The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The present theoretical and biographical thesis deals with the work of Peter Newmark, a prominent Translation Studies scholar. The thesis is based on an analysis of Newmark's monographs and papers and identifies key ideas which constitute his contribution to the development of Translation Studies. Given the context of his time, with the Western world being dominated by neopositivism, Newmark's approach was not in line with the mainstream. The thesis also tries to take into account the chronological development of Newmark's ideas and highlight some ideas from more recent papers, the reception of which was rather limited. Furthermore, the thesis presents the reception of Newmark's ideas and the most important critical responses to them.

Employer branding definierades för första gången 1996 av Ambler och Barrow (1996) i deras artikel “The employer brand”. Enligt forskarna är det ett sätt att stärka varumärket, attrahera och behålla duktiga medarbetare och skapa en mer lönsam verksamhet. Vi ser en lucka i dagens forskning gällande praktiknära employer branding-studier. Problemet inom employer branding handlar inte om hur företag ska utforma och genomföra aktiviteter. Vad som behövs är en större insikt hos företagsledningar vilka effekter företagets employer branding-arbete faktiskt har. Syftet med vår uppsats är att genomföra en kompaarativ studie av teori och praktik inom fältet employer branding. Jämförelsen ska göras mellan den påverkan forskning hävdar att employer branding-arbete har på ett företag och praktikers syn på densamma. Det gör vi genom en litteraturgenomgång som presenteras i en modell samt genom att hålla 14 intervjuer med praktiker som arbetar med employer branding. Vårt bidrag till forskningen blir därmed en praktiknära undersökning av employer branding-arbetets effekter.I vårt resultat ser vi att forskning och praktik ligger nära varandra i synen på vilka effekter ett företags employer branding arbete på företagets varumärke och personalstyrka. Däremot finns det en tydligare diskrepans i synen på de ekonomiska effekter företaget får av sitt employer branding-arbete. Vi anser att företag behöver ha bättre, precisare och mer effektiva mätmetoder för att kunna mäta de ekonomiska effekterna av sitt employer branding-arbete. / Employer branding was first defined in 1996 by Ambler and Barrow (1996) in their article “The employer brand”. According to the scholars employer branding is a way of strengthening the brand, attract and retain employees and create a more profitable business. We identify a gap in contemporary research regarding study close to the practical field. The problem within employer branding is not how to develop and carry out activities. What is needed is a bigger understanding in corporate management in how the company’s employer branding activities influence the organisation.The purpose of our paper is to make a comparative study of theory and practice within the field of employer branding. The comparison will be made between the influence the research claim employer branding activities have on a business and practitioner’s view on the same matter. We will do this by a literature review which will be presented in a model and 14 interviews with practitioners within the employer branding field. Our contribution to the field of research will be a study of the effects of employer branding close to the practioners.In our results we identify that research and practice are close in their perception of what effects a company’s employer branding activities have on the company’s brand and workforce. However, there is a more distinct discrepancy in the views regarding the economic effects on a company from their employer branding activities. We believe companies need better, more precise and more efficient methods to measure the economic effects of their employer brand.

The master thesis treats about the multi awarded roman Le dernier des nôtres. This roman is the second written by the French novelist and journalist Adélaïde de Clermont-Tonnerre. The purpose of this thesis is the translation of some chapters of this roman into Czech language. On the following pages, we will focus on analyzing and professionally comment our way of translating. We will study the different elements composing the translation and the cultural specificities we had to consider while translating. Not less important was the general approach of theoretical translation processes and methodology, but also the problematics that could be faced by a translator. Theoretical chapters give a better understanding of translation discipline.

This paper contains an overview of some of the main 20th Century tendencies in translation theory. It focus especially on matters of equivalence, dynamic equivalence, formal equivalence, skopos, abusive fidelity and foreignizing translation or resistant translation and their implications for actual translations. This paper also includes translations prepared according to the principles of abusive fidelity, equivalence and dynamic equivalence, which are compared and commented.

I den här uppsatsen presenteras och diskuteras min översättning av den schweizisk-italienska författaren Fleur Jaeggys novell ”La vecchia vanesia” (”Den sista fåfängan”), den sista i hennes novellsamling La paura del cielo (Rädd för himlen) från 1994. Utöver översättningen ingår även en analys av källtexten, mitt översättningsteoretiska ramverk och översättningsprincip samt kommentarer på tematiskt uppdelade översättningsproblem som jag har stött på under arbetsprocessen. Frågor som tas upp i arbetet innefattar hur språket och stilen i novellen kan återges i måltexten med Eugene Nidas dynamiska ekvivalens som översättningsprincip. Det har framgått att det är viktigt att anpassa grammatiska och lexikala aspekter för att målspråket ska flyta på naturligt. Även stilistiska drag utgör viktiga delar av den emotionella tonen i källtexten och återges i måltexten i syfte att uppnå dynamisk ekvivalens. / In this essay, my translation of the Swiss-Italian author Fleur Jaeggy’s short story “La vecchia vanesia” (“Last vanities”) from the collection of short stories La paura del cielo (Last vanities) from 1994, is presented and discussed. A stylistic analysis of the source text, my theoretical framework and translation principle as well as comments on thematically categorized translation problems are also included in the work. Questions raised in the essay include how form as well as content can be rendered in the Swedish target text with the dynamic equivalence by Eugene Nida as a translation principle. The work has shown that to achieve a natural result, it’s crucial to adapt grammatical and lexical aspects to norms in the target language. Stylistic aspects constitute important parts of the emotional tone in the source text and are reproduced in the target text to achieve dynamic equivalence.

Текущий уровень развития теории перевода на китайский язык не соответствует потребностям академических кругов. В настоящее время теория китайского перевода полностью не определена, и специфика условий ее развития имеет смысл. Цель данной статьи - изучить и проанализировать текущую ситуацию, систематизировать и обобщить накопленные данные по данной теме. Поскольку китайская переводческая индустрия находится на стадии становления, мы выдвинули наши собственные предложения и новые идеи по основному историческому направлению развития китайских теорий перевода на основе обширного анализа и на основе результатов существующих исследований. Теория китайского перевода нацелена на сохранение собственной идентичности и адаптацию успешного опыта Запада к его реальности. / The current level of development of the theory of translation into Chinese does not correspond to the needs of the academic community. At present, the theory of Chinese translation is not fully defined, and the specifics of the conditions for its development make sense. The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the current situation, systematize and summarize the accumulated data on this topic. As the Chinese translation industry is in its infancy, we have put forward our own proposals and new ideas for the main historical direction of the development of Chinese translation theories based on extensive analysis and based on the results of existing research. The theory of Chinese translation is aimed at preserving one's own identity and adapting the successful experience of the West to its reality.

I denna kandidatuppsatts redovisas och analyseras arbetet med att översätta fem sånger av Juan Gabriel från spanska till svenska (Ya lo sé que tú te vas, Hasta que te conocí, Vienes o voy, Abrázame muy fuerte och Yo te recuerdo) genom en översättningsteoretisk kommentar. I kommentaren presenteras en kort översikt av sångöversättningens olika aspekter, sedan analyseras källtexterna och till sist behandlas översättningsarbetet. Teorin utgår ifrån Johan Franzons funktionella sångöversättningsteori. Målet var att skapa sångbara översättningar med syfte att belysa komplexa problem som förekommer inom sångöversättning, speciellt från spanska till svenska. Utmaningar som dök upp under översättandet diskuteras och relevanta skillnader mellan språken presenteras. / In this bachelor’s thesis, the work of translating five songs by Juan Gabriel from Spanish to Swedish (Ya lo sé que tú te vas, Hasta que te conocí, Vienes o voy, Abrázame muy fuerte and Yo te recuerdo) is reported and analyzed through a translation theory commentary. The commentary presents a brief overview of different aspects of song translation, then analyzes the source texts, and then finally proceeds to present the translation work. The theory is based on Johan Franzon's functional song translation theory. The aim was to create singable translations with the purpose to highlight complex problems in song translation, especially from Spanish to Swedish. Challenges that arose during the translation are discussed and relevant differences between the languages are presented.

This research aimed to determine whether the rejection by Russian Orthodox Church leaders of recent translations of the Bible into Russian could be ascribed to a conflict of Russian and Western translation norms. Using Lefevere's (1992) notion of systems, the study compared the norms of Russian Bible translations, Western Bible translation and Russian literary translation, as well as those of a segment of the target audience, to determine the extent of their compatibility with each other and with the translations in question. The results showed that the recent translations did reflect the norms of Western Bible translation, but that these were not atypical of norms for previous Russian and Slavonic translations, nor for the norms of Russian literary translation. However, the results also showed that in practice target audience norms mirrored those of the Russian Orthodox Church, resulting in a similar rejection of the newer translations. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

Roy Campbell (1901-1957), who ranks among South Africa's leading poets, was also a gifted and skilled translator. Shortly after the Second World War he was commissioned by the Spanish scholar Rafael Martinez Nadal to supply the English translations for a planned edition of the complete works of the Spanish poet and dramatist, Federico Garcia Lorca, to be published by Faber and Faber, London. However, most of these translations remained unpublished until 1985, when the poetry translations (but not the translations of the plays) were included in Volume II of a four-volume edition entitled Campbell: Collected Works, edited by Alexander, Chapman and Leveson, and published in South Africa. In 198617, Eisenberg published a collection of letters from the archives of the Spanish poet and publisher Guillermo de Torre in a Spanish journal, Ana/es de Literatura Espanola, Alicante, which revealed that the politically-motivated intervention in 1946 of Arturo and Ilsa Barea, Republican supporters who were living in exile in London, prevented the publication of Campbell's Lorca translations. These poetry translations are studied here and compared with the work of other translators of Lorca, ranging from Lloyd (1937) to Havard (1990), and including some Afrikaans versions by Uys Krige (1987). For the analysis an eclectic framework is used that incorporates ideas from work on the relevance theory of communication (Sperber and Wilson 1986) as applied to translation theory by Gutt (1990, 1991) and Bell (1991), among others, together with Eco's (1979, 1990) semiotic-interpretive approach. The analysis shows that although Campbell's translating is constrained by its purpose of forming part of a Lorca edition, his versions of Lorca' s poetry are nevertheless predominantly oriented towards the target-language reader. In striving to communicate Lorca's poetry to an English audience, Campbell demonstrates his skill and creativity at all levels of language. Campbell's translations that were published during his lifetime earned him a place among the best poetry translators of this century. The Lorca translations, posthumously added to the corpus of his published work, enhance an already established reputation as a fine translator of poetry. / Classics & Modern European Languages / D. Lit. et Phil. (Spanish)