The subject of this Master's thesis is introducing Chinese interpreting theory with regard to its historical and cultural background, including a description of the Chinese interpreting scene and education of interpreters. Chinese translation theory is also explained briefly in order to serve as a reference to Chinese considerations on interpreting. The thesis introduces the most influential Chinese researchers in this area and strives to provide a general overview as well as show concrete examples and extracts from Chinese theoretical publications with special attention paid to specific features of Chinese interpreting theory.

The increased competition and volatile market today have led to the increased interest in agile management control systems. Previous studies have been made on the subject where researchers argue that there is a need for organizations to become agile. However, many practitioners seem hesitant to only implement agile approaches. This study explores how hybrid management control systems are developed and used over time in a large organization. This is a case study that uses semi-structured interviews to collect data. This study found that an agile management control system was not a one-size-fits-all solution. The reason for this is because organizational context and obstacles prevent the organization from fully committing to one management idea. This study concludes that organizations are hesitant to change long-time used practices. Also, managers and employees have different preferences where managers value traditional approaches more while employees prefer agile approaches. Therefore, organizations incorporate parts from various management systems that fit their organization and develop a hybrid management control system.

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This essay investigates the author’s translation of a non-fiction text about literary theory. The study examines the metaphors found in the original text and how they have been translated from English to Swedish.  The analysis uses Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) description of conceptual metaphors to categorize the metaphors found in the text. Conceptual metaphor theory suggests that the understanding of metaphor is mainly based on cultural experience which complicates the translatability of metaphors. In addition, the investigation draws on Newmark’s (1981) prescriptive framework for translation studies and Schäffner’s (2004) study on micro- and macro-level metaphors.   The findings in this essay suggest that the most common type of conceptual metaphor in the translated text is the ontological metaphor, probably due to the high number of personifications. The findings also indicate that three translation strategies are preferred when translating metaphors, namely to reproduce the same image in the target language, to replace the image in the source language with a standard image in the target language, and to convert metaphor to sense. The results also suggest that changes on the macro-level seem unavoidable unless it is possible to reproduce the same image as in the target language and that changes on the micro-level might occur even if the macro-level is the same in both the source text and target text. However, no certain conclusions are made due to the limited sample of metaphors in the study.

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The purpose of this paper was to overview the appearance of translation themes in the Czech linguistic periodical Slovo a slovesnost (Language and Literature), from 1948 to 1989, and confront those themes with the social and cultural background of the epoch. Realization of this purpose required a meticulous selection of translation themed articles from all published articles in selected years in this periodical and their further examination. The review of social and cultural context is based on additional literature, primarily on translation theory and translation history, partially on general linguistics or history. As a result of this research, content and period importance of 113 translation articles in the periodical Slovo a slovesnost were described. 41 of them include the theme of translation theory, 33 of translation criticism and 45 of machine translation. This paper offers complete overview of translation articles published on the pages of one of the most important Czech linguistic periodical, describes their meaning and together with the theoretical chapters makes a synoptic picture of translation themes that were treated on the Czech territory in years 1948-1989.

Abstract Research on the translation of children’s literature in South Africa is currently in its nascent stages. This study aims to provide a comprehensive descriptive overview of current practices in the translation of children’s literature in South Africa, particularly against the backdrop of the educational context. It espouses a broadly causal view of translation, but also encompasses a comparative and process model (see Chesterman, 2000). Translation is used to a significant degree in the production of children’s books in South Africa. However, it is not clear exactly to what degree translation is utilised, nor is there any information available about how translation contributes to the production of children’s books in South Africa. This study addresses these questions. Based on survey research among publishers, and the analysis of publishing data, it finds that there are significant differences between the ways in which translation is used in the production of children’s books in the various languages in South Africa. Specifically, translation is used much more extensively in the African languages than in Afrikaans and English, with a correspondingly lower incidence of original production in the African languages. Furthermore, the educational discourse has a profound effect on the uses of translation in the production of children’s books in South Africa. However, the educational discourse has a greater determining effect on the production of books for children in the African languages than in Afrikaans and English. Theoretical discourse surrounding domestication and foreignisation is particularly problematic in the South African context, and findings from a survey among translators indicate that translators from different language groups have different opinions about whether children’s books should be translated using domesticating or foreignising approaches. The above findings broadly deal with the contextual dimension. They are concerned with how social, ideological and material factors and discourses affect the ways in which translation is used in the production of children’s books in South Africa. At this point the matter of translation theory is introduced. It is questioned to what degree contemporary context-oriented translation theory manages to provide a satisfactory explanation of the South African situation. It is argued that polysystem theory and Toury’s (1995) concept of translation norms provides some explanation of the translational dynamics evident in the production of children’s books in the different languages in South Africa. However, some aspects of the South African situation do not neatly “fit” into polysystem theory, and some parts of the theory therefore have to be mediated or reconsidered, particularly utilising postcolonial and more ideologically sensitive perspectives, to satisfactorily account for the South African situation. This reconsideration leads to a conception of the relationship between translation and its context that is less binary and determinist, with a greater emphasis on hybridity and fluidity. This contextual dimension of the study spills over into the textual dimension. All of the above contextual and process-oriented factors finally find their precipitation in actual translations. By means of close analysis of a sample of 42 (21 translations and their source texts) English and Afrikaans children’s books intended for leisure reading and for educational reading, this part of the study investigates the norms evident in the selection of children’s books for translation, as well as the operational norms evident from the translations. The key questions here are why particular texts are selected for translation, and how cultural markers in these texts are handled in translation. The analysis demonstrates that the selection of books for translation (preliminary translation norms) is dependent on contextual as well as textual factors, with ideology and function playing particularly important roles. These roles differ for different types of books, books of different origins, and books in different language pairs. In terms of the operational norms, translators’ opinions about domestication and foreignisation do not necessarily correspond to translation practices. Rather than an exclusive, binary adherence to domesticating and foreignising approaches, analyses of the operational norms evident in translated children’s books demonstrate a hybridised mix of domesticating and foreignising strategies, which vary according to the type of book, the origin of the book, and the language pair involved in the translation process.

This thesis deals with Czech translations from Romanian with emphasis on the translatological aspect of the topic. The theoretical part analyzes a list of translations created by the combination of a number of sources according to the original authors, the publishers of the translations, the year of publication of the Czech translation and the translators. The theoretical part also includes the outline of the development of Czech translation theories and a brief summary of modern directions in translatology. The practical part shows, using an analysis of the Czech translation of Țiganiada (Gypsiliad) by Ion Budai-Deleanu, how should look the analysis of the translation before the translator starts translating, or during his work. This part includes a practical analysis model with a division into individual segments. Each segment includes examples of potential problems and suggests a way to deal with them from a theoretical point of view.

This theoretical and biographical thesis deals with the work of Otto Kade, a major German Translation Studies scholar. It is based on an analysis of his monographs and articles and presents his most important ideas and contributions to the development of Translation Studies. The thesis describes the circumstances under which Kade's theory was created, and depicts his efforts to defend the existence of Translation Studies as an independent field of science - his endeavour to establish the subject of this discipline, make Translation Science more scientific, develop a consistent and innovative terminology and methodology, assess the social status of translators and interpreters, and systematise their education and didactics. Last but not least, the thesis demonstrates how wide in scope his reflections were, and also outlines the reception of Kade's concepts. Key words Otto Kade, Leipzig School, translation theory, equivalence types, machine translation

The present dissertation explores the relationship between Translation Studies and translation didactics at theoretical level and as reflected in the teaching practice at selected Czech educational institutions. The dissertation, theoretical-analytical in its orientation, first seeks to define its key terms, profession, didactics, education and training, Translation Studies and translation theory, conducting cross-linguistic comparisons and outlining the past and present thinking about these concepts. Two typologies of translator training are offered, one based on education objectives, the other differentiating between diverse teaching contexts. A special chapter introduces translation didactics as a dynamic component of Translation Studies, discussing current trends in education research and outlining the institutionalization of translator training. Our attempt at defining the content of, and relationship between, Translation Studies and translation theory, the central concepts of the present work, suggested terminological and conceptual disagreement. The following chapters discuss the strongly multidisciplinary nature of today's Translation Studies, and the manifold sources thereof, pointing out the risks this may create to the internal coherence and public image of the discipline. The core...