 1536 (Geneva's Independence) and September 1792 (Savoy's invasion by French revolutionary troops). The first part highlights a corpus of towns, market towns and small towns, from the contemporary stories. Secondly, it states the urban development conditions. The urban Savoy has very small towns, the resort of them generally dwells on important rural territory and population. During this time, this cities show a demographic low growth, or even negative for lots of market towns. The towns in Savoy are characterized by some specifics features in the urban demography like more mortality, more femininity, less enlarged and multiple families...).The exam of the administrative, religious and cultural duties reveal an urban hierarchy dominated by Chambéry and to a lesser extent by six provincial town's capitals. The military duty is insignificant, except Montmélian. The towns in Savoy, even if they are locate on an international junction, lack opportunity on economic level. Without enterprising and enough well-off elite, because of duchy’s chronic poverty and politics reticence, they don’t know how to catch a part of European trade and they don’t accomplish economic starting up. The second part talk about the town’s convenient. The study of the urban environment outlines some rural towns and dependent deeply natural conditions. The lack of financial means and other inertia have stop the urban direction ins to send of the towns to the medieval rigidity, even if some new town planner appears at the end of this period. The social custom of the town is also envisaging. It highlights cohesion’s factor which link the urban society, but threats which influence the social order too, and rate close to those of the countryside. The third part tries to assess openness capacity of the town’s in Savoy. It’s interested in competition, dependence and complementary notions, between the towns and the countryside, between cities duchy, and between the last and the big bordering cities, like Geneva, Lyon, Grenoble and Turin. In addition, by his geographic situation, the Savoy presents some border towns which characteristics are state. A board of the urban network in the Savoy in modern era will conclude this study.