The demand for streaming high-quality video increases each year and the energy used by consumers is estimated to increase by 23% from 2020 to 2030. The largest contributor to this is increased data transmission. To minimise data transmission, a video encoding method called per-shot encoding can be used, which splits and processes a video into smaller segments called shots. By utilising this method, the bitrate for a video can be reduced without compromising quality. This leads to less data that needs to be transmitted, which reduces energy consumption. In this project, a website that interfaces with a per-shot encoder is implemented. To evaluate the per-shot encoder, both visual quality and bitrate are quantitatively measured. From evaluation, the bitrate is reduced by up to 2.5% for a selection of videos, without compromising the viewing experience. This is a substantial decrease compared to alternative methods. / Efterfrågan av högkvalitativ videoströmning ökar varje år och konsumenters energianvändning uppskattas att ha ökat med 23% år 2030 jämfört med år 2020. Den största orsaken till detta är ökad dataöverföring. För att minska mängden data som behöver skickas kan per-shot-kodning användas, vilket är en videokodningsmetod som delar upp och bearbetar en video i ett flertal mindre delar som kallas shots. Bithastigheten för en video kan minskas med hjälp av per-shot-kodning utan att påverka kvaliteten. Detta leder till att mindre data behöver skickas, vilket innebär minskad energiförbrukning. I detta projekt har en per-shot-kodare tillsammans med en hemsida utvecklats. För att utvärdera per-shot-kodaren kommer skillnad i kvalitet och bithastighet att mätas kvantitativt. Utvärderingen har visat att per-shot-kodaren kan minska bithastigheten med upp till 2.5% för ett urval av videor, utan att påverka tittarupplevelsen. Detta är en avsevärd minskning jämfört med alternativa metoder.

Video conversation on mobile devices is popularizing with the advent of 3G. The enhanced network capacity thus available enables transmission of video data over the internet. It has been forecasted by several VOIP service organizations that the present IVR systems will evolve into Voice and Video Response (IVVR) Systems. However, this evolution has many technical challenges on the way. Architectures to implement queuing systems for video data and standards for inter conversion of video data between the formats supported by calling parties are two of these challenges. This thesis is an analysis of queues and media transcoding for IVVRs. A major effort in this work involves constructing a prototype IVVR queuing system. The system is constructed by using an open source server named Asterisk and MySql database. Asterisk is a SIP based Public Exchange Server (PBX) and also a development environment for VOIP based IVRs. Functional scenarios for SIP session establishment and the corresponding session setup times for this queueing model are measured. The results indicate that the prototype serves as a sufficient model for a queue, although a significant delay is introduced for session establishment.  The work also includes analysis of integrating DiaStar™, is a SIP based media transcoding engine to this queue. However, this system is not complete to function with DiaStar for media translation. The study concludes with a mention of the areas for future work on this particular system and the general state of IVVR queuing systems in the industry. / Videosamtal på mobila enheter är popularisera med tillkomsten av 3G. Den förbättrade nätkapacitet så tillgänglig möjliggör överföring av videodata över Internet. Det har prognos av flera VOIP serviceorganisationer att de nuvarande IVR-system kommer att utvecklas till röst och video Response (IVVR) System. Dock har denna utveckling många tekniska utmaningar på vägen. Arkitekturer för att genomföra kösystem för videodata och standarder för bland konvertering av videodata mellan format som stöds för uppringande är två av dessa utmaningar. Denna avhandling är en analys av köer och media kodkonvertering för IVVRs. En stor insats i detta arbete innebär att bygga en prototyp IVVR kösystem. Systemet är konstruerat med hjälp av en öppen källkod-server som heter Asterisk och MySQL-databas. Asterisk är en SIP-baserad Public Exchange Server (PBX) och även en utvecklingsmiljö för VOIP-baserade IVRs. Funktionella scenarier för SIP session etablering och motsvarande sessionen inställningar för den föreslagna kö modell mäts. Resultaten indikerar att prototypen tjänar som en tillräcklig modell för en kö, även om en betydande fördröjning införs för sessionsupprättandebegäran. Arbetet omfattar även analys av integrering DiaStar™ är en SIP-baserad media kodkonvertering motor till denna kö. Emellertid är detta system inte helt att fungera med DiaStar för media translation. The studie avslutas med ett omnämnande av de områden för framtida arbete med detta system och det allmänna tillståndet i IVVR kö-system i branschen.

A large portion of network resources is consumed by video traffic, and this increasing demand causes challenges in the area of video coding. As the expectations for high-quality video grow the required bitrate rises in accordance, which motivates research on lowering bitrates. This research investigated the question: How can genre-based video transcoding (using x265) be improved for animated Video On Demand-content, to maintain the subjective quality of the current profile at a lower bitrate? A transcoding profile for animated content was created with an improved motion estimation technique and an experimental change of AQ mode. A double-blind AB test was conducted where the users were exposed to 10 video pairs transcoded with the old and the new transcoding profile and chose their preference. 570 people participated. Results show that for most instances people barely saw any difference between the profiles, but a small difference in perceived quality for 2D and 3D content. Consequently, it appears that there is a potential for reducing the bitrate for animated content but further exploration is required to draw statistically significant conclusions. / En stor del av nätverksresurserna används till videotrafik, och denna ökande efterfrågan medför utmaningar inom området videkodning. När förväntningarna på högkvalitativ video ökar stiger den krävda bithastigheten i enlighet, vilket motiverar forskning kring låga bithastigheter. Denna forskning undersökte följande fråga: Hur kan genrebaserad videotranskodering (med hjälp av x265) förbättras för animerat Video On Demand-innehåll, för att bibehålla den subjektiva kvaliteten hos den nuvarande profilen med en lägre bithastighet? En transkoderingsprofil för animerat innehåll skapades med en förbättrad motion estimation-teknik och en experimentell förändring av AQ-läge. En dubbelblint AB-test genomfördes där användarna exponerades för 10 videopar transkoderade med den gamla och den nya profilen, och valde sin preferens. 570 personer deltog. Resultaten visade att för de flesta instanserna såg deltagarna knappt någon skillnad mellan profilerna, men en viss skillnad i upplevd kvalitet för 2D- och 3D-material. Följaktligen verkar det som om det finns potential att minska bithastigheten för animerat innehåll, men att detta måste undersökas ytterligare för att dra statistiskt signifikanta slutsatser.

Malgré des avantages certains en terme d'adaptabilité et en gain de surface, la reconfiguration dynamique sur FPGA a du mal à être utilisée dans l'industrie. Le manque de moyens et de méthodes d'évaluation d'une telle architecture en est la cause majeure. Pire, aucun outil officiel ne permet aux développeurs de déterminer facilement un ordonnancement de la reconfiguration adapté pour une architecture donnée. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans ce contexte et propose une méthodologie de modélisation SystemC d'architectures reconfigurables dynamiquement. Cet outil d'aide à la conception permet de faire gagner un temps considérable lors de la phase de conception en fournissant une première estimation des performances et des ressources nécessaires au développement de l'architecture. Il permet également le développement et la validation de scénarios d'ordonnancement de la reconfiguration, tout en respectant les contraintes temps réel liées à l'application. Afin de valider notre modèle sur une application réelle, des IP de transcodage vidéo ont été développées et seront détaillées. Cette application consiste en la réalisation d'un transcodeur H.264/MPEG-2, rendu auto-adaptable grâce à l'utilisation de la reconfiguration dynamique. Ces travaux ont été menés dans le cadre du projet ARDMAHN financé par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche portant la référence ANR-09-SEGI-001 / Despite clear benefits in terms of fexibility and surface efficiency, dynamic reconfiguration of FPGAs is still finding it hard to break through into massive industrial project. One of the main reasons is the lack of means and methods for evaluation of reconfigurable architectures. Worse, main FPGA vendors do not provide official tools allowing developers to easily determine an optimal scheduling reconfiguration for a specific architecture. Within this framework, the proposed research work described in this thesis proposes a methodology for modeling dynamically reconfigurable architectures based on SystemC. The proposed methodology allows designers to save significant time during the design phases of an application specific reconfigurable architecture by providing an initial estimate of performance and resources needed for its development. It also allows development and validation of scheduling reconfiguration scenarios, while respecting real-time constraints associated with the given application. To validate our methodology on a real application, video transcoding IP have been developed and tested. This application consists in the realization of a H.264/MPEG-2 transcoder made self-adaptable through the use of dynamic reconfiguration. This work was conducted as a part of the ARDMAHN project sponsored by the National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de Recheche) with the reference number ANR-09-SEGI-001

La thèse porte sur l’adaptation cinématographique d’une œuvre littéraire considérée comme inadaptable, Le Hussard sur le toit de Giono, paru en 1951. Le roman de Giono et le film de Jean-Paul Rappeneau, sorti en 1995 et portant le même titre sont tous les deux une représentation fictionnelle d’un passé historique. Le roman et le film racontent l’histoire d’un exilé politique italien qui se conduit en héros généreux lors d’une épidémie de choléra au XIXe siècle en France, mais ils utilisent des codes différents et ont chacun des éléments constitutifs spécifiques. Notre démarche a eu pour but de savoir quelles sont les logiques respectives du récit romanesque et du récit cinématographique. Pour cela, après avoir défini l’adaptation, nous avons situé le roman et sa signification dans l’oeuvre de l’auteur, puis nous avons dégagé les caractéristiques de l’univers romanesque de Giono, qui écrit souvent à la manière d’un cinéaste. Nous avons étudié le film du point de vue des étapes successives de sa réalisation, du scénario au tournage et au montage, en montrant quelles étaient ses techniques et comment la diffusion a été faite. Nous avons ainsi montré qu’il y avait plusieurs transcodages du texte au film. Nous avons comparé les deux récits et nous avons trouvé que le cinéaste doit répondre à des contraintes techniques, et structurer en fonction du médium filmique. Rappeneau fait des transformations et met en valeur l’histoire d’amour du roman, en conservant son esthétique. Il propose donc sa lecture de l’œuvre et son interprétation. Le cinéma permet de découvrir de nouvelles œuvres, celles qu’il réalise et aussi celles qu’il adapte. Il permet ainsi d’initier à la culture. Ces aspects sont très importants dans la transmission d’une langue, en particulier le FLE dans le contexte soudanais. C’est pourquoi nous proposons une exploitation didactique basée sur notre expérience à l’université. L’analyse littéraire et filmique sont des moyens pour transmettre et comparer la langue et la culture, faire connaître une société et renforcer la motivation dans une ambiance de plaisir. Ce sont des sources de connaissance et de savoir-faire. / The thesis is about the cinematographic adaptation of a literary work considered as inadaptable, The horse man on the roof published by Giono in 1951.The novel of Giono and the film of Rappeneau (released in 1995 with the same title) are both a fictional representation of a historical past.The novel and the film tell the story of an Italian political exile who behaves like a generous hero during a cholera epidemic in the nineteenth century in France. They use different codes and each have specific constituents.Our aim was to find out what are the respective logics of the fictional narrative and the cinematographic narrative. For this, after having defined the adaptation, we have located the novel and its meaning in the author's work, and then we have revealed the characteristics of the romantic universe of Giono, who often writes in the manner of a filmmaker. We studied the film from the point of view of the successive stages of its realization, from scenario to filming and editing, showing what were its techniques and how the diffusion was made.We thus showed that there were several transcodings of the text to the film. We compared the two stories and found that the filmmaker must respond to technical constraints, and structure according to the filmic medium.Rappeneau transforms and highlights the love story of the novel, while maintaining its aesthetic. He therefore proposes his reading of the work and his own interpretations. The cinema makes it possible to discover new works, those that it realizes and also those that it adapts. It allows initiating to culture. These aspects are very important in the transmission of a language, especially FLE in the Sudanese context.That is why we offer a didactic exploitation based on our experience at the university. Literature and film analysis are means to transmit and compare language and culture, to make a society known and it also reinforce motivation in an atmosphere of pleasure. They are sources of knowledge.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Sistema de NumeraÃÃo Decimal â SND à um conhecimento matemÃtico essencial no inÃcio da EducaÃÃo BÃsica, o qual requer do estudante a habilidade de ler e escrever numerais utilizando variados tipos de registros â pictÃrico, com objetos, com algarismos, com letras â conforme explica a Teoria dos Registros de RepresentaÃÃo SemiÃtica. Hà de se destacar, ainda, a importÃncia da oralidade â escuta e fala â em todos os processos de aprendizagem do sujeito. Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, realizada em uma escola pÃblica do municÃpio de Caucaia, objetivou: i) identificar a relaÃÃo entre a diversidade de registros numÃricos de crianÃas do 2 ano do Ensino Fundamental; ii) conhecer os registros de representaÃÃo de estudantes do 2 ano do Ensino Fundamental na escrita de nÃmeros com 2, 3 e 4 ordens; e iii) interpretar os conhecimentos discentes com registros numÃricos de 2, 3 e 4 ordens. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos: o Instrumento 1 tinha numerais com 2 e 3 ordens e o Instrumento 2 tinha numerais com 4 ordens. Participaram da pesquisa 14 estudantes do 2 ano do Ensino Fundamental, que tiveram seus conhecimentos analisados mediante diferentes tipologias, elencadas por Barguil (2015), e à luz da teoria da TranscodificaÃÃo NumÃrica (OROZCO, 2005), que classifica os erros como sintÃtico ou lÃxico. As questÃes versavam sobre a comparaÃÃo de numerais e o registro numÃrico, com algarismos e letras, observando a relaÃÃo desse com a oralidade. A anÃlise dos dados foi organizada em duas etapas: i) desempenho dos estudantes em cada questÃo; e ii) desempenho global de cada estudante em todas as questÃes. Os resultados revelaram uma expressiva quantidade de erros sintÃticos, que se referenciam na expressÃo verbal, bem como indicam a oralidade como o principal ponto de partida para a construÃÃo correta destes registros, sinalizando a necessidade de ampliar o uso de diversidades de registros para a aprendizagem do SND. / The Decimal Numbering System â DNS is an essential mathematical knowledge at the beginning of Basic Education, which student requires the ability to read and write numerals using various types of records â pictorial, with objects, with digits, with letters â as explained by theory of Semiotics Representation Registers. It must be noted also the importance of oral communication â listening and speaking â in all subject learning processes. This research, qualitative, held in a public school in the municipality of Caucaia, aimed to: i) identify the relationship between the diversity of numerical records of children in the 2nd year of elementary school; ii) know the students representative records of the 2nd year of elementary school writing numbers with 2, 3 and 4 orders; and iii) interpret the students with knowledge of numerical records 2, 3 and 4 orders. Two instruments were applied: the Instrument 1 had numerals 2 and 3 orders and the Instrument 2 had numerals with four orders. The participants were 14 students of 2nd year of elementary school, who had their knowledge analyzed by different types, listed by Barguil (2015), and in the light of the theory of Numerical Transcoding (OROZCO, 2005), which classifies errors as syntactic or lexicon. The questions were about the comparison of numerals and the record numbers, with digits and letters, noting the relationship of this with orality. Data analysis was organized in two stages: i) performance of students in each issue; and ii) the overall performance of each student in all matters. The results revealed a significant amount of syntactical errors, which are referred to in verbal expression, as well as indicate the orality as the main starting point for the correct construction of these records, which indicate the need to expand the use of records of diversity for learning DNS.

The architectures of large-scale Internet servers are becoming more complex each year in order to store and process a large amount of Internet data (Big Data) as efficiently as possible. One of the consequences of this continually growing complexity is that individual servers consume a significant amount of data even when they are idle. In this paper we experimentally investigate the scope and usefulness of existing and proposed dynamic power management strategies to manage power at core, socket, and server levels. Our experiment involves four dynamic voltage and frequency scaling policies, three different workloads having different resource consumption statistics, and the activation and deactivation of different sockets (packets) of a multicore, multi-socket server. Moreover, we establish a quantitative relationships between the workload (w) and the estimated power consumption (p) under different power management strategies to make a quantitative comparison of the different strategies and server configurations.

Pour un processus d’évaluation linguistique plus précis et rapide, il est important d’identifier les mécanismes cognitifs qui soutiennent des tâches langagières couramment utilisées. Une façon de mieux comprendre ses mécanismes est d’explorer la variance partagée entre les tâches linguistiques en utilisant l’analyse factorielle exploratoire. Peu d’études ont employé cette méthode pour étudier ces mécanismes dans le fonctionnement normal du langage. Par conséquent, notre objectif principal est d’explorer comment un ensemble de tâches linguistiques se regroupent afin d’étudier les mécanismes cognitifs sous-jacents de ses tâches. Nous avons évalué 201 participants en bonne santé âgés entre 18 et 75 ans (moyenne=45,29, écart-type= 15,06) et avec une scolarité entre 5 et 23 ans (moyenne=11,10, écart-type=4,68), parmi ceux-ci, 62,87% étaient des femmes. Nous avons employé deux batteries linguistiques : le Protocole d’examen linguistique de l’aphasie Montréal-Toulouse et Protocole Montréal d’Évaluation de la Communication – version abrégé. Utilisant l’analyse en composantes principales avec une rotation Direct-oblimin, nous avons découvert quatre composantes du langage : la sémantique picturale (tâches de compréhension orale, dénomination orale et dénomination écrite), l'exécutif linguistique (tâches d’évocation lexicale - critères sémantique, orthographique et libre), le transcodage et la sémantique (tâches de lecture, dictée et de jugement sémantique) et la pragmatique (tâches d'interprétation d'actes de parole indirecte et d'interprétation de métaphores). Ces quatre composantes expliquent 59,64 % de la variance totale. Deuxièmement, nous avons vérifié l'association entre ces composantes et deux mesures des fonctions exécutives dans un sous-ensemble de 33 participants. La performance de la flexibilité cognitive a été évaluée en soustrayant le - temps A au temps B du Trail Making Test et celle de la mémoire de travail en prenant le total des réponses correctes au test du n-back. La composante exécutive linguistique était associée à une meilleure flexibilité cognitive (r=-0,355) et la composante transcodage et sémantique à une meilleure performance de mémoire de travail (r=.0,397). Nos résultats confirment l’hétérogénéité des processus sous-jacent aux tâches langagières et leur relation intrinsèque avec d'autres composantes cognitives, tels que les fonctions exécutives. / To a more accurate and time-efficient language assessment process, it is important to identify the cognitive mechanisms that sustain commonly used language tasks. One way to do so is to explore the shared variance across language tasks using the technique of principal components analysis. Few studies applied this technique to investigate these mechanisms in normal language functioning. Therefore, our main goal is to explore how a set of language tasks are going to group to investigate the underlying cognitive mechanisms of commonly used tasks. We assessed 201 healthy participants aged between 18 and 75 years old (mean = 45.29, SD = 15.06) and with a formal education between 5 and 23 years (mean = 11.10, SD =4.68), of these 62.87% were female. We used two language batteries: the Montreal-Toulouse language assessment battery and the Montreal Communication Evaluation Battery – brief version. Using a Principal Component Analysis with a Direct-oblimin rotation, we discovered four language components: pictorial semantics (auditory comprehension, naming and writing naming tasks), language-executive (unconstrained, semantic, and phonological verbal fluency tasks), transcoding and semantics (reading, dictation, and semantic judgment tasks), and pragmatics (indirect speech acts interpretation and metaphors interpretation tasks). These four components explained 59.64% of the total variance. Secondarily, we sought to verify the association between these components with two executive measures in a subset of 33 participants. Cognitive flexibility was assessed by the time B-time A score of the Trail Making Test and working memory by the total of correct answers on the n-back test. The language-executive component was associated with a better cognitive flexibility score (r=-.355) and the transcoding and semantics one with a better working memory performance (r=.397). Our findings confirm the heterogeneity process underlying language tasks and their intrinsic relationship to other cognitive components, such as executive functions.