Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Martina Sýkorová Supervisor: RNDr. Jakub Hofman, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Study on impact of selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors on multidrug resistance mediated by ABC drug efflux transporters Tyrosine kinases are an important class of enzymes controlling cell proliferation, carcinogenesis, apoptosis and cell differentiation. Deregulation of these enzymes can transform normal cell into a cancerous one. Blocking their function by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) is considered a promising treatment for various types of cancer. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters form a family of transmembrane proteins that can transport a wide variety of substrates across biological membranes via ATP-dependent drug efflux pumps. They modulate drug pharmacokinetics, but on the other hand, lead to therapy failure due to overexpression in cancer cells. In our previous study, we evaluated inhibition properties of two selected TKi (alectinib, brivanib) in MDCKII cell lines (parent one and those transduced with human ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2). Alectinib significantly inhibited ABCB1, ABCG2 but not ABCC1 transporter. Brivanib showed triple inhibition of all studied transporters. In the present work, we...

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les transporteurs de saccharose impliqués dans le développement des organes puits, et plus précisément leur rôle dans la racine des plantes soumises à la contrainte hydrique.L’expression des transporteurs AtSUCs et AtSWEETs a été cartographiée, au cours du développement complet de plantes A. thaliana cultivées en hydroponie, dans la rosette, la hampe, les siliques et les racines. En parallèle, nous avons évalué l’allocation du carbone et le métabolisme des sucres dans la plante entière au cours du développement pour finalement (1) avoir un aperçu de l’allocation du carbone, du métabolisme des sucres ainsi que de l’expression des transporteurs de saccharose et (2) discuter leurs possibles relations.Dans un second temps, nous avons conçu un système de culture en sol innovant appelé « Rhizobox » permettant la récolte de racines propres, l’analyse de l’architecture du système racinaire et l’application de la contrainte hydrique. Lors de la contrainte hydrique, la croissance racinaire est réduite, mais l’exploration en profondeur du système racinaire est maintenue probablement pour améliorer l’absorption d’eau. De plus, même si la rosette soumise à la contrainte hydrique était plus petite, l’export de 14C, vers la racine, était augmenté. Dans le même temps, les niveaux de transcrits des gènes de facilitateurs de saccharose AtSWEET11 et AtSWEET12 ainsi que du gène AtSUC2, un symporteur saccharose:H+ spécifique de la cellule compagne, tous trois impliqués dans le chargement du saccharose dans le phloème, étaient augmentés dans les feuilles des plantes soumises à la contrainte hydrique, corroborant l’augmentation de l’export du carbone vers la racine. De façon intéressante, les niveaux de transcrits des gènes AtSUC2 et d’ASWEET11-15, étaient plus élevés dans les racines stressées, soulignant (1) la potentielle existence d’un déchargement apoplastique du saccharose dans la racine d’A. thaliana et (2) un rôle putatif pour ces transporteurs de saccharose dans le déchargement du saccharose dans la racine étant donné qu’ils sont principalement exprimés dans les zones de la racine où la demande en carbone est importante. / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the sucrose transporters involved in sink organs development, and more precisely their role in roots of plants submitted to water deficit.The expression of AtSUCs and AtSWEETs transporters was mapped during the full development of A. thaliana plants grown hydroponically in rosette, stem, siliques and roots. In parallel, we evaluated C partitioning and sugar metabolism in whole plant during development to finally (1) get an insight on C allocation, sugar metabolism and sucrose transporters genes expression and (2) discuss their possible relationships.Secondly, we designed an innovating soil culture system, called “Rhizobox” which allows clean roots harvest, root system architecture analysis and water deficit experiment. Under water deficit, root growth was reduced, but in depth root exploration was maintained probably to improve water uptake. In addition, although shoot submitted to water deficit were smaller, 14C exported to the roots increased. In the same time, the transcript levels of the sucrose effluxers gene AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12 and the companion-cell specific sucrose:H+ symporter gene AtSUC2, all three involved in sucrose phloem loading, are up-regulated in leaves of water deficit plants, agreeing with the increase in carbon export to the roots. Interestingly, the transcript levels of AtSUC2, and AtSWEET11-15, were higher in stressed roots, underlying (1) the potential existence of sucrose apoplastic unloading in Arabidopsis roots and (2) a putative role for these sucrose transporters in sucrose unloading in root since they are mainly expressed in root zones where C demand is high.

La survenue d’un cancer du sein découvert durant la grossesse est un événement dramatique compliquant entre 1/3000 et 1/10000 grossesses, ce qui en fait le cancer le plus fréquemment rencontré chez la femme enceinte. Sur le plan thérapeutique, certaines molécules anticancéreuses peuvent être utilisées, notamment les taxanes (paclitaxel et docétaxel). Si les études cliniques rétrospectives isolées semblent plutôt rassurantes, les données concernant leur passage transplacentaire sont encore fragmentaires. Quant à leurs effets sur le placenta humain et plus particulièrement sur la fonction de transport placentaire, ils sont pour l’heure inconnus. Nos objectifs étaient de 1) dresser une cartographie de l’expression génique physiologique des différents transporteurs placentaires de médicaments en utilisant un modèle de culture primaire trophoblastique, 2) d’apprécier le passage transplacentaire comparatif des taxanes et leur accumulation placentaire en utilisant le modèle du cotylédon perfusé, 3) d’étudier plus particulièrement les effets du paclitaxel sur le placenta humain et notamment sur l’expression des transporteurs de médicaments, en utilisant en plus des modèles mentionnés, les cotylédons de patientes ayant été traitées par paclitaxel durant leur grossesse. Nos études ont tout d’abord permis de dresser une cartographie originale de l’expression physiologique de plus de 80 transporteurs placentaires de médicaments, et ce comparativement entre le début et la fin de la gestation. De plus, nos expériences ont montré que le passage transplacentaire des taxanes était faible et comparable entre les deux molécules, et que celles-ci semblaient s’accumuler dans les cotylédons placentaires. Enfin, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un effet significatif du paclitaxel sur le placenta humain, notamment sur la modulation de certains transporteurs de médicaments. / The occurrence of breast cancer during pregnancy is a dramatic event reaching roughly 1/3000 to 1/10000 pregnancies, this type of cancer being the most frequent in pregnant women. Regarding therapeutic options, some anticancer agents may be used, especially taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel). If most of retrospective data appear to be reassuring, little is known regarding their transplacental transfer. Moreover, to our knowledge, potential effects of taxanes on human placenta, especially on placental transport function are unknown. Our aims were to 1) provide a transcriptional expression cartography of various placental drug transporters throughout pregnancy, using primary trophoblast culture model, 2) assess the comparative transplacental transfer of taxanes and their accumulation in cotyledons, using the perfused placental model, 3) assess potential effects of paclitaxel on human placenta, especially on drug transporter expression, not only using above-described models, but also cotyledons from pregnant-cancer patients treated with paclitaxel during pregnancy. Here, we finally provided an original transcriptional cartography of various drugs transporters in human normal placenta all along pregnancy. Moreover, we found a low and comparable transplacental transfer of paclitaxel and docetaxel that led to a moderate accumulation in cotyledons. Finally, we evidenced a significant effect of paclitaxel on human placenta, especially by modulating drug transporter expression.

La résistance aux médicaments antiépileptiques (MAEs) est un des problèmes majeurs des épilepsies infantiles, comme par exemple le syndrome de Dravet. La pharmacoresistance de l’épilepsie pourrait s’expliquer par une diminution du passage des MAEs dans le cerveau, à travers la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (BHE). La BHE comporte des transporteurs des familles « ATP-binding cassette » (ABC) et « SoLute Carrier » (SLC) localisés au niveau de la membrane des cellules endothéliales qui contrôlent leur passage entre le sang et le cerveau. La pharmacoresistance des épilepsies a été associée à ces transporteurs car des MAEs ont été identifiés comme substrats de transporteurs comme la glycoprotéine-P (P-gP) et la « Breast Cancer Resistance Protein » (BCRP). L’hypothèse de cette relation est confortée par l’observation de l’augmentation de l’expression de ces transporteurs d’efflux dans le foyer épileptogène et par l’identification des polymorphismes dans les gènes des transporteurs chez des patients pharmacorésistants. L’interaction au cours du développement cérébral entre les cellules endothéliales et les neurones et astrocytes pourrait modifier le profil des transporteurs de la BHE. Les MAEs sont aussi connus pour être soit des inducteurs, soit des inhibiteurs des enzymes du métabolisme des médicaments et des transporteurs membranaires. Ces données nous permettent de faire les hypothèses suivantes: 1) La BHE en développement présente un profil de transporteurs différent de la BHE mature qui pourrait modifier le passage des MAEs vers le cerveau ; et 2) le traitement chronique administré au cours du syndrome de Dravet pourrait changer le phénotype des transporteurs de la BHE en développement. Nous résultats ont montré que la P-gP et la BCRP augment leur expression au cours du développement. La maturation de la BHE a aussi un impact sur le passage des MAEs étudiés. Nous avons constaté une augmentation de l’expression des différents transporteurs ABC et SLC étudiés pendant le développement de la BHE, suite au traitement chronique avec la thérapie du Syndrome de Dravet. L’acide valproïque, un des MAEs utilisé dans ce traitement, diminue l’activité d’efflux de la P-gP chez les rats en développement et adultes, ce qui a été confirmé dans un modèle in-vitro de BHE immature. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’interaction entre la BHE en développement et le traitement chronique par les MAEs peut modifier leur distribution au niveau du cerveau et la réponse aux MAEs. / Resistance to Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) has been a major concern in infantile epilepsies such as for example the Dravet Syndrome. One hypothesis concerning the pharmacoresistance in epilepsy is that a decreased delivery of these drugs to the brain may occur in relation to changes in the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function. BBB exhibits ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and SoLute Carrier (SLC) transporters at the surface of endothelial cells that control the blood-brain transport. Pharmacoresistance in epilepsy may be linked to changes in the functions of these transporters since some AEDs are substrates of the P-glycoprotein (P-gP) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) transporters. The increased expression of efflux transporters in epileptogenic tissue and the identification of polymorphisms in the efflux transporters genes of resistant patients further support this potential relationship. The interaction of endothelial cells with astrocytes and neurons during brain development could change the pattern of transporters in the BBB. AEDs are also known as either inducers or inhibitors of drug metabolic enzymes and membrane transporters. Taken together, these facts led us to test the following hypothesis: 1) the developing BBB in immature animals presents a different pattern of transporters that could change AEDs disposition in the brain of immature subjects; and 2) the chronic pharmacotherapy used in infantile epilepsies such as the Dravet Syndrome may change the transporters phenotype of the BBB. Our work showed that the expression of P-gP and BCRP increases during development as a function of age. We also showed the maturation of the BBB has an impact on brain disposition of the studied AEDs. We finally observed an increase in the expression of various ABC and SLC transporters induced by the pharmacotherapy of the Dravet Syndrome in immature animals. One of the drugs used, valproic acid, appeared nonetheless to reduce the efflux activity of P-gP in developing and adult animals, which was confirmed in an in-vitro model of the immature BBB. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the interaction between the developing BBB and the AEDs chronic treatment may lead to differences in brain disposition of the AEDs that may impact on the response to AEDs.

A eficácia das estatinas em reduzir o risco de eventos coronarianos não é completamente explicada por seus efeitos em diminuir colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C). Um dos seus efeitos adicionais pode ser decorrente da modificação na concentração de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), reconhecida como ateroprotetora, principalmente por seu papel no transporte reverso do colesterol (TRC). Os transportadores de membrana do tipo ATP-binding cassette, ABCA1 e ABCG1, e o scavenger receptor BI (SRBI) são proteínas importantes envolvidas no TRC e seus genes são regulados por vários fatores de transcrição, entre eles os liver-x-receptors (LXRs). Com a finalidade de avaliarmos os efeitos dos hipolipemiantes sobre expressão dos transportadores ABC e do receptor SRBI, a expressão de RNAm do ABCA1, ABCG1, SCARB1, NR1H3 (LXR&#945;) e NR1H2 (LRX&#946;) foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real em células das linhagens HepG2 (origem hepática) e Caco-2 (origem intestinal) tratadas com atorvastatina ou sinvastatina (10 µM) e/ou ezetimiba (até 5 µM) por até 24 horas. Além disso, a expressão desses genes também foi avaliada em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) de 50 pacientes normolipidêmicos (NL) e 71 hipercolesterolêmicos (HC) tratados com atorvastatina (10mg/dia/4semanas, n=48) ou sinvastatina e/ou ezetimiba (10mg/dia/4 ou 8 semanas, n=23). A possível associação entre os polimorfismos ABCA1 C-14T e R219K e a expressão de RNAm em CMSP também foi avaliada por PCR-RFLP. O SCARB1 foi o gene mais expresso nas células HepG2 e Caco-2, seguido por NR1H2, NR1H3, ABCG1 e ABCA1 em HepG2 ou por ABCA1 e ABCG1 em Caco-2. O tratamento com estatinas (1 ou 10 µM) ou ezetimiba (5 µM), por 12 ou 24 horas, aumentou a expressão de RNAm do ABCG1, mas não de ABCA1 e SCARB1, em células HepG2. Ainda nesta linhagem, o aumento na transcrição dos genes NR1H2 e NR1H3 foi observado somente com a maior concentração de atorvastatina (10 µM) e, ao contrário, o tratamento com ezetimiba causou redução na transcrição de NR1H2, sem alteração de NR1H3. Em células Caco-2, o tratamento com atorvastatina ou sinvastatina por 12 ou 24 horas reduziu a quantidade do transcrito ABCA1 e não alterou a expressão do SCARB1 e do ABCG1, embora, para este último, tenha havido uma tendência à diminuição da expressão após tratamento com sinvastatina (p=0,07). Após tratamento com ezetimiba isolada (até 5 µM) nenhuma alteração de expressão de RNAm foi observada em células Caco-2; no entanto, após 24 horas de tratamento com sinvastatina e ezetimiba, foi reduzida a taxa de transcrição de ABCA1 e ABCG1, mas não de SCARB1. Ao contrário das linhagens celulares, em CMSP os genes NR1H2 e ABCG1 foram os mais expressos, seguidos pelos genes SCARB1 e ABCA1 e, finalmente, pelo NR1H3. Indivíduos HC tiveram maior expressão basal de NR1H2 e NR1H3, mas não de outros genes, quando comparados aos NL (p<0,05). Além disso, nos indivíduos HC, a expressão basal de ABCA1 foi maior em portadores do alelo -14T do polimorfismo ABCA1 -14C>T quando comparados aos portadores do genótipo -14CC (p=0,034). O tratamento com estatinas, com ezetimiba ou com a terapia combinada diminuiu a transcrição de ABCA1 e ABCG1. Para o SCARB1, NR1H2 e NR1H3, nenhuma alteração de expressão de RNAm em CMSP foi detectada após os tratamentos in vivo. Após todas as fases de tratamento, ABCA1 e ABCG1 e também NR1H2 e NR1H3 foram significativamente correlacionados entre si, mas nenhuma correlação com perfil lipídico sérico foi relevante. Coletivamente, esses resultados dão indícios de que os hipolipemiantes analisados (estatinas e ezetimiba) têm um importante papel na regulação da expressão de genes envolvidos no transporte reverso do colesterol e sugerem a existência de regulação tecido-específica para os dois transportadores ABC. Além disso, o efeito das estatinas ou da ezetimiba sobre a expressão do ABCA1, do ABCG1 ou do SCARB1 não sofreu influencia de alterações diretas da transcrição dos LXRs. / The efficacy of statins in reducing the risk of coronary events is not completely explained by their effects in decreasing cholesterol low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). One of their additional effects may result from the change in concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), recognized as atheroprotective, mainly for the role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). The membrane transporters, as ATP-binding cassette, ABCA1 and ABCG1, and scavenger receptor BI (SRBI) are important proteins involved in the RCT and their genes are regulated by various transcription factors, including the liver-X-receptors (LXRs) . In order to evaluate the effects of lipid lowering on expression of ABC transporters and SRBI receptor, the mRNA expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, SCARB1, NR1H3 (LXR&#945;) and NR1H2 (LRX&#946;) was assessed by real time PCR in HepG2 (hepatic origin) and Caco-2 (intestinal origin) cells treated with atorvastatin or simvastatin (10 µM) and/or ezetimibe (up to 5 µM) for 24 hours. Furthermore, the expression of these genes was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 50 normolipidemic (NL) and 71 hypercholesterolemic (HC) patients treated with atorvastatin (10mg/d/4 weeks, n = 48) or simvastatin and/or ezetimibe (10mg/d/4 or 8 weeks, n = 23). The possible association between ABCA1 C-14T and R219K polymorphisms and mRNA expression in PBMC was also evaluated by PCR-RFLP. SCARB1 was the most expressed in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells, followed by NR1H2, NR1H3, ABCG1 and ABCA1 in HepG2 or by ABCG1 and ABCA1 in Caco-2. The treatment with statins (1 or 10 µM) or ezetimibe (5 µM) for 12 or 24 hours, increased mRNA expression of ABCG1 but not ABCA1 and SCARB1 in HepG2 cells. Moreover, in HepG2 cells, atorvastatin also upregulated NR1H2 and NR1H3 only at 10.0 &#181;M, meanwhile ezetimibe downregulated NR1H2 but did not change NR1H3 expression. In Caco-2 cells, atorvastatin or simvastatin treatment for 12 or 24 hours reduced the amount of ABCA1 transcript and did not alter the ABCG1 and SCARB1 expressions, despite the tendency to decrease ABCG1 mRNA expression after simvastatin treatment (p = 0.07). After treatment with ezetimibe alone (up to 5 &#181;M) no change in mRNA expression was observed in Caco-2 cells; however, after 24 hours- simvastatin and ezetimibe treatments decreased the transcription of ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not of SCARB1. Unlike cell lines, in PBMC, NR1H2 and ABCG1 were the most expressed, followed by SCARB1 and ABCA1 and finally by the NR1H3. HC patients showed higher NR1H2 and NR1H3 basal expressions, but not of other genes, compared to NL (p <0.05). Moreover, in HC individuals, the ABCA1 basal expression was higher in individuals carrying -14T allele of -14C> T polymorphism when compared with -14CC carriers (p = 0.034). Treatment with statins, ezetimibe, or combined therapy downregulated ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. For SCARB1, NR1H2 and NR1H3, no change in mRNA expression in PBMC was detected after treatments. After all phases of treatment, ABCA1 and ABCG1 as well as NR1H2 and NR1H3 were significantly correlated, but no correlation with serum lipid profile was relevant. Collectively, these results provide evidences that the lipid lowering (statins and ezetimibe) have an important role in mRNA expression regulation of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport and suggest the existence of tissue-specific regulation for the ABC transporters. Furthermore, the effect of statins or ezetimibe on ABCA1, ABCG1 or SCARB1 expression was not directly influenced by changes of LXR transcription.

Molibdênio é um elemento traço envolvido na fixação de nitrogênio, enxofre e carbono. Oligopeptídeos estão envolvidos na nutrição bacteriana e diversos outros processos de sinalização intercelular. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o papel funcional das proteínas ligadoras dos sistemas de captação de molibdato (ModA) e oligopeptídeo (OppA) em Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri em condições in vitro e in vivo. O mutante ModA mostrou uma produção diminuída de goma xantana, alteração do biofilme e adesão prejudicada em condições in vitro. In vivo a interação do mutante modA mostrou alterações nas lesões causadas em folhas de grapefruit possivelmente resultado da baixa expressão do gene gumB. O mutante na proteína OppA apresentou células mais co-agregadas alterando a estrutura do biofilme e consequentemente diminuindo sua capacidade de adesão. In vivo, a linhagem mutante não alterou o fenótipo de patogenicidade, mas a sua capacidade de crescimento foi afetada no início da fase estacionária sugerindo que o sistema Opp desempenha um papel nutricional. / Molybdenum is a trace element involved in nitrogen fixation, sulfur and carbon. Oligopeptides are involved in bacterial nutrition and several other intercellular signaling processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional role of binding proteins of molybdate (ModA) and oligopeptide (OppA) uptake systems of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri in in vitro and in vivo conditions. ModA mutant showed a decreased production of xanthan gum, altered biofilm and adhesion impaired in vitro conditions. In vivo ModA mutant interaction showed changes in injuries on leaves of grapefruit possibly due to low expression of the gumB gene. The OppA mutant showed more cells co-aggregated by changing the structure of the biofilm and consequently reducing their capacity to adhere. In vivo, the mutant strain did not modify the phenotype of pathogenicity, but its ability for growth was affected at the early stationary phase suggesting that the Opp system plays a nutritional role.

A captação de maltose em bactérias é feita por um sistema transportador do tipo ABC composto por uma proteína ligadora de substrato (MalE), duas proteínas transmembrana e uma ATPase. No presente trabalho descrevemos a clonagem, expressão e análise bioquímica e estrutural da proteína MalE da bactéria fitopatogênica Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac) O gene malE de Xac foi clonado em vetor de expressão pET28a, a proteína recombinante foi expressa em Escherichia coli e purificada por cromatografia de afinidade ao níquel. Amostras da proteína solúvel foram analisadas quanto à estrutura secundária, interação com possíveis ligantes, estabilidade frente a diferentes condições físico-químicas. Ensaios de cristalização possibilitaram a obtenção de cristais em diferentes condições, um deles apresentou grupo espacial P6122, mas não foi possível resolver a estrutura. Com base nas estruturas conhecidas de ortólogos de MalE, geramos um modelo estrutural para a proteína de Xac e foram feitas análises quanto à interação com trealose e maltose. Modelos estruturais dos componentes transmembrana (LacF e LacG) e ATPase (UgpC) do sistema transportador de maltose de Xac também foram gerados. Os resultados representam uma contribuição importante para o conhecimento sobre a fisiologia e sistemas de transporte de Xac. / Maltose uptake in bacteria is mediated by an ABC transporter comprising a substrate binding protein (MalE), two transmembrane proteins, and one ATPase. In the present study, we describe the cloning, expression and biochemical as well as structural analyses of the MalE protein of the phytopagen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac). The malE gene of Xac was cloned in the pET28a expression vector, the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and, subsequently, purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Samples of soluble protein were analyzed regarding secondary structure, interaction with putative ligants and stability under different physico-chemical conditions. Crystallization trials were carried out under different conditions, one particular condition yielded crystal with a P6122space group, but the structure was not solved. Based on known ortholog structures, a structural model for Xac MalE was obtained allowing interaction with modeled threhalose and maltose. Structural models the transmembrane (LacF and LacG) and ATPase (UgpC) components were also obtained. The present results represent an important contribution to the knowledge of the physiology and transporter systems found in Xac.

Centrado no carcinoma colorretal, o presente trabalho visou: 1) Estudar a distribuição das principais variáveis anatomopatológicas, pesquisando sua associação com metástase linfonodal ou hepática. 2) Com base nas eventuais associações encontradas, selecionar um conjunto de variáveis que, estudadas no tumor primário, possam predizer a presença de metástase nodal ou hepática. 3) Analisar os perfis de imunoexpressão de alguns marcadores potencialmente relacionados à citoarquitetura (queratina 7 e 20) e ao crescimento tumoral (proliferação através do Ag Ki-67 e apoptose através da queratina 18 clivada) em amostras de mucosa normal, adenocarcinoma primário, metástase linfonodal e metástase hepática, explorando suas eventuais relações com as variáveis histopatológicas e o estadio da lesão. 4) Pesquisar possíveis associações entre a expressão dos transportadores de monocarboxilato 1, 2 e 4, moléculas reguladoras do pH intracelular, e os marcadores acima relacionados e as variáveis anatomopatológicas. A casuística foi constituída por 139 adenocarcinomas colorretais, sendo 96 sem metástase hepática e 39 com metástase hepática. Os casos foram revistos e 13 variáveis anatomopatológicas foram selecionadas para fazer parte do estudo. Foram confecionados manualmente blocos de microarranjos teciduais (TMA) de mucosa normal, tumor primário, metástase linfonodal e metástase hepática, cujos cortes foram submetidos a estudo imuno-histoquímico utilizando anticorpos anti queratina 7 (K7), queratina 20 (K20), Ki-67 e queratina 18 clivada. Em 126 blocos de parafina de tumores, e 86 amostras de mucosa normal correspondentes foram submetidos a estudo imuno-histoquímico utilizando anticopos anti transportadores de monocarboxilato 1, 2 e 4 (MCT1, MCT2 e MCT 4). A presença de metástase linfonodal asociou-se estatisticamente com a presença de infiltração tumoral além da camada muscular própria (T3 ou T4) (p<0,001), presença de desmoplasia tumoral moderada / intensa (p=0,043), presença de infiltração de vasos linfáticos (p<0,001), presença de infiltração venosa (p<0,001) e presença de infiltração tumoral perineural (p<0,001). A presença de metástase hepática teve associação estatisticamente significativa com a presença de infiltração tumoral além da camada muscular própria (p = 0,004) e com a presença de bordas tumorais infiltrativas ( p=0,05). As amostras de mucosa colorretal normal apresentaram baixa freqüência de positividade para a queratina 7, o mesmo ocorrendo com os adenocarcinomas primários e as metástases linfonodais. Detectamos, entretanto, diferença estatística significante entre a maior imunoexpressão da K7 nas metástases hepáticas quando comparadas aos adenocarcinomas primários (p<0,001) e às metástases linfonodais (p=0,015). Conforme esperado a queratina 20 mostrou-se presente na quase totalidade das amostras de mucosa colorretal normal e em mais de 90% das amostras dos vários tipos de lesão aqui estudadas. A taxa de proliferação nos adenocarcinomas primários foi significantemente superior à da observada na mucosa normal (p<0,001). Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as taxas proliferativas das amostras neoplásicas. O índice de células em apoptose foi estatisticamente significante mais elevado nos adenocarcinomas primários que na mucosa normal (p<0,001), assim como foi mais elevado nas metástases hepáticas em relação aos adenocarcinomas primários (p=0,022). Tumores maiores que 5 cm apresentaram índices apoptóticos mais elevados que aqueles menores que 5 cm (p=0,005). As expressões citoplasmática e membranosa dos MCT1 e 4 foram mais frequentes nos adenocarcinomas que nas mucosas normais (p<0,001). A expressão membranosa do MCT1 associou-se à presença de infiltração linfática (p=0,004) , infiltração sangüínea (p=0,018) e à presença de índices apoptóticos mais elevados. Em conclusão, dentre as variáveis histológicas, infiltração linfática tumoral e infiltração de vasos sangüíneos foram fatores de risco independentes para metástase linfonodal e infiltração tumoral além da muscular própria e a presença de bordas tumorais infiltrativas foram fatores de risco independentes para metástase hepática nas análises multivariadas. A queratina 7 foi mais frequentemente expressa nas metástases hepáticas que nas metástases linfonodais e adenocarcinomas primários, indicando que a aquisição da expressão da queratina 7 pode ser uma alteração tardia do citoesqueleto associada a maior agressividade do tumor. A proliferação celular marcada pelo Ag Ki-67 assim como a apoptose, marcada pela queratina 18 clivada mostraram significativo incremento do normal para o adenocarcinoma primário e suas respectivas metástases. Os MCTs foram mais expressos nos adenocarcinomas que nas mucosas normais, sugerindo possível interferência de seu papel no controle do pH intracelular nestas neoplasias / The aims of this study in colorectal carcinoma were: 1) Verify the distribution of the most important anatomopathological variables, and identifying their relationship with lymph node or liver metastasis. 2) Considering the associations obtained in the first aim, a group of variables was selected to verify the prediction of lymph node or liver metastasis. 3) Analyze the immunoprofile of both markers associated with cytoarchitecture (keratins 7 and 20) and with tumor growth (proliferation and apoptosis using Ki-67 and cleaved keratin 18, respectively) in samples of nontumoral mucosa, primary adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis, exploring the eventual relation with anatomopathological variables and tumor stage. 4) Look for possible associations between molecules related to intracellular pH control, as monocarboxylates transporters 1, 2 and 4, and the markers above mentioned and anatomopathological variables. One hundred and thirty nine colorectal carcinomas is the universe of the casuistic, 96 of them without liver metastasis and 39 metastatic to the liver was studied. Thirteen anatomopathological variables were selected and semi-quantified. We mannualy builted tissue microarrays (TMAs) of non tumoral mucosa, primary adenocarcinoma, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis. The histological sections from the TMAs were submmitted to immunohistochemical study using antibodies against keratin 7 (K7), keratin 20 (K20), Ag Ki-67 and cleaved keratin 18. In 126 tumor paraffin blocks, 86 of which also had non tumoral mucosa were submitted to immunohistochemical stain using antibodies against monocarboxylate transportes 1, 2 and 4 (MCT1, MCT2 e MCT 4). Lymph node metastasis was associated with tumor infiltration across muscularis propria(p<0,001), moderate / intense desmoplasia(p=0,043), lymph vessel infiltration(p<0,001), venous infiltration (p<0,001) and perineural infiltration (p<0,001). Liver metastasis was statistically associated with tumor infiltration across muscularis propria and infiltrative tumor borders ( p=0,05). Few colorectal mucosa samples, as well as primary tumor and lymph node metastasis showed immunoexpression of K7, although we found statistically significant higher immunoexpression of K7 in liver metastasis as compared with primary carcinomas (p<0,001) and with lymph node metastasis (p=0,015). As expected, K20 was expressed in more than 90% of the samples examined. Higher Ki-67 rates were found in adenocarcinoma compared with normal mucosa (p<0,001). We did not find statistical differences of proliferation rates between neoplastic samples. Apoptotic index were higher in primary adenocarcinomas than in normal mucosa ( p<0,001), and was also higher in liver metastasis than in primary adenocarcinoma (p=0,022). We also found higher apoptotic index in tumors that measured more than 5 cm (p=0,005). Membranous and cytoplasmic expression of MCTs 1 and 4 were found more frequently expressed in adenocarcinoma than in non neoplastic mucosa (p<0,001). Membranous MCT1 expression was associated with lymph vessel infiltration (p=0,004), venous infiltration (p=0,018) and with higher apoptotic index. Lymphatic vessel infiltration and venous vessel infiltration were found as independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Tumor infiltration across muscularis propria and infiltrative tumor borders were also independent risk factor for liver metastasis by multivariate analysis. Keratin 7 were more frequently expressed in liver metastasis samples than in lymph node metastasis and primary adenocarcinomas, indicating that the acquisition of K7 expression could be a late cytoskeleton alteration associated with higher tumor aggressiveness. Proliferation rates as well as higher frequency of apoptosis, showed increased expression from normal mucosa to primary adenocarcinoma and its respective metastasis. Finally, monocarboxylate transporters were higher expressed in adenocarcinoma samples than in normal mucosa samples indicating a probable role in the intracellular pH in colorectal neoplasia

INTRODUÇÃO: A desregulação da via de sinalização JAK-STAT é uma característica marcante das neoplasias mieloproliferativas (NMPs), doenças clonais da célula tronco hematopoética, dentre as quais encontra-se a mielofibrose (MF). Diversos inibidores de JAK foram desenvolvidos para o tratamento da MF e encontram-se em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento clínico. Devido ao seu desenvolvimento recente, pouco se sabe a respeito do papel de transportadores de membrana na farmacocinética desses compostos. Essas proteínas realizam o influxo e efluxo celular de substratos endógenos e xenobióticos, e alterações na expressão desses transportadores podem influenciar a resposta a esses fármacos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de um inibidor comercial da via JAK-STAT na expressão gênica dos transportadores de membrana ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1 e SLCO1A2 em células HepG2, Caco-2 e HEL92.1.7. MÉTODOS: Linhagens de carcinoma hepatocelular (HepG2), adenocarcinoma colorretal (Caco-2) e eritroleucemia humana homozigotas para JAK2V617F (HEL92.1.7) foram cultivadas e tratadas o inibidor comercial da via JAK-STAT JAK Inhibitor I. Para determinar a concentração ideal para o tratamento com o inibidor, as células foram tratadas com diversas concentrações do inibidor de JAK por 24 horas e foram feitos testes de viabilidade celular e fragmentação do DNA. Com as condições de tratamento padronizadas, foi extraído o RNA total das células e sintetizado o cDNA, para análise das expressões de RNAm dos genes ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1 e SLCO1A2 por PCR em tempo real. Foi também avaliada a expressão dos transportadores de efluxo ABCB1 e ABCG2 por citometria de fluxo, utilizando anticorpos primários direcionados a essas proteínas. RESULTADOS: Nas células HepG2, foi observado um aumento da expressão de RNAm de ABCB1 nas células tratadas com 4,00 &#181;M do inibidor de JAK, quando comparado com o controle (células incubadas apenas com o veículo) (P=0,041). Não foi observada alteração da expressão de RNAm de ABCG2 e SLC22A1 com o tratamento com o inibidor de JAK nessa linhagem (P>0,05); a expressão de RNAm de SLCO1A2 não foi detectada nessa linhagem. Nas células Caco-2, a expressão de ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1 e SLCO1A2 não se alterou com o tratamento com o inibidor de JAK nas concentrações utilizadas (0,25 &#181;M a 1,00 &#181;M) por 24 horas (P>0,05). Para as células HEL92.1.7, não foi observada diferença na expressão de RNAm de ABCB1, ABCG2 e SLC22A1 com o tratamento com 1,00 &#181;M do inibidor de JAK por 24 horas em comparação ao controle (P>0,05); nessa linhagem, a expressão de RNAm de SLCO1A2 não foi detectada. A expressão proteica dos transportadores ABCB1 e ABCG2 não sofreu alteração com o tratamento com o inibidor de JAK nas condições utilizadas nas três linhagens celulares estudadas (P>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Apenas as células HepG2 apresentaram um aumento da expressão de RNAm do transportador de efluxo ABCB1 em concentrações elevadas do inibidor de JAK, sugerindo que os inibidores de JAK podem modular a expressão do gene desse transportador no fígado. O tratamento com o inibidor da via JAK-STAT não foi associado com alterações na expressão proteica de ABCB1 e ABCG2 em todas as células estudadas. / BACKGROUND: JAK-STAT pathway signaling disregulation is a hallmark of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), hematopoietic stem cell clonal diseases, among which is myelofibrosis (MF). Several JAK inhibitors have been developed for MF treatment and are found in different stages of clinical development. Because the recent development of these compounds, the role of drug transporters in their pharmacokinetics is poorly understood. These proteins perform celular influx and effux of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics, and changes in the expression of these drugs transporters may affect the response to these drugs. AIM: To evaluate the effect of a JAK-STAT pathway commercial inhibitor in gene expression of drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1 and SLCO1A2 in HepG2, Caco-2 and HEL92.1.7 cells. METHODS: Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 and human erythroleukemia homozygous JAK2V617F cell line HEL92.1.7 were grown and treated with the JAK-STAT pathway inhibitor JAK Inhibitor I. In order to determine the optimal concentration for treatment with the inhibitor, cells were treated with several concentrations of JAK inhibitor by 24 hours, and cell viability and DNA fragmentation tests were performed. Once the treatment conditions were standardized, total RNA were obtained from the cells, and cDNA was synthesized in order to evaluate the mRNA expression of ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1 and SLCO1A2 genes, performed by real time PCR. We also evaluate the expression of drug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 by flow cytometry, using primary antibodies directed to these proteins. RESULTS: In HepG2 cells, it was observed an increase in ABCB1 mRNA expression in cells treated with 4,00 &#181;M of JAK inhibitor, when compared with controls (cells exposed only to the vehicle) (P=0.041). There was no change in ABCB2 and SLC22A1 mRNA expression with the treatment with JAK inhibitor in this cell line (P>0.05); SLCO1A2 mRNA was not detected in this cell line. In Caco-2 cells, ABCB1, ABCG2, SLC22A1 and SLCO1A2 mRNA expression did not change with treatment with the JAK inhibitor at the concentrations used (0.25 &#181;M to 1.00 &#181;M) by 24 hours (P>0.05). In HEL92.1.7 cells, it was not observed differences in ABCB1, ABCG2 and SLC22A1 mRNA expression with the treatment with 1 &#181;M of JAK inhibitor by 24 hours when compared with controls (P>0.05); in this cell line, SLCO1A2 mRNA was not detected. Protein expression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 drug transporters has not changed with treatment with the JAK inhibitor under the conditions used in the three cell lines studied. CONCLUSIONS: Only HepG2 cells presented an increase in mRNA expression of drug efflux transporter ABCB1 in presence of high levels of JAK inhibitor, suggesting that JAK inhibitors could modulate this transporter gene expression in liver. Treatment with JAK-STAT pathway inhibitor was not associated with changes in ABCB1 and ABCG2 protein expression in all cell lines studied.

Avec ma thèse de doctorat, j’ai pour objectif d’étudier la place et l’influence des commerçants et des transporteurs de la société des provinces gauloises et germaniques du Haut Empire Romain ainsi que les relations existant entre eux et d’autres agents sociaux comme les notables locaux. En développant mes recherches précédentes à propos des relations entre les notables locaux et les commerçants gaulois comme des relations parmi ces derniers et en élargissant le champ de recherche, j’ai l’intention de répondre à la question suivante : - Comment les milieux relatifs aux activités économiques, y compris les transporteurs et les propriétaires fonciers, participaient-ils au commerce ? Certes, nous avons connaissance de plusieurs recherches traitant des marchands dans les provinces du nord-ouest. Cependant nous ferons deux remarques. D’une part, on donne surtout de l’importance aux problèmes les concernant en tant que groupe social plutôt qu’aux rapports entre milieux différents, soit les rapports entre commerçants, soit ceux entre ces derniers et d’autres agents sociaux. D’autre part, certains chercheurs, en incluant dans le champ de recherche les provinces gauloises, nous semblent engager un débat basé sur des sources provenant notamment de grands centres commerciaux comme Ostie et Lyon. Mais on peut se demander s’il est toujours possible de généraliser les résultats obtenus à ces points importants du commerce en raison de leur caractère très singulier et de leur documentation. Dans cette situation de recherche et dans le contexte provincial, mon étude a pour but de mieux comprendre la nature et la fonction sociale des participants aux actions commerciales, mais également les particularités de la société des provinces du nord-ouest. Plus concrètement, tout en continuant à examiner les rapports entre les hommes de métier et les élites, j’analyse les relations parmi les hommes de métier eux-mêmes. Dans ce but, je dépouille des inscriptions concernant les milieux commerciaux ou les transporteurs dans les provinces gauloises et germaniques, tout en tenant compte des données archéologiques. / With my dissertation, I aim to examine the role and influence of merchants and transporters in the society of Gallic and Germanic provinces of the Early Roman Empire and the relationships between them and other social agents like local notables. Developing my previous researches about rapports between local élite and Gallic merchants as well as relationships among the latter, and broadening the scope of research, I intend to reply to following question: - How did those who were related to economic activities, including transporters and landowners, participate in trade? Certainly, we are aware of many studies on merchants in the northwestern provinces. However, we can make two remarks. On the one hand, certain scholars give particular importance to the issues related to traders as a social group rather than to relationships between different people, either relationships among merchants or those between them and other social agents. On the other hand, some researchers, who include the Gallic provinces in their scopes of research, seem to engage in discussions based on sources mainly from commercial centers like Ostia and Lyon. But one may wonder if it is always possible to generalize the results got at these important commercial hubs because of their singular character and their documentation. In this research situation and in the provincial context, my study aims to better understand the social nature and function of participants in commercial activities, but also the characteristics of the society of the northwest provinces. More specifically, while continuing to examine the relationships between skilled people and élite, I analyze the rapports among the skilled themselves. For this purpose, I study in detail inscriptions concerned with merchants or transporters in the provinces of Gaul and Germania, taking into account archaeological sources.