Forskning inom temporära organisationer har tidigare fokuserat på förtroende från projektledarens perspektiv, därmed fann vi det intressant att undersöka vikten av förtroende utifrån medarbetarnas perspektiv. Syftet med studien har varit att, med utgångspunkt från medarbetare i temporära organisationer, undersöka om projektledare behöver besitta vissa specifika egenskaper för att skapa förtroende. Vidare att undersöka om dessa egenskaper har en lika stor påverkan av skapandet av förtroende eller om det enbart är vissa egenskaper som anses vara grundläggande.Med en kvalitativ forskningsansats har vi genomfört elva semi-strukturerade intervjuer där insamlad data sedan har transkriberats, analyserats och diskuterats och jämförts med studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Vi kunde därefter urskilja vissa specifika egenskaper som en projektledare bör besitta vid skapandet av förtroende. Av insamlad empiri fann vi olika benämningar för egenskaper hos en projektledare som kunde kategoriseras. Till följd av detta identifierade vi istället egenskaperna som faktorer vilka medarbetarna hävdade vara av vikt vid skapandet av ett förtroende. Dessa kategorier var; konsekvent beteende, integritet, delegering, kommunikation, visande av intresse och kunskap och kompetens.Resultatet pekar på att förtroende för en projektledare skapas utifrån individuella behov och värderingar. Samtidigt kunde vissa faktorer urskiljas som mer primära än andra, vilket bidrog till att dessa delades upp i två kategorier, hårda faktorer (primära) och mjuka faktorer (sekundära). Ytterligare slutsats blev att förtroende skapar både möjligheter och hinder i en temporär organisation vilket är en intressant aspekt att forska vidare kring. För vidare forskning är det även intressant att studera mer ingående kring hur man skapar ett initialt förtroende i temporära organisationer men även att man fördjupar sin kunskap kring temporära organisationer och dess speciella utformning och krav.

Lack of trust between nonprofit organizations and the communities in which they are located is a well-documented problem in the academic literature. The nature of this mistrust is far less understood, and little is known how community-nonprofit collaborations can overcome these gaps in trust. Guided by Simmel's theory of trust, this study examined the role of collaborative trust between public and non-profit organizations with a focus on better understanding how trust evolves. The research questions focused on how trust was defined and the factors that enhanced and inhibited trust evolution within the context of collaborations between nonprofit organizations and communities. Data were gathered through structured, in-depth interviews with 14 staff and stakeholders, a focus group of 4 management committee members, and the examination of partnership documents.Data from the interviews and documents were inductively coded and then organized around key themes. The themes from the content analysis indicated that the 3 chief executive officers in the partnership embraced the concept of collaboration, invested time at trust building activities, and obtained stakeholder support. This study contributes to positive social change by providing information for policy makers and administrators of public and nonprofit organizations facing similar contexts about how the development of trust can remove the barriers and sustain collaboration to deliver social program services efficiently and equitably.

Purpose:The purpose of this master dissertation is to examine current research on trust and its building process in business to business relationship from marketing and behavioral sciences perspectives. Research Questions: (1) What relationships do inter-organizational trust and inter-personal trust have? (2) How trust is built from perspectives of business and behavioral sciences? (3) What benefits and limitations do trust researches in behavioral sciences have, comparing to trust research in marketing? Research Design/Methodology: Qualitative research conducted a literature review between business administration and behavioral sciences, and interdisciplinary interviews with nine scholars and four business managers. Meanwhile, criteria are generated to ensure research quality. Findings: The finding of this research claims that interpersonal and interorganizational trusts are linked with organizational learning theory. Trust-building process is a social cognition sequence, which developed based on theory of social cognition and social interaction. A conceptual framework of trust-building process on the basis of social cognition was developed. Managerial Implications: This research suggests that mangers need to improve companies’ learning and cognition capability in order to identify new business opportunities, reduce the risk on mistakenly trust ineptitude partners, and increase companies’ competitive advantages.

The purpose of the study was to examine elements which affected students' team trust building in an online collaborative learning team and relationships among these elements. The setting of this study was a graduate-level online course on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in which all course activities were conducted collaboratively through online communications. Data were collected from multiple sources including interviews which were audio taped, transcripts of students' self-reflective journals, transcripts of messages on the asynchronous web conferencing system, transcripts of messages on the synchronous web conferencing system, and the researcher's reflective journals. Data were analyzed using the coding procedures for developing grounded theory proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998). Results of the data analysis indicated the influences of CSCL course context including the collaborative nature of the course and the heterogeneity of teams on students' team trust building. Results also indicated the dynamics of team trust building. Four different components of team trust building, which were initial team trust, contributors, dimensions, and consequences of team trust, influenced one another. Students’ initial team trust influenced the contributors to team trust which were students' competence, reliability, online communication, and caring. In addition, these contributors influenced the dimensions of team trust such as task performance trust and interpersonal trust. Once students built trust in their teams, they could develop collaborative knowledge building and a sense of community which were the consequences of team trust. The consequences of students’ team trust, in turn, influenced the contributors to team trust. Understanding the construct of team trust may help not only instructors in their design and guidance of successful online collaborative learning teams, but also students in various online collaborative learning teams. In addition, the results of this study may help instructors and researchers to consider carefully the issues in relation to online team trust building. / text

Purpose With trust being an essential component in the sharing economy, this paper aims to understand how trust is established in practice and which relationships between consumer, supplier and platform specific tools and processes serve.   Problem Previous research has acknowledged the importance of trust but solely investigated single trust-building tools. Instead of presenting a trust construct composed of mechanisms describing their interplay between the three parties involved in the sharing economy, previous scholars have focused their research on the specificities of single tools and processes. With the sharing economy as a recent phenomenon, companies have an interest in investigating the implementation of different mechanisms and their effectiveness.   Method and Methodology This paper adopts a qualitative research approach in which content analysis was applied to group tools and processes and link them to one of the six trust streams between consumer, supplier and the platform. Moreover, the research deductively builds on existing literature by using present theory as a foundation and inductively analyses findings based on collected data.   Findings The findings of this paper reveal a broad spectrum of different trust-building tools and processes. Linking these to one of the specific relationship between the three parties in the sharing economy, this paper concludes that companies emphasize on gaining the consuming peer’s trust both towards the platforms and the supplying peers.

Title: How do managers create trust in telework? A qualitative interview study from a relationship-oriented leadership perspective. Background: As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, teleworking has gained an increasing place in society and is predicted to increase in the future. Previous literature emphasizes that managers tend to be negative about teleworking as a result of reduced opportunities for control and monitoring. Studies, on the other hand, believe that strict supervision and control can cause more harm than good as it shows a lack of trust in employees. Furthermore, trust is described as essential in teleworking. Thus, teleworking seems to require a leadership that focuses on creating trusting relationships between manager and employee. Purpose: The aim of this study is to create an understanding of how managers work with creating trust in the context of telework from a relationship-oriented leadership perspective. The study intends to contribute to existing literature in leadership by focusing on how managers from a relationship-oriented leadership perspective work to create trust. Research questions: How do managers perceive trust in the context of teleworking? How do managers work to create trust in teleworking? Method: The study consists of a qualitative cross-sectional study based on the interpretive phenomenological perspective. The empirical material consists of semi-structured interviews with nine respondents who work at four different banks in Sweden. Conclusion: The results of the study show that all managers describe the perception of trust as well as the work of creating trust from the relationship-oriented leadership perspective. The study also found that managers' perceptions of trust are strongly linked to how managers work to create trust. Furthermore, three main themes were identified for how managers work to create trust, all of which can be attributed to the manager's way of acting with consideration for the employees' needs and wellbeing. The three overarching themes identified in the study consist of: the manager's qualities, communication and the individualized leadership. Keywords: Telework, leadership, trust, trust-building, relationship-oriented leadership / Titel: Hur skapar chefer tillit vid distansarbete? En kvalitativ intervjustudie utifrån ett relationsorienterat ledarskapsperspektiv. Bakgrund: Till följd av Covid-19 pandemin har distansarbetet fått en allt större plats i samhället och prognostiseras i framtiden att öka. Tidigare litteratur framhåller att chefer tenderar att ställa sig negativa till distansarbete till följd av minskad möjlighet till kontroll och övervakning. Studier menar däremot att strikt övervakning och kontroll kan orsaka mer skada än nytta då det uppvisar på en brist på tillit gentemot medarbetarna. Vidare beskrivs tilliten som essentiell i distansarbetet. Därmed tycks distansarbete ställa krav på ett ledarskap som fokuserar på att skapa tillitsfulla relationer mellan chef och medarbetare. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att skapa förståelse för hur chefer arbetar med att skapa tillit i kontexten av distansarbete utifrån ett relationsorienterat ledarskapsperspektiv. Studien avser att bidra till befintlig litteratur om ledarskap genom att rikta fokus mot hur chefer utifrån ett relationsorienterat ledarskapsperspektiv arbetar med att skapa tillit. Frågeställningar: Hur uppfattar chefer tillit i kontexten distansarbete? Hur arbetar chefer för att skapa tillit vid distansarbete? Metod: Studien består av en kvalitativ tvärsnittsstudie som utgår från det tolkande fenomenologiska perspektivet. Det empiriska materialet består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio respondenter som arbetar på fyra olika banker i Sverige. Slutsats: Av studiens resultat framgår att samtliga chefer beskriver uppfattningen av tillit såväl som arbetet med att skapa tillit utifrån det relationsorienterade ledarskapsperspektivet. I studien konstaterades även att chefernas uppfattningar av tillit är starkt anknutet till hur cheferna arbetar med att skapa tillit. Vidare identifierades tre huvudteman för hur chefer arbetar med att skapa tillit, där samtliga kan hänföras till chefens sätt att agera med omtanke för medarbetarnas behov. De tre övergripande temana som identifierades i studien består av; chefens egenskaper, kommunikation och de individanpassade ledarskapet. Nyckelord: Distansarbete, ledarskap, tillit, tillitsskapande, relationsorienterat ledarskap

The conditions in the international business market changed rapidly andunexpectedly when Covid-19 evolved into a pandemic in March of 2020. As a result of this, businesses had to adapt their operations to the new circumstances. The new circumstances implied, among other things, not being able to meet B2B customers in person. Before the pandemic, meeting customers in person was the usual way of building trust in business relationships. This is especially true for companies in the high-end segment as their customers value trust in their suppliers in their purchasing decisions. Therefore, this thesis investigates how high-end companies' trust and relationships have been affected by the pandemic. It also examined which factors have been crucial for high-end businesses when managing relationships and trust. A qualitative method has been utilized as a foundation for this thesis. Theoretical data were collected by reviewing several studies related to the topic. Empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with seven case companies. With the gathered data as a foundation, three themes were formed: B2B relationships, trust, and crisis. The themes are reoccurring throughout the thesis to provide the reader with a red thread. The themes are continuously related to high-end sales. The data has been analyzed to investigate the relationships between the themes. This thesis concludes that Covid-19 positively has impacted high-end companies' trust and relationships. Crucial factors for managing trust and relationships during Covid-19 have proven to be mutual understanding, local presence on the international market, transparency, and flexibility.

Current research and the scarcity of mental health resources indicate that patients increasingly rely on internet-based health information. Occupational burnout and the associated stigma with the diagnosis often prevent people from seeking help for mental health issues. Digital health applications, including digital humans, have the potential to provide efficient and quality-focused healthcare while making health-related information more accessible. Digital humans can be described as digitally embodied conversational agents (ECA) and are becoming increasingly prevalent in healthcare, education, and retail. However, imitating a person in behavior remains one of the most challenging tasks. Building trust with patients is crucial for effective communication and decision-making. This thesis investigates how digital humans might leverage trust-building in a conversation to reduce the stigma associated with seeking help for occupational burnout. Expert interviews with psychologists, implementation of conversations with enhanced characteristics of benevolence, competence, and integrity, were conducted. Digital human interactions with six previous burnout patients were also interviewed and tested, where each interaction tested a digital human with enhanced characteristic of benevolence, competence and integrity. The study identified instrumental barriers as the primary obstacle, followed by attitudinal and stigma barriers. Qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed common themes that could hinder access to care such as not noticing the first symptoms of burnout due to being uninformed about the diagnosis and internal pressure to disappoint others. The interactions with various digital humans suggested a preference for those with similar conversational styles. Participants who identified themselves as action-driven exhibited a slight preference for competence in their interactions with digital humans. They believed that benevolence could be provided by their friends and family, highlighting the importance of competence in digital human support. Overall, the study revealed the importance of enhancing conversation competency and fostering a sense of security to build trust, especially for stigmatized patients. / Aktuell forskning och bristen på resurser för psykisk hälsa visar att patienter i allt högre grad förlitar sig på internet-baserad hälsoinformation. Utmattningssyndrom från arbetsplatsen och den stigmatisering förknippad med diagnosen hindrar ofta människor från att söka hjälp för psykiska problem. Digitala hälsotillämpningar, inklusive digital humans, har potential att tillhandahålla effektiv och kvalitetsfokuserad sjukvård vilket samtidigt möjliggör mer tillgänglig hälsorelaterad information. Digital humans kan beskrivas som digitalt förkroppsligade samtalsagenter och blir allt vanligare inom sjukvård, utbildning och detaljhandel. Att imitera en person i beteende är dock fortfarande en av de mest utmanande uppgifterna. Vidare är förtroendebyggande hos patienter avgörande för effektiv kommunikation och beslutsfattande. Denna avhandling undersöker hur digitala människor kan utnyttja förtroendeskapande i en konversation för att minska stigmat förknippat med att söka hjälp för yrkesmässig utmattning. Expertintervjuer med psykologer, implementerade konversationer med förbättrade egenskaper av välvilja, kompetens och integritet, genomfördes. Digital human interaktioner med sex tidigare utbrända patienter intervjuades och testades. Studien identifierade instrumentella barriärer som det främsta hindret, följt av attitydmässiga och stigmatiserande barriärer. Kvalitativ analys av intervjuerna avslöjade gemensamma teman som kan hindra tillgången till vård, t.ex. att inte lägga märke till de första symptomen på utbrändhet på grund av brist på tillgänglig information om diagnosen och inre press att göra andra besvikna. Interaktionerna med olika digitala människor tyder på en preferens för personer med liknande samtalsstil. Deltagare som identifierade sig som handlingsdrivna uppvisade en preferens för kompetens i sina interaktioner med digitala människor. De ansåg att välvilja kunde tillhandahållas av deras vänner och familj och belyste istället vikten av kompetens i digitalt mänskligt stöd. Sammantaget visade studien vikten av att förbättra visad kompetens i konversationer och främja en känsla av säkerhet för att bygga förtroende, särskilt för stigmatiserade patienter.

Introduction: A trusting relationship between medical learners and clinical teachers is vital for educational and clinical productivity. Perceptions of a trusting relationship are influenced by the learner’s perception of the interpersonal risk (i.e. being humiliated) for engaging in learning behaviours (e.g. asking questions, seeking feedback, learning from mistakes). Perceptions of low interpersonal risk are linked to learners feeling comfortable engaging in learning behaviours. What is less clear is how the clinical environment may influence a medical learner’s perception of trust. Methods: Using constructivist grounded theory, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 19 medical clerks and 10 clinical educators affiliated with a single institution. Interviews explored participants’ personal experiences of positive, negative or challenging learner-teacher relationships in the clinical environment. Results: Through qualitative analysis, we developed a theory of Co-Navigation which describes how teachers and learners have common points of interaction to solidify or diminish trust as they navigate the dynamics of the clinical environment. These points in the relationship that each must co-navigate include: preparing to work together; asking questions; engaging in clinical work; and addressing learner mistakes. Perceptions of whether the opportunity solidified or dissolved trust, arose from learners’ perception of the amount of effort their teacher made to mitigate stress learners experienced in the learning environment. Limitations: Our interview participants were recruited as individuals; we did not examine their perceptions of their relationships with each other. Co-recruitment of teacher-learner dyads may be a strategy to further refine this theory in future research. Conclusion: The Co-Navigation theory helps teachers and learners identify key opportunities in the relationship and suggests approaches to solidifying trust at these critical junctures. It highlights the role the clinical environment plays in facilitating and constraining opportunities to establish trust. / Thesis / Master of Health Sciences (MSc) / This thesis project aimed to understand how the clinical environment shapes the way medical learners interact and build relationships with their clinical teachers. We interviewed medical students and clinical teachers who worked together during the medical learner’s clerkship year of clinical training in various healthcare specialties. In the interviews, we discussed learner experiences of positive and negative relationships with clinical teachers. We developed a theory which describes four opportunities that medical learners and clinical teachers will encounter that can support the development of a trusting relationship. This thesis project will contribute insight into types of interactions that can be highlighted as strategic points for educational interventions and administrative reform, to support the development of trusting learner-teacher relationships during clerkship.

The goal of this Ph.D. research is to explore the IPD contractual strategies, to highlight the elements that distinguish IPD from a traditional delivery approach, to analyze how trust-based relationships are established and promoted, and to demonstrate if/how trust and IPD contractual principles correlate. The result of this research will promote the understanding of the industry on the strategies that promote trust and integration through real world case studies. The significance of the subject becomes more evident when reflecting on the current industry's crisis: productivity loss, fragmented delivery process, and lack of trust and collaboration. Through a literature review a Project Delivery and Contracting Strategies (PDCS) framework, an IPD traits framework, and a trust-Building framework are developed. The frameworks are used as the organizational tools to structure and inquire relevant information on the two IPD projects. An expert panel is assembled to discuss the frameworks and the findings of literature analysis and to seek the industry's insight on the units of analysis for contract, and the units of measure for trust. The units of analysis for contract are elements, such as strategies for risks/rewards sharing, liability considerations, decision making authority, and governance. The units of measure for trust are the individuals' perception, and the trust-building attributes as outlined in table 4-1. Two IPD projects were selected and their contract agreements were studied. A questionnaire including both open-ended questions and multiple choice questions was developed based on the information collected through: 1. the IPD agreements in each case study, 2. the literature-based frameworks on trust and project delivery contracting strategies. Accordingly, two IPD case studies are developed following the analysis of their IPD agreements and the individual one-on-one interviews with their key IPD players. The trust-building framework presented in this work includes a series of techniques that the contracting parties can follow when establishing their contractual and managerial strategies and also when interacting with each other. / Ph. D.