Student Number : 0216658A - PhD thesis - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / This thesis is a study of underground organisation from the 1950s until 1976, though it also draws on material prior to and after these periods. It delves into an area of social activity that has been relatively invisible in scholarship on South Africa and resistance history. The study considers the concept of underground operations. It is taken to include not only the place where the ‘final’ activities may have taken place, but those countries where cadres were trained or housed, even if this would normally be characterised as located in ‘exile’. It is ‘outside’, but it such activities are also treated as part of the underground phenomenon considered as a whole. At the level of historiography the thesis is a re-reading of early ANC underground, partly giving a different interpretation to existing literature, but also relying on the insights of oral informants. The establishment of the SACP underground is fleshed out through interview material, but the thesis challenges the notion that the Party controlled the ANC, arguing in contrast that the conditions of the alliance demanded limitations on SACP’s autonomy. In the period after Rivonia the conventional historiography speaks of a lull and an absence of the ANC and its allies. The thesis provides evidence to contradict this showing that while there may have been silence, there was never absence. It also probes the relationship between ANC and Black Consciousness, where it shows far more overlap than much of the existing literature has disclosed. The study is at once a historical narrative and also an attempt to characterise the social character of this area of study, the special features that go to make up clandestine organisaton. Within this characterisation of underground activity, the thesis also probes the gendered nature of these activities, the definite impact of concepts of masculinity and femininity within a conventionally male terrain. Related to these questions the thesis probes the relationship between the personal and organisational, both at the level of individual decision-making and notions of love and realising emotions. The chapter on gender examines the denial of manhood to African men and considers ANC masculinities and assertion of the need to regain manhood in that context. The thesis also examines the entry of women into the male world of the army and underground, explaining many of the difficulties and the countervailing efforts of women as well as certain men to assert the rights of women to equal participation. The chapter on the impact of revolutionary activity on the personal examines the subordination of individual judgement to the collective and in the personal sphere, notions of revolutionary love, found not only in South Africa but in most revolutionary struggles, where ‘love for the people’ tends to displace inter-personal love. The final chapter –by way of an epilogue- examines the outcomes of struggles after 1976, initiated by various forces including the underground organisation. In this period ANC hegemony begins to consolidate and the character of that hegemony is broken down into various components.

The thesis is focused on measurement and assessment of absorbed doses of radiation in caves of the Czech Republic, out of which some exhibit high activity concentration of radon in air. This thesis presents an analysis and recommendations based on measurement results obtained in the underground caves over the past 10 years. The focus is on defining the sources of irradiation within the cave environment (and in areas used for speleotherapy), considering their potential health effect, including the variable dependence of external and internal irradiation influences. All of the measurements had as an objective to verify, and where possible improve, the existing methodology for assessing and calculating the dose from radon in underground spaces. The main issue that had to be resolved was whether a numerically specified cave factor value is applicable to all underground areas. The research measurements were carried out in all available show caves and in several underground areas, and were based on the initial results from an aerosol measurement campaign. Two caves (the Bozkov Dolomite Caves and the Zbrašov Aragonite Caves) were selected for advanced long-term measurements. A large number of long-term and short-term studies were carried out. The most important results for cave environments were: the...

Depuis les années 70, le niveau de l'eau dans les aquifères du sous-sol de la ville de Ouagadougou a subi des fluctuations considérables. Dans cette thèse, 1) nous avons mis en place un réseau piézométrique local autour du piézomètre CIEH à l'Université de Ouagadougou, 2) observé les fluctuations du niveau d'eau dans ce réseau piézométrique au cours d'une année hydrologique, 3) modélisé, en utilisant un modèle boîte 1D simple, le niveau de l'eau dans le réseau piézométrique, 4) évalué la capacité de mesure gravimétrique pour mesurer les fluctuations du niveau d'eau lors d'une modélisation de pompage de l'aquifère pendant 7 jours, 5) mesuré la variabilité des principaux éléments chimiques dans notre réseau piézométrique entre la fin de la saison sèche et la fin de la saison des pluies.Le modèle boîte 1D choisi est dérivé du modèle de GARDENIA du BRGM. Il comporte trois réservoirs, le premier décrit les premiers centimètres du sol où l'évapotranspiration intervient, le second joue le rôle d'un tampon d'entrée de l'eau dans le troisième réservoir aquifère. La modélisation de l'ensemble du réseau piézométrique au cours d'une année hydrologique permet d'évaluer un bilan de précipitations. Les résultats obtenus correspondent à l'occupation des terres de chaque puits, ancien faubourg, zone naturelle et zone récemment urbanisée. Une tentative de modéliser l'ensemble des niveaux piézométriques, depuis 1978 au CIEH a échoué et cela est interprété comme un effet de l'utilisation des terres, combinée à la nécessité d'utiliser des coefficients différents pour une année sèche et une année très humide. Comme les paramètres hydrologiques varient en fonction du climat et de l'utilisation des terres près du CIEH, la méthode habituelle en utilisant les premières années de l'enregistrement pour l'étalonnage du modèle et les années suivantes pour l'évaluation de la validité du modèle ne peut pas être appliquée.Les 7 jours de test de pompage théorique de l'aquifère ont été modélisés en utilisant MODFOW/PMWIN et une grille d'espacement variable avec un maillage de 0,2 m près du puits augmentant progressivement jusqu'à 2 km près de la frontière de la boîte de modélisation a été conçue. Ce modèle est calibré sur des solutions analytiques et numériques publiées dans la littérature et est combiné avec un modèle gravimétrique fonctionnant sur la même grille. Les résultats de gravité ont été à nouveau validés sur la littérature. Trois cas tests ont été étudiés 1) pompage dans la couche de la latérite, 2) pompage dans le milieu fissuré horizontalement sous les latérites, 3) pompage dans une fracture où le milieu fissuré est profond. Les propriétés hydrauliques de la latérite étaient censées être connues, alors que la conductivité hydraulique était inconnue. Pour le cas de la fracture, il est démontré que, aujourd'hui, les données de gravité seules ne sont pas en mesure de limiter la conductivité inconnue de la couche fissurée. Cependant, le nivellement des données sur l'affaissement des latérites pendant le pompage, combiné avec les données gravimétriques, permet de récupérer ce paramètre avec une incertitude raisonnable.Nos analyses chimiques étaient de mauvaise qualité. Cependant, en se concentrant sur les sulfures et les nitrates, qui ne présentent pas d'erreurs notables, il se confirme 1) qu'il y a encore dans la ville de Ouagadougou des eaux souterraines de qualité potable (à confirmer par des analyses plus approfondies), 2) que les niveaux de sulfure et de nitrate élevés peuvent être atteints au cours de la saison des pluies (c'est probablement lié à la montée des eaux près de la surface). Il est suggéré en conclusion que des résultats intéressants peuvent être obtenus à Ouagadougou par la surveillance à long terme de quelques piézomètres à la fois pour le niveau et pour la qualité de l'eau. / During the 70s the water level in basement aquifers of the city of Ouagadougou underwent large level fluctuations. In this PhD thesis 1) we set up a local piezometric network around the so called CIEH piezometer in the University of Ouagadougou, 2) observe the fluctuations of the water level in this piezometric network during one hydrologic year, 3) model, using a 1D simplified box model the water level in the piezometric network, 4) assess the capability of gravimetric measurement to measure water level fluctuations during a 7 days aquifer test, 5) measure the variability of major chemical species in our piezometric network between the end of the dry season and the end of the rain season.The 1D box model is derived from the GARDENIA model of BRGM. It involves three compartments, the first ones describes the first few centimeters of soil, from which evapotranpiration is supposed to take place; the second one buffers the input of water to the third one which the aquifer. Modeling the whole piezometric network during one hydrological year allows to compute a rainfall budget. The results correspond the land occupation of each well, old suburb; natural area, and recently urbanized area. An attempt to model the whole piezometric record, lasting since 1978 at CIEH was unsuccessful and this is interpreted as an effect of land use change, combined to the need of different coefficients for a dry year and a very wet year. As the hydrological parameters are drifting as function of climate and of land use changes near the CIEH well, the usual method using the first years of the record for calibration of the model and the following years for its assessment cannot therefore be applied.The theoretical 7 days aquifer test experiment was modeled using MODFOW/PMWIN and a variable spacing grid with a mesh size of 0.2 m near the pumped borehole increasing progressively to nearly 2 km at the border of the modeling box. This model is calibrated along analytic and numerical solutions published in the literature and is combined with a gravimetric model operating on the same grid. The gravity results were once again validated against published literature. Three cases of aquifer test were considered : 1) pumping in the laterite layer, 2) pumping in the horizontally fissure medium below the laterites, 3) pumping in a fracture where the fissured medium is deepening. The hydraulic properties of laterite were supposed to be known, while the hydraulic conductivity of the fissured medium was unknown. For the case of the fracture, it is shown that with present days accuracy gravity data are not able alone to constrain the unknown conductivity of the fissured layer. However leveling data on the subsidence of laterites during pumping when combined with gravity data allow recovering this parameter with a reasonable accuracy.Our chemical analyses were of poor quality. However focusing on sulfides and nitrates, which should not be strongly affected with errors confirm 1) that there are still inside Ouagadougou groundwater of potable quality (to be confirmed with more extensive analyses), 2)high sulfide and nitrate levels can be reached during the rain season (this is probably linked the water level rising near the surface).It is suggested in conclusion that valuable results could be obtained in Ouagadougou by long term monitoring of a few piezometers both for water level and for water quality.

Visualization of underground infrastructures, such as pipes and cables, can be useful for infrastructure providers and can be utilized for both planning and maintenance. The purpose of this project is therefore to develop a system that provides interactive visualization of underground infrastructures using mixed reality. This requires positioning the user and virtual objects outdoors, as well as optimizing the system for outdoor use. To accomplish these, GPS coordinates must be known so the system is  capable of accurately drawing virtual underground infrastructures in real time in relation to the real world. To get GPS data into the system, a lightweight web server written in Python was developed to run on GPS-enabled Android devices, which responds to a given HTTP request with the current GPS coordinates of the device. A mixed reality application was developed in Unity and written in C# for the Microsoft HoloLens. This requests the coordinates via HTTP in order to draw virtual objects, commonly called holograms, representing the underground infrastructure. The application uses the Haversine formula to calculate distances using GPS coordinates. Data, including GPS coordinates, pertaining real underground infrastructures have been provided by Halmstad Energi och Miljö. The result is therefore a HoloLens application which, in combination with a Python script, draws virtual objects based on real data (type of structures, size, and their corresponding coordinates) to enable the user to view the underground infrastructure. The user can customize the experience by choosing to display certain types of pipes, or changing the chosen navigational tool. Users can also view the information of valves, such as their ID, type, and coordinates. Although the developed application is fully functional, the visualization of holograms with HoloLens outdoors is problematic because of the brightness of natural light affecting the application’s visibility, and lack of points for tracking of its surroundings causing the visualization to be wrongly displayed. Visualization of underground infrastructures, such as pipes and cables, can be useful for infrastructure providers and can be utilized for both planning and maintenance. The purpose of this project is therefore to develop a system that provides interactive visualization of underground infrastructures using mixed reality. This requires positioning the user and virtual objects outdoors, as well as optimizing the system for outdoor use. To accomplish these, GPS coordinates must be known so the system is capable of accurately drawing virtual underground infrastructures in real time in relation to the real world. To get GPS data into the system, a lightweight web server written in Python was developed to run on GPS-enabled Android devices, which responds to a given HTTP request with the current GPS coordinates of the device. A mixed reality application was developed in Unity and written in C# for the Microsoft HoloLens. This requests the coordinates via HTTP in order to draw virtual objects, commonly called holograms, representing the underground infrastructure. The application uses the Haversine formula to calculate distances using GPS coordinates. Data, including GPS coordinates, pertaining real underground infrastructures have been provided by Halmstad Energi och Miljö. The result is therefore a HoloLens application which, in combination with a Python script, draws virtual objects based on real data (type of structures, size, and their corresponding coordinates) to enable the user to view the underground infrastructure. The user can customize the experience by choosing to display certain types of pipes, or changing the chosen navigational tool. Users can also view the information of valves, such as their ID, type, and coordinates. Although the developed application is fully functional, the visualization of holograms with HoloLens outdoors is problematic because of the brightness of natural light affecting the application’s visibility, and lack of points for tracking of its surroundings causing the visualization to be wrongly displayed.

O presente trabalho teve o intuito de desenvolver um novo dispositivo para melhor conhecer a movimentação de combustíveis no meio subterrâneo, fundamental à definição de tecnologias para remediação de áreas contaminadas. Paralelamente, procurou-se verificar a viabilidade da utilização do dispositivo proposto como método simples, rápido e de baixo custo para investigação do fluxo do óleo diesel, da gasolina e do biodiesel no solo. Fabricou-se um microcanal em poli(dimetil)siloxano que reproduziu fielmente as dimensões e geometrias dos poros e canais do solo. Inicialmente, o microcanal foi saturado com ar; em seguida, injetou-se o combustível e sequencialmente, a água de tal forma a simular um derramamento de combustível no solo sucedido por uma precipitação. Cada operação foi gravada em vídeo ou fotografada, o que permitiu a visualização dos fenômenos que ocorriam no interior do canal. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a viabilidade do dispositivo proposto para o estudo da movimentação dos combustíveis no meio subterrâneo. Verificou-se que tanto a gasolina quanto o óleo diesel evaporam, sendo a primeira mais rapidamente do que o segundo. O experimento permitiu calcular a taxa de evaporação de gasolina no solo. O óleo diesel e o biodiesel ficaram retidos nos poros fechados e a eventual água da chuva que escoava pelo mesmo caminho que a fase gasosa (ar e no caso do óleo diesel, vapores) removia parcialmente esses combustíveis. / The present work had the aim of developing a new device for better understanding fuel motion in the underground soil a key issue for the definition of contaminated area remediation technologies. As a side goal one tried to verify the feasibility of using the proposed device as a simple, fast and inexpensive tool for the investigation of underground fuel flow in porous soil by means of laboratory experiments with it. A poly(dimethyl)siloxane microchannel reproducing exactly the dimensions and geometries of soil pores and channels has been fabricated. Initially the microchannel was saturated with air; then firstly fuel was injected and sequentially water in order to mimic soil contamination by fuel leakage followed by a rain fall. Each and every operation was video recorded or photographed what allowed the visualization of the phenomena occurring inside the microchannel. Results showed the viability of the proposed device for studying the transport of fuels in the underground soil. It has been verified that gasoline vaporizes as does diesel oil as well, the former quicker than the last. The experiment allowed calculating the evaporation rate of gasoline in the soil. It has been seen that diesel oil and biodiesel remained trapped in closed pores and the eventual rain water flowed through the gaseous phase way (air and in the case of diesel oil, vapor) partially removing them.

A área de Cerrado escolhida para o estudo está em regeneração na Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara, localizada no município de Águas de Santa Bárbara, SP. Nesta área o Pinus, que estava sob cultivo desde os anos 70, foi retirado em 2012 e, em 2014, foi realizada uma queimada. As espécies Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) DC. e E. punicifolia (Kunth) DC. foram escolhidas devido ao elevado número de indivíduos que rebrotaram na área. O objetivo geral do projeto foi conduzir análises morfoanatômicas e químicas das estruturas relacionadas ao potencial de rebrotamento. Foram realizadas: a contagem das gemas subterrâneas nos primeiros 10 centímetros abaixo do nível do solo, as análises químicas das raízes e análises anatômicas na região terminal de ramos aéreos e no sistema subterrâneo. Nas duas espécies, além da gema apical dos ramos aéreos, nas três regiões nodais subsequentes, acima da gema axilar ocorre uma gema acessória. Em todas as gemas, observam-se estruturas de proteção, pois junto ao meristema apical caulinar (MAC) ocorrem coléteres e cristais. Além disso, o MAC é protegido por primórdios foliares com cavidades de óleo, muitos cristais e tricomas unicelulares não glandulares que possuem espessamento parietal em celulose e podem acumular compostos fenólicos. Nos sistemas subterrâneos, o número de gemas, localizadas preferencialmente nos primeiros cinco centímetros do solo, variou entre os três indivíduos da mesma espécie: E. dysenterica 162, 17 e 253, E. punicifolia 24, 40 e 109. Esta variação deveu-se ao grau de desenvolvimento das estruturas subterrâneas as quais certamente formaram-se antes do período da retirada do Pinus. O sistema subterrâneo das espécies é formado por um eixo lenhoso cuja porção superior é caulinar e emite vários ramos aéreos enquanto a porção inferior é constituída por uma raiz axial espessada que pode atingir até um metro de profundidade em E. dysenterica. Em E. punicifolia o sistema subterrâneo ocupa uma região mais superficial do solo e, assim como o caule, as raízes axial e adventícias são distribuídas num plano mais horizontal. O tecido de revestimento nas raízes de E. punicifolia e no caule e raízes de E. dysenterica, apresenta camadas alternadas de células de paredes suberizadas e de células com espessamentos parietais em pectina; no caule de E. punicifolia há esclereides que se alternam com as células suberizadas. Em E. punicifolia o espessamento resulta de divisões anticlinais e expansão tangencial das células do parênquima floemático. Há floema interno e parênquima medular nos caules subterrâneos de ambas as espécies. Compostos fenólicos e grãos de amido estão presentes nas células parenquimáticas de regiões mais espessadas dos caules e raízes. Os teores de carboidratos totais, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina não diferem significativamente nas duas espécies. No entanto, as concentrações de flavonoides totais e de compostos fenólicos totais foram superiores nas raízes de E. punicifolia. O grau de proteção das gemas aéreas, o elevado número de gemas e o acúmulo de compostos de reserva (amido) e de proteção (fenóis, flavonoides, lignina) nas estruturas subterrâneas podem ter favorecido o seu rebrotamento após a retirada do Pinus e a sua permanência das espécies na área. / The Cerrado area studied is under regeneration at the Estação Ecológica de Santa Bárbara, located in Águas de Santa Bárbara (São Paulo, Brazil). In this area, the Pinus, cultivated since the 1970s, was removed in 2012 and then, in 2014, the area was burnt. The species Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) DC. and E. punicifolia (Kunth) DC. were studied due to their high resprouting after the burnt event. The aim was to carry out morphoanatomical and chemical analyses of the structures related to the resprouting capacity. The number of belowground buds was counted in the first 10 cm below the soil surface. The chemical analyses of the roots and anatomical analyses of the end portion of the aerial branches and the underground system were performed. Besides the apical bud, both species showed an accessory bud above the axillary one at the three subsequent nodal regions. In all studied buds, protection structures were observed, as colleters and crystals occur close to the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Moreover, SAM is protected by leaf primordia with oil cavities, many crystals and non-glandular unicellular trichomes. These trichomes present parietal cellulose thickening and are able to accumulate phenolic compounds. In underground systems, the number of buds, mostly in the first five centimeters below the soil surface, varied between individuals per species: E. dysenterica 162, 17 and 253; E. punicifolia 24, 40 and 109. This variation was caused by the development degree of the underground system, whose structures were certainly developed before Pinus removal. The underground system of the species display a woody axis, whose upper portion is a stem structure and produces several aerial branches. Its lower part is formed by an axial thickened root that can reach one metre deep in E. dysenterica. In E. punicifolia, the subterranean system occupies a more superficial region of the soil and, similar to the stem, the axial and adventitious roots are distributed in a more horizontal plane. The covering tissue of underground systems in E. punicifolia and E. dysenterica displays alternate layers of cells with suberized walls and pectin-thickened walls. In E. punicifolia stem, the covering tissue exhibits sclereids alternate with cells of suberized walls. The thickening in E. punicifolia is a result of anticlinal divisions and tangential expansion of phloematic parenchyma cells. Both species show internal phloem and medullary parenchyma in underground stems. Phenolic compounds and starch grains are present in parenchyma cells of thickened regions in stems and roots. The contents of total carbohydrates, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin do not differ significantly in the two species. However, concentrations of total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds are higher in roots of E. punicifolia. The protection level of aerial buds, large number of underground buds, and accumulation of storage (starch) and protection (phenols, flavonoids, lignin) compounds in the underground structures may have favoured resprouting of the species after Pinus removal and their maintenance in the area.

O crescente efeito do tráfego veicular sobre o espaço público vem sendo o grande desafio das cidades contemporâneas. A conexão de pedestres entre vias e equipamentos de transporte de massa são atividades que largamente têm feito uso de áreas abaixo da superfície, tornando os corredores subterrâneos cada vez mais presentes nas grandes cidades. Ao permitir deslocamentos mais ágeis entre os espaços, esses corredores atendem às demandas da sociedade urbana contemporânea. A configuração do corredor está em todo lugar, seja na escala urbana, como caminhos para pedestres e vias de veículos, quanto na escala interna das diversas tipologias de edificações e pode-se afirmar que são inseparáveis do uso comum. Tratando-se de espaços de passagem que são, muitas vezes, confinados, manter as condições de conforto ambiental representa um dos grandes desafios. Este trabalho aborda o papel na iluminação nessa tipologia, tendo como objetivo analisar os efeitos da iluminação na interação pessoa- -ambiente em passagens subterrâneas de pedestres. A partir de uma revisão teórica sobre os corredores na arquitetura e sua relação com a luz, foi realizado um estudo de caso nas passagens subterrâneas de Brasília, por se tratarem de elementos fundamentais na concepção urbanística do Plano Piloto, mas, que se encontram em crítica situação de ocupação. Com iluminação deficiente, elas são alvo de criminalidade e, em consequência, evitadas pela população. A metodologia envolveu, também, pesquisa documental sobre o projeto original, levantamento das características do projeto existente e medições in loco das características do sistema de iluminação, tanto natural quanto elétrica. As entrevistas realizadas com os pedestres buscaram compreender a percepção do usuário sobre a forma como o espaço era iluminado. A partir dos dados coletados, foram realizadas simulações com o software DialuxEvo, comparando a iluminação existente e o projeto original das passagens, projetados por Lúcio Costa. Resultados preliminares demonstraram uma percepção muito negativa dos usuários em relação às passagens no subsolo, em especial, em relação à forma como estão iluminadas. As simulações confirmam a hipótese de que no projeto original de Lúcio Costa (1958) teríamos mais incidência de luz natural e, provavelmente, uma modificação na percepção do usuário que utiliza estes espaços. / The massive effect of vehicular traffic on public space has been the great challenge in the contemporary cities. The connections of pedestrians between roads and mass transportation equipment is one of the activities that has largely made use of areas below the surface, making underground corridors more and more present in large cities. Corridor is everywhere: on the urban scale as footpaths and vehicle paths, or on the internal scale of the various typologies of buildings. So, can be said that they are inseparable from common use. The conditions of environmental comfort represent one of the great challenges when it comes to passage spaces that are also often confined. This paper discusses the role of lighting in this typology, with the objective of analyzing the effects of lighting on the person- -environment interaction in pedestrian’s underground passages. Based on a theoretical review of the corridors in architecture and its relationship with light, a case study was carried out in pedestrian’s Brasilia underground passages. They are fundamental elements in the urban design of the Pilot Plan, but are in a critical situation of occupation. With poor lighting system, they are subject to crime and, therefore, avoided by the population. The methodology also involved documentary research on the original design, survey of the characteristics of the existing project and in loco measurements of the characteristics of the lighting system, both natural and artificial. Interviews with pedestrians sought to understand the user’s perception of how space was illuminated. From the data collected, simulations were performed with the DialuxEvo software, comparing the existing lighting system and the original design of the passages, designed by Lúcio Costa. Preliminary results have shown a very negative perception of users with subsoil passages, especially regarding how they are illuminated. The simulations confirm the hypothesis that in the original project of Lúcio Costa (1958) we would have more incidence of natural light and, consequently, a modification in the perception of the user in these spaces.

A interação existente entre a água superficial e subterrânea nas bacias hidrográficas faz necessário o gerenciamento conjunto de ambos os recursos. Nesse sentido, o Soil Moisture Model (SMM) e a ferramenta WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning system) foram utilizados para simular o sistema atual e avaliar os impactos do uso conjunto dos recursos hídricos superficial e subterrâneo nas bacias que abastecem o município de São Carlos, SP. O modelo foi calibrado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento das bacias no período de 1997-2007. Para a vazão mensal, as etapas de calibração e validação do WEAP geraram coeficientes de Nash-Sutcliffe e de porcentagem de viés considerados bons pela literatura. A robustez e facilidade de uso do modelo foram analisados, avaliando seu potencial como sistema de apoio a decisão. Também, foram gerados seis cenários futuros a partir da combinação de mudanças no uso do solo e aumento de demandas usando prioritariamente algum dos dois recursos. Nas simulações feitas para a década de 2030 não se apresentaram diferenças significativas com respeito a variável de uso do solo, contrastando com o comportamento variável da demanda. Os resultados indicaram que o município não apresenta deficiência na quantidade de água necessária para abastecer as demandas futuras, porém o rebaixamento pronunciados do nível estático do aquífero poderá produzir efeitos adversos na operação de poços existentes e no sistema hidrológico geral. / The interaction between surface and groundwater in river basins makes it necessary an integrated management of both resources. In this sense, the o Soil Moisture Model (SMM) and the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning system) tool were used to simulate the current system and to evaluate the impacts of the joint use of surface and underground water resources in the basins that supply the city of São Carlos, SP. With the aim of evaluating the behavior of the basins in the period 1997 to 2007. For the monthly flow, the WEAP calibration and validation stages generated Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients and percentage of bias considered goods. The robustness and ease of use of the model were analyzed, evaluating its potential as a decision support system. The results of the simulations for the 2030s for six future scenarios did not show significant differences respect to the variable of land use, different from the behavior with the demand variable. The results indicated that the municipality does not present a deficiency in the quantity of water needed to supply the futures demands. However, the pronounced lowering of the static level of the aquifer could produce adverse effects on the operation of existing wells and the general hydrological system.

This diploma thesis deals with the influence of the totalitarian regime on musical production in Czechoslovakia between 1968 and 1989. The aim is to explore various ways which the communist regime used to regulate or prevent the propagation of selected musical genres. The power of the totalitarian regime is shown in specific cases, such as censorship, preventing concerts, physical attacts during performances, arrests, artificial processes, media influence, nationwide actions against musicians or music bands, state institutions, etc. The work shoes how the communist regime avoided accepting any independent behavior in the society. At the same time, there are analyzed both articles in the media and state security reports, etc., and some texts reflecting political events in the particular period and current professional work on this topic. KEYWORDS Normalization, Unofficial Musical Genres, Underground, Punk, Rock'n'roll, Repression, Unfreedom

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade de um Sistema de Monitoramento de Baixo Custo (SMBC), por meio da observação de ganhos operacionais no caso de serem agregadas funções de monitoramento e controle aos relés eletrônicos dos protetores (equipamentos religadores do sistema de distribuição reticulado), visando a melhoria da qualidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica através da redução dos tempos de reação das concessionárias às falhas, do aumento da vida útil dos equipamentos e redução dos custos operacionais. Um relé para protetores de rede com características apropriadas foi desenvolvido pela empresa Futura, testado nos laboratórios do IEE/USP e instalado em campo, dentro do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da ANEEL com a concessionária Companhia Energética de Brasília. A operação foi acompanhada por 13 meses avaliando as novas possibilidades de operação remota, os benefícios para a concessionária e os ganhos sociais. Os benefícios do uso do sistema, os ganhos operacionais, gerenciais e sociais, são relatados constatando a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção do sistema. Ao final, recomendações para a continuidade da pesquisa são feitas / This work presents a viability study for a Low-cost Monitoring System (SMBC), through the examination of the operational improvements on electrical network distribution systems when new functions are added to network protectors relays allowing remote monitoring and control using typical automation protocols. The improvements on energy supply quality by reducing response times to failures, extension of equipment life and pro-active actions are also evaluated. A network protector relay with the new features have been developed by Futura Automação and tested in the IEE/USP laboratories, within a Research & Development program promoted by the national electrical energy regulator, ANEEL, and the utility Companhia Energética de Brasília (CEB). The 7 new relays have been installed for field operation and for evaluation of the new possibilities of operation and possible gains for the utility took place in 13 months of continuous operation. The benefits, operational improvements, management and social gains are described assuring the technical and economical viability of the system. Recommendations for future research are made