Economy is not always in perfect equilibrium when it runs in capital market system. Sometimes crisis attacks the development of economy. Economy crisis is a sign which will appear in capital imbalance of economy. Inside economy, capital distribution in three composers--consumption, investment, and government is the key to analyze economy crisis. Between economy, war, global-industrialization, and capinvesting are triggers to worldwide economy crises. The transaction costs of capital market were sharply negative-accumulated and the transaction efficiency was zero and under during the process of economy crisis. Take Asian financial turmoil in 1997 for example, currency distress and banking system disruption were the signs of crisis-hit economy resulting in consumption and investment contraction. And there were adverse real effects on aggregate output and employment in 1998.

In 2007, China Airline held its flight attendance recruitment with 135 openings, being applied by a total of 6000 applicants, accounting for 2 percent of the acceptance. (China Airlines, 2007) Due to the global financial turmoil, China Airlines has frozen personnel employ in 2008. With the economic recovery in 2009, Taiwan and China has expanded their flight connections by implementing direct cross-strait scheduled flights and opening up new flight corridors. In May 2010, China Airlines recruit native flight crew again. Of the 5,338 people who registered online, only 92 will be recruited. The acceptance rate is lower than 2 %. (China Airlines, 2010) The statistics indicates that the flight attendance is still one of the most coveted jobs for young people. According to the perception of social stratification, the flight attendance is deemed to a mid or high level occupation, featured high salary, more day-off, opportunities to travel around the world and a well-establish welfare system, which make it a dream job. The elegant manner and poised service performed by the attendance are the direct advertisement for airlines; thus, they are, in other words, the soldiers in the frontline to the company. However, the pressure and problems from work hidden under the beautiful suits are overlooked. (§Eºü¼w¡A2004) Airline companies always face fierce competition, especially in Asia, where customer service is highly valued. Inflight service is widely different from other service industries. Starting from the moment of closing the boarding gate, flight attendances have to quickly build up the teamwork and meet the needs of passengers with limited resources and time by using their professional knowledge. Their working pressure goes without saying. Therefore, the chief purser plays a critical role in the team, whose leadership will intensely influence the outcome of inflight service and team coordination. A professional chief purser ought to equip with strong management ability of immediate response and reaction. The purpose of this project is study how the leadership style of a chief purser would moderate the job pressure flight attendances may face during work, and further enhance the satisfaction of inflight service and in the long run, to attract more customers and increase customer returning rate.

Les romans de L.-F. Céline expriment de manière paroxystique et à bien des égards l’expérience troublée que l’individu contemporain fait du monde et de son humanité : « L’homme est nu, dépouillé de tout, même de sa foi en lui. C’est ça mon livre. », résumait l’auteur à la publication de Voyage au bout de la nuit. « Faillite des recours traditionnels », « incertitude généralisée », « roman de la peine de vivre » : l’œuvre célinienne est par bien des aspects emblématique des transformations du siècle et des divers troubles qu’elles semblent avoir entraînés dans leur sillage. Le présent travail interroge la propension de l’étude des œuvres à se faire, comme Roger Bastide l’appelait de ses vœux, une « technique d’analyse du social », des sociétés, des cultures et de leurs transformations. Une telle perspective envisage nécessairement l’œuvre comme un processus, et il s’est donc agi d’articuler une approche par l’institution (étude de la réception inaugurale de Voyage au bout de la nuit), une approche par la production (biographie sociologique de l’auteur), et une étude des lectures actuelles de L.-F. Céline (enquête par entretiens avec une quarantaine de lecteurs d’aujourd’hui). C’est ce dispositif méthodologique qui m’a autorisé à envisager comme « d’un bout à l’autre de l’objet et du siècle » ce qui s’exprime et se met au travail par la médiation de cette œuvre-là, permis de resituer sa persistance à « faire sensation », sens et valeur, dans les dynamiques des transformations qui affectent la société française des années 30 à nos jours. Les outils de la sociologie clinique ont par ailleurs rendu possible l’objectivation des troubles à l’œuvre : permis d’identifier et de replacer les troubles dont cette œuvre médiatise l’expression et la mise au travail dans des tensions et conflits identitaires : dans des situations d’entre-deux, sociaux et culturels, qui se sont généralisées d’un début de siècle l’autre et dont cette œuvre nous indique, en angle mort, l’importance du point de vue de la culture. / The novels of L-F Céline in many respects express, in a paroxysmic manner, the troubled experience that the contemporary individual makes of his world and its humanity: « Man is naked, stripped of everything, even of his faith in himself. That is what my book is about », the author summarised on the occasion of the publication of Journey to the End of the Night. « Bankruptcy of traditional recourses », « widespread uncertainty », « a novel about the pain of living» : Céline’s work is in many ways emblematic of the century’s changes and the various disturbances that they seem to have brought about in their wake. The present thesis questions the ability of any study of works of art to offer, as Roger Bastide in typical fashion called it, « a technique of analysing the social », societies, cultures and their transformations. Such a perspective necessarily views the work as a process, and it was therefore a matter here of articulating an approach which focuses on the institution (a study of the inaugural reception of Journey to the End of the Night), on the production of the work itself (a sociological biography of the author), and by means of a study of current readings of L-F Céline (a survey conducted via interviews with approximately forty present-day readers). It is this methodological approach which has allowed me to envisage « the object and its century from one end to the other », and to assess what is expressed and what emerges through the mediation of that work of art, to resituate its persistence to « create a sensation », its sense and value, in the dynamic context of the transformations which have shaped French society from the 1930s through to the present day. Moreover, the tools of clinical sociology have made possible the objectification of turmoil in a work of art : allowing one to identify and situate the expression of the turmoil that this work projects, and placing it in the context of identity-related tensions and conflicts : in social and cultural ‘entre-deux’ situations, which have become more widespread from the beginning of one century to another, and which this work highlights, within a blind spot, the importance in a cultural perspective.

This thesis aims to examine how political participation and trust in Lebanon have been affected by the economic turmoil in Lebanon in recent years. The main aim is to study the respondents’ experience of political participation and whether political participation is different depending on demographic factors, such as age, religion, gender, and education. Furthermore, the study will examine whether the respondents trust the political elite. To do this, the method used is qualitative in the form of semi-structured interviews. The study includes even interviews with respondents from different religious groups, ages, and gender. Lebanon has a long history of political instability and political deadlocks with religion being the foundation of their political system.  With recent years' events of the 2019 revolution, Covid-19, the Beirut Port explosion, and economic collapse, political trust in the country has decreased drastically. Therefore, the thesis will use political trust as a theoretical aspect to reach the purpose. Political trust will be used to understand how the respondents trust the political establishment and institutions. The thesis shows that economic turmoil, religion, and political deadlocks affect how the respondents feel that their trust in politicians has changed between 2018 and 2023. Furthermore, the thesis also shows that high levels of corruption and political inefficiency affected the trust of the respondents.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of political instability on the market performance. The Anti Extradition movement in Hong Kong will be the study object and its impact on the Hang Seng Properties Index will be tested. The market performance will be measured with the parameters market risk and risk premium. Two regression models will be built where the political event serve as dummy variables and categorized into relatively peaceful protest (PI1t), massive conflict (PI2t) and election period (EPt). The results indicate that all political events cause increased market fluctuation, except for EPt variable (in the risk premium model) which had a market stabilizing effect. The conclusion that the real estate market is sensitive to political turmoil is drawn. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur en marknad reagerar under ett politiskt ostabilt läge. För att göra detta kommer påverkan av demonstrationerna (mot det kontroversiella lagförslaget) i Hong Kong 2019 på Hang Seng Properties Index att studeras. För att mäta marknadsresultatet kommer parametrarna marknadsrisk och riskpremie att användas. Regressionsanalyser utförs och de politiska störningsmomenten är indelad i tre kategorier; mild protest, masskonflikt och valperiod. kommer att agera som dummyvariabler i analysen. Resultatet från analysen indikerar att alla typer av politiska störningsmoment ger en ökad marknadsvolatilitet. Därmed kan slutsatsen att marknader är känsliga mot politisk turbulens härleddas.

This study focuses on economic development and political turmoil in post-independence Sub-Saharan Africa. There has been a resurgence of interest in the region following the end of the Cold War. In 1997 U.S. president Bill Clinton took a 12-day tour of the region. In 1999 the U.S. Congress (106th Congress) passed the Growth and Opportunity Act and the Hope for Africa Act, designed to encourage political stability and economic development in the region. Although most Sub-Saharan African countries attained independence from colonial rule in the 1960s, more than 30 years of self-government have brought little economic development and political stability to the region. This study attempts to analyze, theoretically and empirically, the relationship among economic development, social dislocation and political turmoil. Social dislocation, as defined in this study, means "urbanization," and it is used as an exogenous variable to model and test the hypothesized causal relationship between economic development and political turmoil. This study employs pooled cross-sectional time-series and seemingly unrelated regression analyses, as well as Granger-causality, to examine the hypothesized relationships and causality in 24 Sub-Saharan African countries from 1971 to 1995. The results confirm the classical economic development theory's argument that an increase in economic development leads to a decrease in political turmoil. The result of the pooled analysis is confirmed by a SUR analysis on the strength of the relationship at the individual country level in 21 of the 24 countries. However, an indirect positive relationship exist between economic development and political turmoil through social dislocation. At lag periods 1 and 2, I found a causal ordering leading from economic development to political turmoil, indicating a causal relationship from economic development to social dislocation and from social dislocation to political turmoil.

AL’objectif de cette thèse est de tester la corrélation des cycles économiques entre les pays développés et les pays émergents, et de déterminer, en outre, l’importance relative des mécanismes causaux de la synchronisation/désynchronisation cyclique entre ces deux groupes de pays. Il s’agit notamment d’examiner comment les phases cycliques qui secouent les pays avancés se transmettent aux pays émergents. En étudiant les relations économiques entre les pays avancés et les pays émergents, nos résultats montrent qu’il existe une synchronisation cyclique entre les deux groupes de pays, mais aussi, en même temps, un découplage partiel des cycles conjoncturels entre un nombre limité de ces deux groupes de pays, notamment l’Inde et la Chine. Les circuits commerciaux et les canaux financiers sont les déterminants principaux de la synchronisation cyclique entre les pays développés et les pays émergents, en tenant compte d’une importance relative des facteurs financiers. Ce résultat nous a amené à analyser plus en profondeur les aspects financiers. Ainsi, on a étudié, en premier lieu, l’indice des turbulences financières. On observe qu’il existe une forte corrélation entre les troubles financiers des pays avancés et ceux des pays émergents. On a également testé, en second lieu, la synchronisation cyclique sous les différents régimes de change. On constate que les économies émergentes qui adoptent un régime de change intermédiaire sont les plus synchronisées, parce qu’il existe un lien entre corrélation cyclique et comportement des réserves de change. Ces dernières arrivent à leur pic dans un régime de change intermédiaire, ce qui est probablement dû aux relations intenses avec l’Europe et les Etats-Unis qui atteignent leur plus haut niveau sous un système intermédiaire de changes / The aim of this thesis is to analyze business cycles correlation between developed and emerging countries, and to determine the relative importance of causal mechanisms of synchronization/desynchronization between these two groups of countries. The business cycles across countries: divergence or convergence? How cyclical phases that shake the developed countries are transmitted to emerging countries ? By examining the economic relations between advanced and emerging countries, our results show that there is business cycles synchronization between the two groups of countries, but also at the same time, a partial decoupling of business cycles between a limited number of these two groups of countries, particularly India and China. Trade integration and financial channels are the main determinants of cyclical synchronization between developed countries and emerging economies, with a relative importance of the financial factors. This result led us to analyze, further, the financial aspects. Thus, we studied in the first place, the financial stress index. It is observed that there is a strong correlation between financial turmoil of developed countries and emerging countries. It was tested, in the second place, the cyclical synchronization under different exchange rate regimes. It appears that emerging economies that adopt an intermediate exchange rate regime are more synchronized because there is a link between their cyclical correlation and their international reserves behavior. These arrive at their peak under an intermediate exchange rate regime, probably due to the intense relations with Europe and the United States, which reach their highest level under an intermediate exchange rate system.

[pt] Os desafios das economias globais fazem com que as cadeias de suprimento (CS) tenham que aumentar seus processos de colaboração e dependência entre seus nós, gerando um aumento no nível de vulnerabilidade a possíveis impactos e interrupções em suas operações, que por consequência, podem afetar a aplicação da sustentabilidade em seus processos e operações. Com o rápido e extenso desenvolvimento do tema, surgiram pesquisas sobre o crescimento contínuo da complexidade da CS, aumentando a relevância dos estudos sobre suas vulnerabilidades a perturbações. Entretanto, ainda existem lacunas em como definir tais perturbações e como as cadeias afetadas vêm se recuperando delas. Portanto, objetiva-se analisar como os constructos de turbulência, incerteza e resiliência ambiental em cadeias de suprimentos sustentáveis têm evoluído ao longo dos anos. Para chegar a esse objetivo, a presente dissertação foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira teórica e a segunda empírica. Na parte teórica, será realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL), tendo como resultado as definições sobre cada constructo e análises bibliométricas da evolução temática do tema, e uma Scoping Review com o objetivo de realizar um comparativo entre as principais escalas já desenvolvidas na área de Supply Chain Management. Na etapa empírica, foi desenvolvida e validada uma escala, através da técnica Fuzzy Delphi, que analise como tais fenômenos definidos anteriormente podem ser medidos, validados e replicados. Esta pesquisa foca em contribuir para a área de Sustainable Supply Chain Management, trazendo uma maior clareza de como os fenômenos de turbulência, incerteza e resiliência podem afetar a trajetória de sustentabilidade em cadeias de suprimento, sendo um tema de alta relevância nos dias atuais. / [en] The challenges of global economies mean that supply chains (CS) have to increase their processes of collaboration and dependence between their nodes, generating an increase in the level of vulnerability to possible impacts and interruptions in their operations, which consequently can affect the application of sustainability in its processes and operations. With the rapid and extensive development of the topic, research has emerged on the continuous growth of SC complexity, increasing the relevance of studies on its vulnerabilities to disturbances. However, there are still gaps in how to define such disturbances and how the affected chains are recovering from them. Therefore, the objective is to analyze how the constructs of turbulence, uncertainty and environmental resilience in sustainable supply chains have evolved over the years. To reach this goal, this dissertation was divided into two parts: the first theoretical and the second empirical. In the theoretical part, a systematic literature review (RSL) was carried out, resulting in the definitions of each construct and bibliometric analyzes of the thematic evolution of the theme, and a Scoping Review with the objective of making a comparison between the main scales already developed in the area of Supply Chain Management. In the empirical stage, a scale was developed and validated, through the Fuzzy Delphi technique, which analyzes how such previously defined phenomena can be measured, validated and replicated. This research focuses on contributing to the area of Sustainable Supply Chain Management, bringing greater clarity to how the phenomena of turbulence, uncertainty and resilience can affect the trajectory of sustainability in supply chains, being a topic of high relevance today.

Text in Afrikaans / Die eng definiering van kerkmusiek staan tans in die spervuur vanwee: 1. Ingrypende wendinge binne die praktiese teologie in die afgelope paar dekades, wat pleit om 'n hernieude ondersoek binne die handelingsveld van viering (waaronder himnologie); 2. 'n Verskuiwing in wereldbeskouing weg van modernisme na postmodernisme; 3. Die geboorte van 'n totaal nuwe geslag adolessente, bekend as die 'Verlore Generasie' of 'Generasie X' . Kerkmusiek, in die engere sin, soos dit steeds grootliks verstaan word, hou nie genoegsaam met hierdie tendense rekening nie. Vandaar verloor kerkmusiek sy impak en inspraak in die leefwereld van die hedendaagse tiener. Dit veroorsaak gevolglik 'n groterwordende kloof tussen adolessente en die erediens, gemeente en kerk. In hierdie studie word gepoog om genoegsaam op bostaande tendense ag te slaan, sodat 'n breer def iniering van kerkmusiek tot stand mag kom, wat ruimte vir grater verskeidenheid en aktualiteit tot gevolg sal he, en die spanning random kerkmusiek en die tiener kan probeer ontlont. / The narrow defining of church music today experiences a critical assault on account of: 1. Drastic turns within the development of Practical theology in the past few decades, which ask for a renewed investigation within the field of himnology; 2. a Shift in worldview away from modernism to post-modernism; 3. The birth of a total new generation of adolescents, known as the 'Lost Generation' or 'Generation X' . Church music in the narrow sense, as it is still understood to a great extent, does not take these tendencys serious enough. For this reason it's impact and influence in the life of today's teenagers declines. With this study a thorough acknowledgement of these shifts is attempted, which will result in a much broader defining of church music, and in turn will bring forth a scope for more variety and actuality, so that hopefully the growing gap between teenagers and church music can be bridged. / Practical Theology / M.Diac. (Jeugwerk)

Text in Afrikaans / Die eng definiering van kerkmusiek staan tans in die spervuur vanwee: 1. Ingrypende wendinge binne die praktiese teologie in die afgelope paar dekades, wat pleit om 'n hernieude ondersoek binne die handelingsveld van viering (waaronder himnologie); 2. 'n Verskuiwing in wereldbeskouing weg van modernisme na postmodernisme; 3. Die geboorte van 'n totaal nuwe geslag adolessente, bekend as die 'Verlore Generasie' of 'Generasie X' . Kerkmusiek, in die engere sin, soos dit steeds grootliks verstaan word, hou nie genoegsaam met hierdie tendense rekening nie. Vandaar verloor kerkmusiek sy impak en inspraak in die leefwereld van die hedendaagse tiener. Dit veroorsaak gevolglik 'n groterwordende kloof tussen adolessente en die erediens, gemeente en kerk. In hierdie studie word gepoog om genoegsaam op bostaande tendense ag te slaan, sodat 'n breer def iniering van kerkmusiek tot stand mag kom, wat ruimte vir grater verskeidenheid en aktualiteit tot gevolg sal he, en die spanning random kerkmusiek en die tiener kan probeer ontlont. / The narrow defining of church music today experiences a critical assault on account of: 1. Drastic turns within the development of Practical theology in the past few decades, which ask for a renewed investigation within the field of himnology; 2. a Shift in worldview away from modernism to post-modernism; 3. The birth of a total new generation of adolescents, known as the 'Lost Generation' or 'Generation X' . Church music in the narrow sense, as it is still understood to a great extent, does not take these tendencys serious enough. For this reason it's impact and influence in the life of today's teenagers declines. With this study a thorough acknowledgement of these shifts is attempted, which will result in a much broader defining of church music, and in turn will bring forth a scope for more variety and actuality, so that hopefully the growing gap between teenagers and church music can be bridged. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Diac. (Jeugwerk)