This thesis is focused on the elimination of slums in Kenya. It is currently facing a huge challenge - improving the quality of life of slum dwellers. Despite the large amount of efforts developed to promote the slums in Kenya, the situation remains problematic and local slums has already grown to such proportions that it was not easy efficient and sustainable. Thesis is divided into three subsequent chapters. The first chapter focuses on the economic, political and social situation in Kenya. In the second chapter I explain term slum, it's history, the life of slum dwellers and I also think about causes of their origin and subsequent dynamic urban sprawl. The third chapter is focused on the actual Kenyan slums and projects dedicated to tackle the challenges of their elimination. My goal is to identify the causes that lead to the extension of slums. Further I want to analyze how the issue of slums in Kenya is solved and whether these projects are effective and sustainable.

La recirculación de los gases de escape (EGR) introduce diferentes efectos sobre las prestaciones del motor debido a su influencia sobre los procesos de combustión y renovación de la carga del mismo. Los trabajos realizados en esta tesis doctoral se plantearon con el objetivo de profundizar en el conocimiento de los efectos que introduce la recirculación de los gases de escape en el proceso de renovación de la carga de un motor Diesel turbo-sobrealimentado. La metodología utilizada ha sido la combinación adecuada de resultados experimentales y modelados del motor sujeto a estudio. Se ha diseñado una serie de experimentos que permiten separar los efectos del EGR sobre el proceso de renovación de la carga, evitando y aislando el efecto que el EGR ejerce sobre la combustión. Del análisis de los resultados obtenidos se desprende, por un lado, la influencia que tiene la estrategia de EGR utilizada y los elementos que introducen dicha estrategia sobre las prestaciones del motor, y por otro lado, la influencia que ejerce el EGR sobre la sobrealimentación y el proceso de renovación de la carga. / Vera García, F. (2004). Efecto de la recirculación del gas de escape en el proceso de la renovación de la carga en motores turbo-sobrealimentados [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62276

In the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States (U.S.), many states, responding to United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolutions, began to adopt an increased array of counter-terrorism measures.The Security Council had not in the beginning pre-empted the risk of counter-terrorism measures violating counter-terrorism human rights as it failed to immediately refer to states‟ duty to respect human rights in their responses to terrorism. It was only in 2003, in Resolution 1456, that the Security Council stated such duty by providing that „states must ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism must comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law". / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Nii A. Kotey, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana. Ghana. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Almost four decades of decolonisation and independence of sub-Saharan Africa have been characterised by inter-state and intra-state conflict situations, denying the continent stability and development. The study critically examines the evolution of a vision for collaboration and cooperation on peace and security in the interface between the African Union and the United Nations. The post Cold War period allowed the institutionalisation of peace and security cooperation between the UN and regional organizations, in particular the AU. The analysis argues that regional stability has been elevated into one of the key indicators of possible threats to international peace and that regionalism recognised as a necessary component of multilateralism in maintaining peace and security in the world. The UN Security Council and the AU Peace and Security Council have developed a structured relationship that ensures information exchange on issues on common concern. Africa is assuming responsibility ad ownership of its peace and security problems by seeking to find solutions in partnership. The complementarity and comparative advantage of the two organizations has contributed to the emerging continental stability, state institution building, governance structures and African Peace and Security Architecture. The 2000 AU Constitutive Act and the 2002 AU Peace and Security Protocol had purposefully entrenched collaboration with the United Nations on peace and security. The signing of the 2006 Declaration Enhancing UN-AU Cooperation provides the framework and compass for building the AU capacity and access to resources. The evolving peace and security cooperation is not an easy matter as African leadership seeks to convince the international community, especially the UNSC, not to be indifferent to Africa’s perennial prevalence of conflicts. AU and UN peace and security cooperation is in its infancy, African leadership political will is the key to its consolidation. / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

In the aftermath of the South African election, as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 2011, the country amongst other things, promised to pursue an African Agenda for Peace and Stability on the continent and in all regions of the world, especially in the Global South. This was coupled with the promise to promote the importance of developing effective partnerships between the United Nations (UN) as well as regional and sub-regional organizations in maintaining international peace and security. These became fundamental foreign policy principles of how South Africa would behave in the Security Council. The UN Charter mandates the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Council. Scholars that have analysed the United Nations often argue that the Council’s decision-making process is driven by the interests of the five permanent members who possess veto power. Thus, it is widely believed that, members that have continuous membership and veto power not only affect the passage of resolutions but also prevent certain issues from entering the agenda through the threat of a veto. While veto-wielding member states can use the veto to bargain their positions, non-permanent members of the Council can have limited influence on the agenda due to the unequal distribution of power. The power-politics argument is widely discussed in the literature of the United Nations; however, limited systematic analytical research has been done to understand how countries other than big powers exercise their influence in the UN Security Council, despite lacking the right to veto power. To contribute to the understanding of the power-politics argument, ways in which emerging countries influence the agenda will be identified. This research report analyses whether and how South Africa delivered on the promise to pursue African interests during its tenure in the UNSC in 2011-2012. This study embarks on content analysis of selected South African interventions and reports regarding African issues in the UNSC. / Mini Dissertation (MDIPS)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Political Sciences / MDIPS / Unrestricted

This is a study about Taiwan and its relation to the United Nations and the World Health Organization. The study is inspired by today’s global situation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic and Taiwan’s exclusion from UN and WHO. The purpose of the study is to understand the exclusion of Taiwan from these global organizations and its consequences. That led to three research questions concerning Taiwan’s historical background to UN and WHO, the relations since 2009 until today, the different ways Taiwan and China argue for their respective position on the “Taiwan issue” and the consequences for Taiwan and its people being excluded from UN and WHO. In order to answer these questions a case study design has been used. Another method has been argumentation analysis. The international relations theory realism has been used together with the argumentation analysis to identify the relevant arguments from both sides of the Taiwan Strait and to improve the understanding of those arguments. The results show that Taiwan’s relations to the UN and WHO has changed substantially over time, that party politics in Taiwan influence China’s approach, that there is a disagreement and different interpretation of historical events between China and Taiwan, and that the consequences of the exclusion are for Taiwan mainly related to health issues and its political status.

<p>My dissertation analyzes the overlooked character types of <i>akrasia </i>(un-self-control) and <i>enkrateia </i>(self-control) in Aristotle’s ethics. In Chapter 1, I argue for the thesis that <i>akrasia </i>and <i>enkrateia </i>are character types, or settled psychological dispositions, definable in terms of unique un-self-controlled and self-controlled relations to choice-making. In Chapters 2 and 3, I argue for the thesis that agents do not express these character types only in temperance’s practical domain; rather, agents can express <i>akrasia</i> and <i>enkrateia</i> in any practical domain where one’s reason can conflict with one’s desire, so the character types have wide ranges of expression. More specifically, in Chapter 2, I develop a distinction between strict forms of the character types, which agents express in temperance’s practical domain, and loose forms of the character types, which agents express in other practical domains (e.g., in courage’s practical domain). I also argue that the strict and loose forms of each of the character types are united according to the ontological and terminological relation of metaphor, or inclusive resemblance. In Chapter 3, I draw two lines of psychological justification for the view that <i>akrasia </i>and <i>enkrateia </i>are wide-ranging character types and respond to some scholarly objections. In Chapter 4, I build an account of ethical practical syllogisms and differentiate them from non-ethical practical syllogisms; I argue that an agent expresses her character type through each feature of an ethical practical syllogism (i.e., not only through the enacted choice that concludes an ethical practical syllogism, but also through the propositions she exercises in it). Finally, in Chapter 5, I construct and analyze loose akratic and enkratic practical syllogisms in a variety of practical domains to show that <i>akrasia </i>and <i>enkrateia </i>are character types with wide ranges of expression.<b></b></p>

Title: The real estate company's actions based on sustainable urban development: A study of how the economic dimension is considered in refurbishment project Authors: Ajla Bekic and Rojda Taher Keywords: Sustainable urban development, economic sustainability, the million program, UN-Habitat Problem description: How can UN-Habitat's five principles for sustainable urban development help real estate companies to think strategically about economic sustainability? How is the economic sustainability affected by the conversion of tenancies into condominiums and proprietorship in connection with the refurbishment of million program areas? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to understand how economic sustainability is considered in urban development projects and analyse how sustainability is affected by a conversion Methodology: In the study, a deductive research approach has been adopted. Furthermore, a qualitative study was conducted with the help of semi-structured interview guides to achieve open dialogues with all respondents Conclusion: The result of this study shows that economic sustainability is considered in urban development projects when balancing with the ecological and social dimension. The theories UN-Habitat and evidence-based work procedure are a guidance to a sustainable urban development in million program areas. The transformation process is possible in million program areas, but financial obstacles can be identified, which calls for a sustainable way of working. / Titel: Fastighetsbolagets agerande utifrån hållbar stadsutveckling: En studie om hur den ekonomiska dimensionen beaktas i upprustningsprojekt Författare: Ajla Bekic och Rojda Taher   Nyckelord: Hållbar stadsutveckling, ekonomisk hållbarhet, miljonprogrammet, UN-Habitat Problemformulering: Hur kan UN-Habitats fem principer för hållbar stadsutveckling hjälpa fastighetsbolag att tänka strategiskt kring ekonomisk hållbarhet? Hur påverkas den ekonomiska hållbarheten vid ombildning av hyresrätter till bostadsrätter och äganderätter i samband med upprustning av miljonprogramsområden? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att förstå hur den ekonomiska hållbarheten beaktas i stadsutvecklingsprojekt och analysera hur hållbarheten påverkas av en ombildning. Metod: I studien har en deduktiv forskningsansats antagits. Vidare har en kvalitativ studie genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuguider i syfte att åstadkomma öppna dialoger med samtliga respondenter Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie påvisar att ekonomisk hållbarhet beaktas i stadsutvecklingsprojekt vid balans med den ekologiska och sociala dimensionen. Teorierna UN-Habitat och evidensbaserat arbetssätt är en vägledning till hållbar stadsutveckling i miljonprogramsområden. Ombildningsprocessen är möjlig i miljonprogramsområden men ekonomiska hinder kan identifieras, därav uppmanas ett hållbart arbetssätt.

To examine the barriers faced by the financially excluded, this research investigates financial inclusion as a sub-concept of social inclusion. The study assesses two demand-side barriers confronting the involuntarily financially excluded: financial literacy and self-efficacy. It thus goes beyond previous work that has sought to increase access to financial services by addressing supply-side barriers (specifically accessibility, affordability, availability and eligibility), mainly through various technological advances. Employing a preintervention/ post-intervention field experiment to measure the financial behaviour of individuals, the study monitored the use over a six-month period of an appropriately developed banking offering. Banking was offered to participants from rural areas near four distinct towns in Ghana, following the provision of training on financial literacy and selfefficacy. The results showed that regardless of whether participants received training in both, either or neither, they did not use their bank accounts for their financial transactions or savings. Secondarily, the results indicated that although financial literacy training may improve the financial knowledge of individuals, it does not necessarily lead to increased confidence on the part of the individual with regard to using formal financial services. In contrast, although the self-efficacy training (both on its own and together with financial literacy) did not translate into financial inclusion, participants reported that it had provided them with skills to guide their financial decision-making. Moreover, limited qualitative results obtained from participants indicated that they find the cash economy in which they operate adequate to their needs as members of their communities. As the main findings of this study suggest that developing the financial knowledge and attitude of the financially excluded, having addressed supply-side barriers of financial inclusion, still does not encourage the use of an appropriately developed banking offering, the explanation for the (non-)usage of banking products must lie elsewhere. The structure of an economy has to be seen as central to financial inclusion in that the influence of the cash economy and the informal economy mean that financial inclusion is not a precondition for social inclusion. This has serious implications for policy in sub-Saharan Africa. It may be that financial inclusion should be regarded as a result of an improving economic situation, rather than a contributory cause. Stakeholders should consider financial inclusion alongside and as part of policy initiatives designed to improve educational levels, digital skills, and a general understanding of the formal financial and, indeed, economic system. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / PhD / Unrestricted

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