The life of the controversial Irish nationalist Roger David Casement, who was sentenced to death for high treason by the British Crown, has inspired writers to produce works of various literary genres: prose, poetry, drama and critical essays. This doctoral dissertation aims to investigate, under the light of trauma theory as suggested chiefly, but not solely by Cathy Caruth, Ron Eyerman and Dominick La Capra, the ways in which the figure of Roger Casement can be associated with traumatic events that have sealed Anglo-Irish relations. Thus, I have selected works that deal with Casements Life as he acts both for and against the trauma inflicted by imperialism respectively as a Victorian hero in Arthur Conan Doyles The Lost World (1912) and as an oblique presence in the 1916 Easter Rebellion in Jamie ONeills At Swim, Two Boys (2001); the trauma surrounding his Trial and the discovery of the homosexual Black Diaries that culminated in his hanging through his representation as a whole man in Mario Vargas Llosas The Dream of the Celt and in Patrick Masons The Dreaming of Roger Casement (2010); and finally, the trauma that persists unresolved in his Afterlife, as a ghost in David Rudkins Cries from Casement as his Bones are Brought to Dublin and as traumatic memory in the Annabel Davis-Goffs The Foxs Walk. As a result, we have found that the representation of Roger Casement in these works, although in various ways, is a metaphor for the traumatic process itself: an embodiment of the disjunction of temporality, [and] the surfacing of the past in the presente (Whitehead) as his presence continues to haunt the story of the transatlantic world. / A vida do controverso nacionalista irlandês Roger David Casement, condenado à morte por alta traição pela Coroa Britânica, inspirou a escrita obras de diversos gêneros literários: prosa, poesia, teatro e ensaios críticos. Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo investigar, sob a luz da teoria do trauma, tal como sugerido principalmente, mas não exclusivamente por Cathy Caruth, Ron Eyerman e Dominick La Capra, diferentes maneiras pelas quais a figura de Roger Casement pode ser associada a eventos traumáticos que selaram as relações Anglo-irlandesas. Dessa forma, foram selecionados trabalhos que lidam com a Vida de Casement, como ele age a favor e contra o trauma causado pelo imperialismo como herói vitoriano em The Lost World (1910) de Arthur Conan Doyle e como uma presença oblíqua na Revolta da Páscoa de 1916 em At Swim, Two Boys de (2001) Jamie ONeill; o trauma em torno de seu Julgamento e da descoberta dos Black Diaries que o levaram à forca por meio de sua representação como um homem completo em The Dream of the Celt (2012) de Mario Vargas Llosa e em The Dreaming of Roger Casement (2012) de Patrick Mason e, finalmente, o trauma não resolvido que persiste em sua Vida após a Morte, como um fantasma em Cries from Casement as his Bones are Brought to Dublin (1973) e como memória traumática em The Foxs Walk de Annabel Davis-Goff. Verificamos que as representações de Roger Casement nessas obras, ainda que de formas distintas, representam uma metáfora do processo traumático em si: Uma personificação da disjunção da temporalidade, [e] o surgimento do passado no presente (Whitehead), visto que sua presença continua a assombrar a história do mundo transatlântico.

Ao conjunto de medidas administrativas, judiciais, legais, à aplicação de atividades compensatórias, de ações educativas e de políticas de memória assumidas ao acerto de contas com a violência perpetrada por sociedades emergentes de períodos em que foram cometidas graves violações dos direitos humanos, dá-se o nome de justiça de transição. No Brasil, tais medidas apresentadas às atrocidades cometidas pelos agentes do Estado durante a ditadura civil-militar (1964-1985) levam em conta ações compensatórias, educativas e políticas de memória e verdade agenciadas por meio dos trabalhos da Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos, da Comissão de Anistia e da Comissão Nacional da Verdade. Estas medidas, procurando desenvolver os fundamentos da legitimação democrática e solidificar os mecanismos de resistência ao autoritarismo, fornecem os termos ao reconhecimento das experiências de violência e condicionam a sua reparação, esclarecimento e responsabilização. Deste modo, questiona-se aqui a possibilidade das representações feitas pelas medidas de justiça de transição implementadas pelas comissões de reparação e de verdade assumirem um sentido terapêutico, condicionando a perlaboração dos traumas decorrentes das atrocidades perpetradas pelos agentes da repressão. Para isso, submete-se as narrativas produzidas pelas comissões de reparação e da verdade a uma análise que leva em conta o processo de perlaboração do trauma destas experiências no contexto no qual o Estado brasileiro implementa medidas ao reconhecimento, à reparação, à reconciliação, ao esclarecimento e à responsabilização dos crimes da repressão. Tais medidas a depender das reivindicações discursivas críticas e da apreensão coletiva de suas representações, da associação que dá possibilidade de integração e de sentido à experiência marcam o processo do trauma em sua dimensão sociocultural e canalizam à revisão e à objetivação da identidade coletiva e da memória como parte de um registro coletivo. Assente-se, contudo, que as debilidades do processo transicional brasileiro inibem o debate e o engajamento social, dificultam o reconhecimento da violência, colocam obstáculos à simbolização e à apreensão coletiva de suas representações e conduzem os seus termos ao esquecimento ou à revisão. Logo, as representações feitas pelas medidas de justiça transicional não condicionam a perlaboração social dos legados traumáticos da violência cometida pelos agentes da repressão durante a ditadura civil-militar no Brasil. Tais condições seguem dificultando que um trabalho de memória da violência da ditadura se configure em um trabalho de perlaboração dos legados de seus traumas. / Transitional justice is the set of administrative, judicial and legal measures, and the application of compensatory activities, educative actions and politics of memory adopted in order to come to terms with the violence perpetrated by societies emerging from periods in which gross human rights violations were committed. In Brazil, such measures, taken to overcome the atrocities committed by the State agents during the civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985), encompass compensating and educational actions, as well as politics of memory and truth carried out through the efforts of the Special Commission for the Dead and Missed Opponents, the Amnesty Commission and the National Truth Commission. Attempting to develop the foundations of the democratic legitimation and to strengthen the mechanisms of resistance to the authoritarianism, these measures contribute to the recognition of experiences of violence and lay the groundwork for reparation, clarification and acknowledgment of such experiences. Thus, what is questioned here is if the measures of transitional justice implemented by the commissions of reparation and truth may assume a therapeutic meaning, promoting the process of working through the trauma resultant from the atrocities perpetrated by the agents of repression. The narratives produced by the commissions are submitted to an inquiry that takes into account the working through process of such traumatic experiences in the context in which the Brazilian State puts in place measures for the recognition, reparation, reconciliation, clarification and acknowledgement of the crimes of repression. Such measures depending on the critical discursive claim and on the collective apprehension of their representations, on the association that allows integration and meaning to the experience characterize the process of trauma in its social-cultural extent and convey to the critical analyses and to the conceiving of the collective identity and memory as part of a collective testimony. However, it is agreed that the deficiencies identified in the Brazilian transitional process inhibit the debate and social commitment, hinder the recognition of violence, hold back the symbolization and the collective apprehension of its representations and take their terms to oblivion or revision. Therefore, the representations produced by the measures of transitional justice do not promote the social process of working through the traumatic 11 legacies of the violence committed by the agents of repression during the civil-military dictatorship in Brazil. These conditions keep hindering that the work of memory of such violence emerges as the process of working through the legacies of its trauma.

Este estudo explora, descreve e discute a vivência de luto de cinco adolescentes que perderam o pai biológico por morte de causas diversas. Para tanto, investigaram-se vivências e manifestações relacionadas a essas experiências de perda, suas repercussões para os jovens e para seu desenvolvimento emocional, as estratégias de que eles se valeram para enfrentar esse luto, sua resiliência frente à perda vivida (capacidade do jovem de resistir às adversidades geradas pela morte do pai, adaptar-se e manter-se psicologicamente saudável), identificando-se fatores de risco (vulnerabilidades) e de proteção para a elaboração desse luto e o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes, bem como a necessidade ou não de se proporem formas de cuidado específicas para os enlutados, entre as inúmeras possibilidades terapêuticas, mesmo que profiláticas. Como procedimento, usaram-se o Inventário de Auto-avaliação para jovens de 11 a 18 anos (YSR), para rastrear a eventual presença de problemas de saúde mental, e uma entrevista semi-estruturada com roteiro. A análise dos dados obtidos estabeleceu que o luto pela morte do pai biológico na adolescência tem características próprias, distinguindo-se do luto que essa perda acarreta em outras etapas do ciclo vital, em função dos desafios singulares do desenvolvimento nesse período. Embora a morte do pai biológico represente para o adolescente uma crise, também pode ser uma oportunidade para que, no enfrentamento dessa perda, ele amadureça. Constatou-se ainda a importância do suporte social de uma rede de apoio que compreenda e atenda as necessidades do enlutado, sobretudo pela presença de uma mãe funcional, para a ressignificação dessa perda, além de que, se o adolescente tem dificuldade para expressar seu luto, pode ficar entorpecido e negar as conseqüências dessa perda, comprometendo seu desenvolvimento emocional. / This study explores, describes and discuss the bereavement experience of five adolescents who had lost their biological father by death of several causes. Thus, it was sought to investigate the experiences and events related to these experiences of loss; its impact on young people and for their emotional development; the strategies that they used to cope with this mourning; the resilience to face the loss experienced (the adolescents ability to resist to the adversities generated by the death of the father, adapt to and remain psychologically healthy), identifying risk factors (vulnerabilities) and protection factors for the resolution of this bereavement and the development of adolescents, and if its necessary to propose ways of special care for the bereaved, among the many therapeutic possibilities, even if prophylactic. As procedure, were used the Inventory of Self-assessment for young people from 11 to 18 years-old (YSR), to trace the possible presence of mental health problems and a semistructured interview with a script. The analysis of data obtained established that the mourning for the death of biological father in adolescence presents its own characteristics, distinguishing itself from the grief that this loss brings at other times of the life cycle, according to the natural challenges of development in that period; the fact that, although the death of the biological father represents a crisis for the adolescent, can also be an opportunity for him or her, when facing this loss, matures; The importance of social support of a supportive network that understands and meets the needs of the bereaved, especially the presence of a functional mother, for the re-signification of this loss, as well as the fact that the teenagers difficulties to express themselves about the mourning that they experience can guide them to remain numb and deny the consequences of this loss, and impair their emotional development.

O presente trabalho busca explorar como a dimensão do traumático incide na literatura contemporânea, mais especificamente, na literatura de um escritor nova-iorquino, Paul Auster. Supomos que as modalidades de subjetivação de determinado período histórico podem ser investigadas a partir de objetos estéticos culturais particulares, ou, pelo menos, que determinadas obras podem servir como uma espécie de testemunho e de historiografia dos sofrimentos de uma época. Esboçamos possíveis ressonâncias entre o plano geral da cultura e da história e o das qualidades específicas e expressivas de uma obra determinada, o que abre espaço para um diálogo entre esses domínios. Com isso, contudo, não se espera privilegiar o que é externo à obra em detrimento dela, e muito menos explicar a literatura pelo recurso a teorias e sistemas de compreensão prévios. Ao contrário, partimos de uma leitura próxima e imanente às obras para realizar ensaios a partir de três livros de Paul Auster: A invenção da solidão, O livro das ilusões e Noite do oráculo. Tais leituras seguiram uma espécie de ética da hospitalidade enquanto ética da leitura. Seguindo de perto as obras, e instalando-se nelas como num regime de habitação, fomos abrindo pontos de contato e comunicação entre as obras, bem como com outras dimensões da história, principalmente no que concerne a aspectos traumáticos e catastróficos. Os ensaios aventam a hipótese de que os livros de Paul Auster escolhidos demonstram, em seu aspecto mais formal, aspectos importantes do que veio a ser conhecido, na psicanálise, como compulsão à repetição. Além disso, a transmissão de aspectos indigestos e traumáticos transgeracionais, por via de criptas psíquicas, pode ser observada na própria autobiografia de Paul Auster, notadamente, A Invenção da solidão. As vicissitudes e destinos do trauma em sua dimensão transgeracional e individual são articuladas com o plano da cultura e com outros pensadores. Propomos, também, uma modalidade de leitura reparadora, em contraposição a uma leitura paranoica, para responder à complexidade e às ambiguidades das obras selecionadas / The present thesis aims to explore how the dimension of the traumatic concurs in contemporary literature, particularly in the one by New Yorker writer Paul Auster. It is supposed that the forms of subjectivity in a certain historical period can be searched into on the basis of particular cultural aesthetic objects. Or, at least, certain pieces of work can render as some sort of witness, as well as historiography of suffering in a particular era. It has been possible to outline some resonances between the general cultural and historical level ground and the one of expressive and specific qualities in a certain work, which opens space for a dialog between these domains. Nevertheless it is not expected neither to grant a privilege to what is external to the piece of work to its detriment, nor to explain literature from the theories and systems of previous comprehension. To the contrary, a close and immanent reading has been made, in order to make an assay, out of three of Paul Austers books: The invention of solitude, The book of illusions and Oracle Night. Such reading has followed some kind of hospitality ethics whereas reading ethics. Accompanying closely these works, and settling down on them as in a habitation regime, points of communication were opened between them, as well as with other dimensions of history, mainly to what concerns traumatic and catastrophic aspects. The assays suggest the hypothesis that these chosen Austers books demonstrate, in their formal aspect, important features of what has become known in Psychoanalysis as compulsion of repeating. Furthermore, the transmission of transgenerational indigestive and traumatic aspects, through psychic crypts, can be observed in Austers autobiography The invention of solitude. The vicissitudes and destinies of trauma on its transgenerational and individual dimensions are articulated with the cultural level ground and with other authors. It is also proposed a modality of repairing reading, in opposition to a paranoid reading, to respond to the complexity and ambiguity of the selected works

No description available.

While many prevention and intervention strategies have been applied towards indigenous Pacific Island communities, these populations continue to observe upward trends in health disparities and documented shortfalls in the literature of culturally competent and sensitive practices. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain more understanding and insight of these communities through the conceptualizations of historical trauma (HT) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) theories. The central research question for this study examined how indigenous Pacific Island 3rd-generation adults described and perceived their experiences of intergenerational HT and potential growth. This study utilized a purposeful and criterion sample of 10 indigenous Pacific Island adults, between 18-32 years old, who participated in a project over 10 years ago. In the project, indigenous elders used the cultural tradition of oral storytelling, shared accounts of HT onto school aged children. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and qualitatively coded and analyzed using a modified thematic approach. Key findings indicated intergenerational HT effects as it related to participants' thoughts and feelings with concurrent positive experiences of increased values and engagement. The results also indicated PTG changes in appreciation of life, relating with others, personal strengths, new interests, and spiritual growth. Positive social change is implicated through the empirical evidence to inform researchers, policymakers, educators, and practitioners for further action, studies, and application of the culturally competent and sensitive strategy of shared familial oral traditions of storytelling as a means of preserving a community's history, found to increase PTG and reduce health disparities.

When examining the process of the intergenerational transmission of trauma for the experiences of first, second, and third generation Holocaust survivors, there exists both overlapping similarities and unique differences. Understanding the trends that underlie this process is of crucial importance when researching the cultural changes in communication and openness across generations that have occurred over time. In particular, minimal prior research has been conducted regarding the unique perspectives of third generation survivors. It is important to highlight that the third generation offers a unique perspective as the youngest participants of studies on post-Holocaust trauma, given that minimal prior research has been conducted on this young demographic. This study aims to fill in sizable gaps in the literature, comprehensively analyzing similarities and differences through the narrative-telling of three living generations of Holocaust survivors. Based on an extensive review of literature, this study poses interview questions adequately suiting each of the three generations and their respective experiences. Based on the results of the power analysis, a minimum of 966 Holocaust survivors from all three generations need to be studied in order to achieve a powerful effect size. For the purpose of this study, data is analyzed using thematic analysis, a coding method that converts qualitative data into quantitative data and identifies patterns of meaning across a dataset (Padgett, 2008). The research findings yielded from this study further the inquiry in literature on Holocaust survivorship, as well as introducing research questions of the intergenerational transmission of trauma.

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the physical and psychological responses to the combination of major trauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > 15) and variable periods of immobility. Specific aims were to: 1) develop a conceptual model that illustrates physiological and psychological alterations that occur after injury and subsequent immobility, and their association with skeletal muscle responses and recovery; 2) evaluate daily measures of skeletal muscle strength (bicep and quadricep) using dynamometry and skeletal muscle (rectus femoris and biceps brachii) muscle thickness measured with ultrasound in patients after major trauma; and 3) assess the predictive ability of anxiety and depressive symptoms after traumatic injury on delayed ambulation (> 48 hours) following hospital admission. Specific Aim 1 was addressed by development of a conceptual model to describe the association between injury responses, immobility and skeletal muscle after trauma based on a comprehensive review of the state of the science. This model guided the research reported in Aims 2 and 3. The second specific aim was addressed with the conduct of an observational study in which we evaluated daily skeletal muscle strength with dynamometry and muscle thickness with ultrasound to evaluate the impact of trauma and immobility on skeletal muscle in patients after major trauma (n = 19). Participants with delayed ambulation after trauma (more than 48 hours immobility) demonstrated significantly less muscle strength compared with those who had early ambulation (bicep: delayed ambulation 12.9 ± 3.8, early ambulation 17.7 ± 4.7, p = 0.004; quadriceps: delayed ambulation 9.9 ± 3.1, early ambulation 17.1 ± 4.6, p = 0.001). Muscle thickness was unchanged over time in those with delayed ambulation; however, in those who ambulated early, muscle thickness significantly increased by 0.17 cm (p = 0.008) from baseline to day 5. The third specific aim was addressed with data collected during the same observational study of patients after trauma (n = 19). Participants provided measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms at baseline. Anxiety was not a predictor of delayed ambulation; however, depressive symptoms increased the likelihood of delayed ambulation by 67% (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.02 – 2.72, p = 0.041). Early ambulation was associated with significantly greater muscle strength and thickness as determined by dynamometry and muscle ultrasound, and depressive symptoms significantly increased the likelihood of delayed ambulation. Systematic evaluation of the association between trauma injury, immobility, skeletal muscle function and structure, and psychological state will provide an opportunity for the appropriate evaluation after injury and development of effective, tailored interventions to improve short- and long-term physiological and psychological recovery.

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit social workers are a particularly vulnerable group of professionals due to their chronic exposure to trauma. Current research has overlooked how social workers specifically can adopt certain strategies and coping mechanisms to prevent the symptoms associated with primary trauma, secondary trauma stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout. Thus, the study that follows was designed to explore the strategies and coping mechanisms utilized by NICU and PICU social workers. Data for this project was collected through the use of open-ended questions in an electronic survey format and analyzed through a conventional content analysis approach. Seven participants fully completed the survey and thus only their responses were considered in the analysis. Results of this study indicate the need for NICU and PICU social workers to gain additional education and training on primary trauma, secondary trauma stress, compassion fatigue and burnout so that they can actively participate in prevention. NICU and PICU social workers reported a range of strategies and coping mechanisms including the awareness of personal and professional barriers, consultation, exercise, among others. This study provides crucial information to an understudied area of research, provides a foundation for future research, and promotes the use of positive strategies and coping mechanisms by NICU and PICU social workers so that they can continue to provide the best services possible for the patients they serve.

ABSTRACT Despite a plethora of research documenting the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions on the symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), there continues to be ambiguity insofar as which approaches or combination thereof are most effective at improving adverse manifestations of this disorder. This lack of clarity is further confounded when other variables and nuances pertaining to variations of PTSD (i.e. military, sexual trauma, childhood abuse, etc.) are factored into these comparisons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the impact of various interventions on improving the symptoms of PTSD. This study also examined the variances which stand in need of recognition when determining which interventions are most appropriate and meaningful in improving the quality of life and functionality of individuals with this disorder. This has significance in both macro and micro social work practices due to the potential for improvements in policies, allocation of resources, and enhancements in micro-level interventions. The research design involved qualitative interviews with clinicians devised to identify gaps, areas of agreement, and dissent among the research. Data analysis will be qualitatiive and will be guided by assessing the impact of interventions on the 17 symptoms which, according to the DSM-5 are associated with PTSD.