Syftet med studien är att undersöka områdespoliser i Malmös uppfattningar om införandet av visitationszoner, särskilt vad gäller deras tro på zonernas effektivitet samt inverkan de kan ha på polisens förtroendeskapande arbete. Skälet till att Sverige infört visitationszoner är för att det anses fungera väl i Danmark, men trots detta har införandet av visitationszoner mött omfattande kritik i svensk media. Tidigare forskning inom fältet påvisar att visitationszoner som bäst har en liten effekt på brottslighet, men större konsekvenser på relationen mellan polisen och befolkningen. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ ansats bestående av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer, där urvalet består av områdespoliser som arbetar i Malmö. Studiens resultat utmynnade i fyra olika teman, och till varje tema finns 2–3 tillhörande subteman. Studiens resultat är att politiska beslut fattas utan att man lyssnar på polisens faktiska behov och att bristande information skapar svårigheter för polisen att utföra sitt arbete på bästa sätt. Områdespoliserna har dessutom en låg tro på att visitationszoner kommer att bli ett effektivt brottsförebyggande och brottsbekämpande verktyg. Detta då de redan har möjlighet att visitera kriminella individer av intresse utifrån annan lagstiftning och att visitera alla individer i en visitationszon är för ineffektivt. Dessutom menar områdespoliserna även att förtroendet för polisen kommer att ta skada, i synnerhet om många oskyldiga personer drabbas av insatsen. Denna studie bidrar till att belysa områdespolisers uppfattningar av visitationszoner, hur politiska beslut påverkar och implementeras av poliser samt de hinder som Polismyndigheten möter. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions local police officers in Malmö have toward the establishment of visitation zones, particularly in regard to the measure’s efficiency and potential effect on the police’s trust-building efforts. The decision to establish visitation zones in Sweden rests on the basis that it has worked well in Denmark but has nonetheless been highly criticized in the media. Previous research has found that visitation zones have a marginal effect on crime, and at the same time pose a risk of negatively affecting the relationship between citizens and the police. The study takes a qualitative approach through the use of five semi structured interviews, and the sample consists of local police working in Malmö. The study resulted in four themes, and each theme had 2-3 sub themes. The study’s main findings are that political decisions are made without listening to the needs of the police, and that insufficient information creates difficulties for the police to do their work in the best possible way. The local police had low confidence that visitation zones will be an effective tool for crime prevention and crime-fighting, as they already have the possibility to search individuals of interest under other legislation, and because they believe that stopping and searching everyone within a visitation zone will be inefficient. Moreover, the local police believed that visitation zones will be detrimental to the trust in the police, especially if many innocent people are affected. This study helps to shed light on local police officers' perceptions of the establishment of visitation zones, and has contributed to a deeper understanding of how political decisions impact and are implemented by the police, and the obstacles faced by the Police Authority.

Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration. Bachelor of Science with Specialization in Marketing – Main Field of Study: Business Administration. School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University, Course Code 2FE21E, 2017.  Title: Likelihood of Using Online Personalization Services: An Explanatory Study Authors: Avesta Diliwi, Christopher Ullberg and Johanna Jevinger Supervisor: Michaela Sandell Examiner: Åsa Devine Background: Online personalization is the result of the rapid technological and digital development where consumers are provided products, services and content based on their individual preferences. Various research has been conducted regarding what factors influence the utilization and acceptance of personalization but does not provide a holistic view on the unified relationship of the recurrent variables of value for personalization, concern for privacy and trust building factors towards likelihood of using online personalization services. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explain the relationship of value for personalization, concern for privacy, and trust building factors with the likelihood of using online personalization services. Methodology: This research replicated Chellappa and Sin’s (2005) research by modifying their theoretical model and testing it in another context. An explanatory, deductive, quantitative research approach and cross-sectional research design were utilized within this research, where self-completed questionnaires were distributed online with a number of 228 valid responses collected. Findings: The findings demonstrate that the new theoretical model is significant and that it explains the likelihood of using online personalization services with 62,3%. Value for personalization and concern for privacy are considered highly significant and are thus accepted hypotheses, while trust building factors is not considered significant and therefore rejected. Conclusion: This research provides an insight into consumers’ usage decision in regards to likelihood of using personalization. It also provides a furthering on prior research in regards to a theoretical development, the modified model tested in a new context, but also in the findings in how the three independent variables affect the dependent variable. In addition, this research provides support for practitioners of online personalization services to understand which factors actually affect consumers’ usage decision, and can potentially develop strategies accordingly. Keywords: Personalization; Online Personalization Services; Likelihood of Using Online Personalization Services; Value for Personalization; Concern for Privacy; Trust Building Factors

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Each year, millions of small businesses are established, and individuals that engage in entrepreneurial activities continue to increase significantly. In order for small businesses to be able to grow, external financing is required. Previous research has primarily focused on how financial literacy impacts performance and enables access to finance. This study intends to develop Maxwell and Lévesque's (2014) reasoning about trustworthiness. This paper aims to investigate how entrepreneurs generate trust through their financial literacy in regard to capital contribution. The findings intend to develop a framework for how businesses can nurture trustful communication with the financier and increase their opportunity for financing. Subsequently, this paper has, in detail, explored how entrepreneurs in small businesses, in Sweden, have communicated their financial literacy in connection with capital contribution.   The qualitative methodological reasoning has, in extension of being interpretative, emanated from an inductive nature, to foster the respondent’s experience. The empirical data includes interviews with respondents consisting of 13 entrepreneurs from 11 small Swedish businesses. To fulfill the purpose of this paper, previous research in the field has been collected to, among other, conform the study's self-constructed analysis model which was united with qualitative thematic content analysis to enable a framework for trustful communication.   The result of this paper shows that in the process of conveying entrepreneurs' financial literacy, two main themes, based on time, was identified. Before the meeting and during the meeting with the financier. The majority of the entrepreneurs experience difficulties obtaining the necessary capital, and the relationship with the financier is critical for the company's growth. Before the meeting, the preparatory activities, such as the composition of the team and pitch deck, are of great importance to increase legitimacy and trustworthiness. During the meeting, the entrepreneur can instead focus on generating a successful presentation, a compelling story containing financial information, the business journey, and the team. The study also reveals the importance of having a financier’s orientation, meaning an understanding of the financier and their preferences. Based on this research, we provide guidance for small business entrepreneurs and contribute with a framework, facilitating the financing process by emphasizing how financial literacy can be conveyed. Furthermore, the result makes it possible to distinguish which trust behaviors are the most prevalent before and during the meeting with the financier. Lastly, the signaling theory is not considered sufficient to create an understanding of the financing decision. / Titel: Konsten att förmedla finansiell kompetens genom förtroendeskapande kommunikation – En kvalitativ studie om att erhålla extern finansiering Problemformulering: Hur förmedlar entreprenörer sin finansiella kompetens i samband med kapitaltillskott genom förtroendeskapande kommunikation? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utveckla kunskap och förståelse för hur entreprenörer i svenska småföretag förmedlar sin finansiella kompetens genom förtroendeskapande kommunikation i samband med kapitaltillskott. Till följd av en ökad förståelse för förmedlingen av entreprenörers finansiella kompetens ämnar studien att utveckla ett ramverk för hur företag kan skapa en förtroendefull kommunikation tillsammans med finansiären för att öka finansieringsmöjligheterna.  Metod: Studiens forskningsansats utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och har huvudsakligen varit i linje med en induktiv karaktär. För att besvara studiens forskningsfråga och uppfylla studiens syfte har tidigare forskning på området studerats och presenteras under den teoretiska referensramen. Den empiriska data omfattades av semistrukturerade intervjuer med 13 entreprenörer från 11 svenska småföretag. Den analysmetod som används i studien utgår från uppsatsens analysmodell tillsammans med en kvalitativ tematiserad innehållsanalys.  Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att processen av förmedling av entreprenörers finansiella kompetens kan delas in i två övergripande kategorier med hjälp av ett tidsperspektiv: inför mötet och under mötet med finansiären. Inför mötet blir de förberedande aktiviteterna, såsom sammansättning av team och pitch deck med mera av stor vikt för att kunna öka legitimiteten och trovärdigheten under mötet med finansiären samt att bidra till att företaget blir investeringsredo. Under mötet kan entreprenören fokusera på att presentera en tydlig story innehållande finansiell information, företagsresa och teamet. Studien visar också på betydelsen av att ha en finansiärs inriktning, innebärande en förståelse för finansiären och dess preferenser. Studien bidrar med ett ramverk som avser underlätta finansieringsprocessen genom att framhäva hur den finansiella kompetensen kan förmedlas. Därtill kan vi baserat på studiens resultat och analys urskilja vilka förtroendebeteende som är de mest förekommande inför och under mötet med finansiären. Slutligen anses inte signaleringsteorin som tillräcklig för att på egen hand skapa förståelse för finansieringsbeslutet och dess teoretiska resonemang avslås.

Global virtual (GV) teams provide an opportunity for engineering students to participate in meaningful, cross-cultural learning projects without additional costs of time and money associated with study abroad programs. However, students must learn how to communicate effectively with international team members. Instruction to help students learn which virtual communication technologies to use and how to use them is needed. Training must include cross-cultural training that facilitates team communications and interactions with people from different cultural backgrounds. This study focused on how 10 specialized lessons, Principles of Global Virtual Teams (PGVT), facilitated the communications and interactions of students participating on GV teams in an advanced engineering design course. All GV teams provided evidence that communications and interactions on GV teams are different than Co-located teams. However, teams receiving the PGVT instruction showed indications of increased communication ability on GV teams. These indicators included technology use, vernacular phrase use, communication competence ratings and descriptors from team emails.

Syftet med denna studie är att ge en bild av hur socialarbetare inom socialtjänsten ser på och arbetar med förtroende gentemot unga lagöverträdare. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i fyra kvalitativa semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer med socialarbetare som arbetar behandlande eller med insatser gentemot unga lagöverträdare inom Södertäljes kommuns socialtjänst. Bearbetningen av empirin har sin utgångspunkt i en tematisk analys med en hermeneutiskt-fenomenologisk analysmetod. Resultaten har analyserats med hjälp av två teoretiska utgångspunkter: Anknytningsteori och systemteori. Studien visar att socialarbetarna behöver vara självmedvetna avseende sina egna föreställningar och sin egna hållning som en utgångspunkt. Genomgående träder genuinitet, ärlighet och transparens fram som viktiga aspekter för att skapa förtroende. Socialarbetaren behöver försöka förstå och vara medveten om den unge lagöverträdarens historia för att sedan använda olika förhållningssätt för att skapa förtroende. Att se bortom den unge lagöverträdarens beteende och visa på ett engagemang genom att finnas där när ungdomen behöver socialarbetaren, gynnar förtroendeskapandet. Socialarbetaren behöver därtill hitta sätt att navigera i sin organisation och använda sig av sina kollegor som stöd i detta komplexa arbete när det kommer till att skapa förtroende gentemot unga lagöverträdare. / The purpose of this study is to give a picture of how social workers in the social service look at and work with trust towards young offenders. The study has its starting point in four qualitative semistructured focus group interviews with social workers who work treating or with interventions towards young offenders within Södertälje municipality's social services. The processing of the empirical data has its starting point in a thematic analysis with a hermeneutic-phenomenological analysis method. The results have been analyzed using two theoretical starting points: Attachment theory and system theory. The study shows that social workers need to be self-aware of their own beliefs and their own attitude as a starting point. Throughout, genuineness, honesty and transparency emerge as important aspects for building trust. The social worker needs to try to understand and be aware of the young offender's history and then use different approaches to build trust. Looking beyond the young offender's behavior and showing a commitment by being there when the young person needs the social worker, benefits the building of trust. The social worker also needs to find ways to navigate their organization and use their colleagues as support in this complex work when it comes to building trust with young offenders.

Up until now, Bitcoin as a marketing tool to leverage the brand image of an e-retailer has only been researched scarcely. This paper contributes to filling this gap by looking at Bitcoin’s suitability as primarily a cognition-based trust-building tool in the context of online sex shops. Online sex shops in which affective-based trust is taken as a use-case to exemplarily assess whether far associations customers have with Bitcoin can be transferred unto their brand image, assessing its effectiveness. Moreover, as Bitcoin is a payment method, this study feels the pulse in how far trust is established with the general public to assess chances of success when introducing it as an option to existing alternatives. Trust is considered important in the transaction and decision-making processes of a customer as much as it is in building and fostering brand image. Two expert interviews and one survey make up the data source for this research to gain a holistic view from the customer’s, the retailer’s and the industry expert’s perspective. Findings from the different sources were first in-case analyzed before cross-comparing them. The study highlighted the fact that Bitcoin as a marketing tool is highly case-sensitive, cognition-based, and risky in both - financial and marketing terms. It is best used as part of a long-term strategy and in cases in which the brand image of a brand is as similar to that of Bitcoin as possible. Additionally, Bitcoin disposes of many of the same qualities as other payment methods do and although trust in it is still limited, it is competitive in terms of factors like transaction speed and cost. There is no uniform bundle of associations and a positive or negative evaluation thereof to be connected to it, however, factors like gender, financial education, and trust in one’s own abilities are all found to influence trust and usage intention. The study finds potential for both – Bitcoin as a marketing tool and payment method.

網際網路的成長，促使電子商務快速發展。然而，回顧電子商務的市場現況，即使網路購物規模不斷成長，但是卻仍有54.9%的網路商店未能達到損益平衡，主要原因在於激烈的市場競爭環境導致商品毛利率降低，獲利速度減緩。因此，資策會認為網路商店若想在競爭市場中脫穎而出，網站的技術安全必須值得消費者信任。 　　消費者不願意在網路上購買商品或服務，是因為缺乏對網路購物相關安全性的信任與缺乏對網路上企業可靠性的信任。因此，如何建立消費者對網路商店的「信任」，是企業獲得顧客的關鍵因素。 　　過去文獻指出，信任信念能藉由改善網站的結構性確保來提升，且消費者對網站的信任信念會影響到其信任網站的態度。因此，本研究根據文獻探討的方式找出Cialdini影響力模式及其所會影響的消費者信任信念的各個構面，並利用此模式作為結構性確保的實驗變數來設計網站，從中操弄各項實驗變數以探討各種不同影響力原則影響消費者信任信念之效果。接著，再進一步分析各個信任信念分別如何影響消費者的信任態度，以全盤了解消費者初次瀏覽網路商店網站時，利用Cialdini影響力模式所歸納的網站結構性確保所影響之效果。 　　本研究透過實驗室實驗法模擬網路商店的購物情境，並操控不同Cialdini影響力原則所設計的結構性確保，研究結果發現： 1. 除了「好感」原則的結構性確保外，網站中其餘的結構性確保在消費者瀏覽網路商店時，皆會正向影響到消費者的信任信念。 2. 消費者的「認知診斷」、「認知保證」、「認知信心」、「認知能力」、「認知可靠」、「認知嚮往」等信任信念的各個構面，會正向影響消費者的「信任態度」。 / The e-commerce environment has developed rapidly with the fast growth of Internet. However, by reviewing the market status of e-commerce, there were still 54.9% of Internet shops which couldn’t make the profit and loss balance even the internet shopping was growing constantly. The environment was so competitive that the profit margin of product reduced and the rate of making profits slowed down. Therefore, the Institute for Information Industry advised internet shops to enhance their internet security of websites if they wanted to stand out from the competitive environment. 　Consumers are not willing to purchase the products or services due to the lack of trust in the security of the website and credibility of the internet shops. For this reason, the key to gain the consumers is how to make them trust the internet shops. 　Past researches indicated that the consumer’s trusting beliefs can be enhanced by improving the structural assurance of the website. In addition, these trusting beliefs were positively related to the trusting attitude toward the website. Therefore, we identified the constructs of the trusting beliefs which could be affected by Cialdini’s Influence Model from literature review. We used this model to design the structural assurances of the website as experimental variables to probe the differences of consumer’s trusting beliefs under the model’s principles. Furthermore, we understand the effect of structural assurance by analyzing how the constructs of trusting beliefs affected consumers’ trusting attitude when consumers visit the Internet shop at the first time. 　This research manipulated the principles of Cialdini’s Influence Model to design the structural assurance of website and simulated the situation of internet shopping via laboratory experimentation. The research result was shown as below: 1.　The structural assurances designed by Cialdini’s Influence Model were positively related to the trusting beliefs of consumers except the “Liking” principle. 2.　The constructs of consumer’s trusting beliefs were related to the trusting attitude toward the website positively and respectively.

Informationen stellen den zentralen Produktionsfaktor in der gesamten touristischen Wertschöpfungskette dar. Daher nehmen Informations- und Kommunikations-Technologien schon sehr lange eine zentrale Rolle in der Tourismusindustrie ein (z.B. Global Distribution Systems). Durch die Leistungssteigerung von IuK Systemen und der Entwicklung des Internets haben sich neue ökonomischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten entwickelt (z.B. Long Tail), die sich durch die Digitalisierung von Informationen und damit in geringen Produktions- und Distributionskosten darstellen. Mit den Möglichkeiten selbst Informationen zu produzieren und veröffentlichen, sind in den letzten Jahren auch die Kunden Teil der Wertschöpfungskette geworden. Durch die Immaterialität und Emotionalität von Reisen kombiniert mit der anonymen Transaktionssituation im Internet, wird Bewertungen, Fotos und Kommentaren anderer Nutzer ein größeres Vertrauen entgegengebracht, als den Informationen der Anbieter. Vertrauen aufzubauen und langfristig zu erhalten, ist daher für Reiseanbieter ein wesentlicher Erfolgsfaktor und zentrale Aufgabe. Bei einem Umsatzvolumen von 22 – 30 Milliarden des deutschen organisierten Reisemarktes geht man im Jahr 2010 von einem online generierten Umsatzanteil von 40% [siehe Tabelle 3 und Tabelle 4] aus, der weiter steigt. Die traditionelle touristische Wertschöpfungskette ist aufgebrochen, da jede Teilbranche mit den Kunden im Internet vernetzt sein kann und zusätzlich neue Anbieter mit technischem Hintergrund in den Markt drängen. So kann die neue Wertschöpfungsstruktur als Matrix aufgefasst werden. Damit werden die klassischen Rollen von Produzenten, Leistungsträger und Intermediären grundlegend in Frage gestellt. Die technische Entwicklung einerseits und die Generationsentwicklung (Digital Natives) andererseits verändern die Reisebranche grundlegend. In Fokusgruppeninterviews mit Digital Natives analysiert die vorliegende Untersuchung, wie wichtig für die Generation von morgen die Kommunikation für die Aktionsbereitschaft in ihrem wahrgenommenen Spannungsfeld von Möglichkeiten und Risiken im Internet ist. In der Hauptstudie, dem Experten-Delphi, nahmen 37 Teilnehmer aus allen Teilbranchen der touristischen Wertschöpfungskette zu 24 Thesen aus drei entwicklungsrelevanten Themenbereichen Stellung. Während der Internetzugang und die aktive Nutzung für die Experten ein Generationsthema ist, das sich zunehmend auflöst, sehen die Experten mehrheitlich, dass das Netz, auch über mobile Endgeräte, das Leitmedium für die Zukunft darstellt. Die Folge daraus sind Einflüsse auf die Marktstrukturen, die einerseits in einer Fragmentierung und andererseits in einer starken Konzentration gesehen werden. Die Veränderung und Entwicklung der Reiseindustrie definiert sich, laut den befragten Experten, in den Datenstrukturen. Die Möglichkeiten, Angebote im Netz flexibel darzustellen, diese zu vernetzen und auffindbar zu machen, ist aus ihrer Sicht der essenzielle Erfolgsfaktor für die Marktteilnehmer. Die Datenstrukturen und die Datenqualität bestimmen aus Expertensicht die Zukunft für die Branche, da sie auch Glaubwürdigkeit und Vertrauen in die Anbieter und Produkte herstellen können. Eine Folge aus der Technisierung ist die vielfach angesprochene fehlende Bildung und Ausbildung angehender Touristiker in Bezug auf die Technologie und Anwendung der Systeme.