Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Post-craniotomy brain tumor patients often experience pain in the post-surgical period which can negatively affect recovery and surgical outcomes. Research with this population has focused on pharmacological treatments of post-craniotomy pain and measurement of pain intensity. Little is known about how these patients experience the quality of their pain and how this pain is managed. The purpose of this dissertation was to provide an in-depth description of the experience of post-craniotomy pain during the post-surgical period. The information gained about how post-craniotomy patients experience pain and pain management will contribute the development of effective, tailored interventions to enhance patient satisfaction and outcomes. This dissertation project was composed of two components. The first component was an integrative review of literature examining the evidence of pain and associated symptoms in adult (aged 21 and older), post-craniotomy brain tumor patients. The review examined studies from the past fourteen years that focused on the incidence and treatment of postcraniotomy pain. It revealed that the majority of post-craniotomy patients experience moderate to severe pain after surgery. This pain is associated with nausea, vomiting, changes in blood pressure, and increased length of hospital stay. The second component was a qualitative descriptive study of a sample of 28 adult (aged 21 and older) post-craniotomy patients hospitalized on an inpatient neurosurgical stepdown unit at a Midwestern urban teaching hospital. During semi-structured interviews, participants described their experiences of post-craniotomy pain and of their experiences of postcraniotomy pain management. Data generated from the qualitative descriptive study were analyzed and resulted in two qualitatively derived products. The first was a description of participants’ experiences of the quality of their post-craniotomy pain during the post-surgical period. The six types of pain quality described were pain as pressure, pain as tender or sore, pain as stabbing, pain as throbbing, pain as jarring, and pain as itching. The second was a description of how post-craniotomy patients experience the management of their pain during the post-surgical period. The four groups of types of pain management experiences described were pain-as-non-salient, routine pain management; pain-as-non-salient, complex pain management; pain-as-salient, routine pain management; and pain-as-salient, complex pain management.

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Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen är att granska olustmoment inom ämnet idrott och hälsa.Studiens frågeställningar är: Vilka moment inom idrott och hälsa uppfattar eleverna i denna studie som olustiga? På vilket sätt upplevs momenten som olustiga? Metod: En kvalitativ undersökning med halvstrukturerade intervjuer utfördes på åtta elevermellan 9 och 18 år, på en grundskola och ett gymnasium i samma geografiska område inärheten av Stockholm. De deltagande eleverna var en flicka och en pojke i årskurs tre, sexoch nio samt andra året på gymnasiet. Resultat: Aktiviteter kan ge upphov till situationer som kan uppfattas som olustiga.Exempelvis kan fotboll leda till inaktivitet och därmed känslor av utanförskap, samtidigt somsamarbetsövningar med fysisk närkontakt kan leda till ångest. Vikten av att vara duktig på enaktivitet för att det ska kännas roligt diskuterades av många elever, speciellt itävlingssammanhang. Stress över betyg samt en alltför seriös stämning ansågs även det ledatill olustkänslor. Det uttrycktes ett starkt missnöje över ofräscha duschar och toaletterna pågrundskolan. Några elever fann det olustigt att duscha av olika anledningar. Studien pekar påvissa skilda åsikter såväl mellan åldrar som mellan kön, dock inget generaliserbart. Slutsatser: Vi tror att en förutsättning för att kunna undvika olustkänslor är att identifieradem och dess ursprung. Om de elever som idag känner sig inaktiva inkluderas mer i olikaaktiviteter kanske det leder till att andra känslor och upplevelser kopplas till dessa. Ifalleleverna ges förutsättningar till att hantera situationen bättre än vad de idag upplever att degör, skulle känslan av sammanhang förhoppningsvis öka, och därmed även elevernas lust ochvilja till att delta. Ett stort ansvar ligger självfallet på lärarna, som ska lyckas inspirera,inkludera och aktivera. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to survey unpleasant moments in physical education. Thequestion formulations of the study are: Which moments in physical education are perceived as unpleasant by the pupils in thisstudy? In which way do these moments perceive as unpleasant? Method: A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was conducted with eight pupilsbetween 9 and 18 years old, at a school consisting of both elementary school and junior high,and also at a high school located in the same geographical area near Stockholm. Theparticipating pupils were a girl and a boy in third, sixth and ninth grade as well as junior yearof high school. Results: Activities can create situations that may be perceived as unpleasant. For example,soccer can lead to inactivity and thus feelings of alienation, while cooperation exercises withclose physical contact can lead to anxiety. The importance of being good at an activity inorder to make it fun was discussed by many pupils, especially in a competitive context.Pressure from grades as well as an overly serious atmosphere was also considered to causeunpleasant feelings. The pupils expressed strong dissatisfaction with the showers and toiletsin elementary school and junior high. Some pupils felt uncomfortable to shower for differentreasons. This study shows some differences of opinion both in between ages and gender,although, however, nothing generalizable. Conclusions: We believe that a prerequisite to avoid unpleasant feelings is to identify themand their origin. If the pupils that feel inactive would become more included in variousactivities, it might lead to other feelings and experiences associated with them. If the pupilsare given the opportunities to handle the situation better than what they currently feel likethey are doing, the sense of coherence hopefully increase, and thus the students' desire andwillingness to participate. The teachers need to take a major responsibility, since their task isto inspire, include and activate.

La douleur est désagréable. Étant donné que la douleur est l'exemple paradigmatique d'une expérience désagréable, mon but est de clarifier ce qui caractérise la douleur et le caractère désagréable. J’essaie notamment de comprendre ce que peut signifier qu’une douleur soit désagréable et ainsi d’élucider la structure des expériences désagréables. Ce faisant, j’aborde plusieurs aspects problématiques de la relation entre la douleur et le caractère désagréable des expériences. Je fournis également une compréhension générale de ce que signifie pour une expérience non nécessairement douloureuse d’être désagréable. Cette thèse s’organise en sept chapitres correspondant à trois problématiques principales : i) qu’est-ce qui constitue le caractère désagréable de la douleur ? (Chapitres 1 & 2), ii) comment rendre compte de la grande diversité phénoménale du caractère désagréable des expériences ? (Chapitres 3 & 4), et iii) dans quels cas la douleur n’est-elle pas désagréable ? (Chapitres 5 & 6). Dans le dernier chapitre (Chapitre 7), j'offre une réponse générale aux trois problématiques principales en proposant ma propre théorie sur le caractère désagréable de la douleur. D’après cette théorie, une expérience désagréable est une expérience ressentie, le caractère désagréable est défini comme une propriété phénoménale des états mentaux, et cette propriété doit être comprise en utilisant la distinction déterminable-déterminant. Mon travail fournit ainsi une compréhension détaillée de la nature de la douleur et du caractère désagréable. / Pain is unpleasant. Given that pain is the paradigmatic example of an unpleasant experience, I aim to shed light on what pain and unpleasantness are by trying to understand what it means for a pain to be unpleasant, what the structure of unpleasantness is, and by tackling several problematic aspects of the relation between pain and unpleasantness. By doing this, I will also provide a general account of what it means for an experience that might not be a pain to be unpleasant.The thesis is organised into seven chapters and divided by three main themes: i) what the unpleasantness of pain consists in, ii) how we can account for the great phenomenal diversity among experiences of unpleasantness, and iii) which cases suggest that there could be pains that are not unpleasant. Broadly, the first two chapters deal with the first theme, the third and fourth chapter with the second theme, and the fifth and sixth chapter focus on the third theme. In the final chapter I offer a conclusion of the three main themes by providing my own view on the unpleasantness of pain. According to this account, an unpleasant experience is something felt, it is a phenomenal property of mental states, and this property should be understood using the determinable-determinate distinction. By doing all of this, this thesis will provide a detailed understanding of the nature of pain and unpleasantness.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA RAMOS DIAS.pdf: 634003 bytes, checksum: 8af926627f49083ca09820b000c06998 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-09 / This paper presents the results of a research carried out on an organization of the entertainment and leisure business in the city of Goiânia GO. The present case study has descriptive and exploratory characteristics. The research had the general objective of verifying how do employees of an entertainment organization perceive organization, and how do they experience their interaction with it. As for specific objectives, perception was verified on: the organization of work; working conditions; relationships at work; experiences of joy and suffering of employees and also verifying which strategies of facing it were employed by them to deal with their suffering. Once the organization belonged to the referred business segment, it was assumed that the organization and conditions of labor led the employees into pleasant experiences, for their duty was exactly to promote pleasant experiences to the clients. This research was based on Dejours psychodynamic approach to labor, and on Enriquez s psychosociology. Semi-structured interviews were applied to seventeen employees intentionally chosen from those who dealt with clients. Documents related to policies, ethics, and the missions of the organization were analyzed by graphic analysis of speech. Results indicated rigid conduct policies to workers. Factors which lead to pleasant experiences were observed, such as liberty and recognisement of work, pleasure on the relationship between partners and employees an environment of work, and good wages. As for factors related to suffering, there were complaints of overloading and conditions of work, specially night shift, internal pressures on selling goals, lack of transportation and health insurance, poor security on the way home and lousy labor conditions due to high noise, no ventilation, warm temperature, cigar smoke and weak lighting; factors altogether leading to weary and sickness. In face of such problems, strategies of coping were used, such as negation of reality at work, rationale, and cadency acceleration. Documental analysis pointed to an structural contradiction between an official speech which claims as main factors towards success the adoption of moral and social values and the practice of human resources ideologically compromised to the logic of capitalism and profit generation; thus approaching employees in an instrumental manner, exerting pressure by overloading, exploitation, and alienation. / A dissertação apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa realizada em uma organização que atua no ramo de entretenimento e lazer, localizada em Goiânia-Go. O estudo de caso apresentado teve caráter descritivo e exploratório. A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral verificar como os trabalhadores de uma organização de entretenimento percebiam a organização e vivenciaram sua interação com ela, tendo como objetivos específicos verificar a percepção em relação à organização do trabalho; às condições de trabalho; às relações de trabalho; às vivências de prazer e sofrimento dos trabalhadores e verificar quais as estratégias de enfrentamento foram utilizadas pelos trabalhadores para lidar com o sofrimento. Considerando que a referida organização pertencia ao segmento de entretenimento e lazer, partiu-se do pressuposto que a organização do trabalho e as condições de trabalho propiciariam vivências de prazer nos trabalhadores, uma vez que sua função era exatamente proporcionar diversão aos clientes. A pesquisa fundamentou-se na abordagem psicodinâmica do trabalho de Dejours e psicossociológica de Enriquez. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com dezessete trabalhadores escolhidos intencionalmente, dentre os responsáveis pelo atendimento direto aos clientes. Foram analisados documentos com informações relativas a normas e código de ética, valores e missão da organização. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise gráfica do discurso. Os resultados indicaram uma organização de trabalho com normas rígidas de conduta para os trabalhadores. Observou-se a presença de fatores que geram vivências de prazer, como liberdade e reconhecimento no trabalho, prazer nas relações sócioprofissionais, ambiente de trabalho e chefia, boa remuneração salarial; em relação aos fatores ligados ao sofrimento, houve queixas ligadas à sobrecarga de trabalho e às condições de trabalho, sendo enfatizados: horário noturno cansativo, pressão interna para cumprimento das metas de vendas, ausência de transporte e de plano de saúde, insegurança ao retornar para casa e condições de trabalho precárias com ruídos altos, ambiente sem ventilação, temperatura quente, esfumaçado de cigarro e iluminação fraca, gerando desgaste e adoecimento dos trabalhadores. Diante de tal sofrimento, foram utilizadas estratégias de enfrentamento, como a negação da realidade do trabalho, racionalização e aceleração das cadências. A análise documental indicou uma contradição estrutural entre um discurso oficial no código de ética que adota como fatores importantes para o sucesso a adoção de valores morais e sociais como centrais e práticas de políticas de pessoal ideologicamente comprometidas com a lógica do capital e geração de lucro, que abordam os trabalhadores de forma instrumental, pressionando-os com sobrecarga, exploração e alienação dos funcionários.

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Studiens syfte är att undersöka olika former av exkluderande design i offentliga och semi-offentliga rum, samt vilka konsekvenser en sådan design kan ha på olika samhällsgrupper. Studiens resultat är baserade på fokuserade observationer av den fysiska designen, främst i Göteborg, i triangulering med innehållsanalys av översikts- och detaljplaner. Studiens resultat visar att en mångfald av designmodeller användes i de observerade offentliga och semi-offentliga rummen, varav en del av dessa designer kan ses som exkluderande. Majoriteten av observerade sittplatser finns hos privata aktörer som caféer och uteserveringar, vilket signalerar ett behov av att vara konsument för att få ta del av dessa semi-offentliga platser. Semi-offentliga platser som var stängda nattetid samt hinder mot skateboardåkning var andra observerade designer som riktar in sig på särskilda samhällsgrupper eller beteenden. Fyra grupper anses vara speciellt påverkade av exkluderande design: hemlösa, funktionsnedsatta, resurssvaga, samt skateboardåkare. I kontrast till tidigare forskning anser vi att flera av de observerade designerna kan anses vara inkluderande istället för att enbart ses som exkluderande. / The aim of this study is to explore different forms of unpleasant design in public and semi-public spaces and what potential consequences such design may have on different social groups. The results are based on focused observations of the physical designs themselves, primarily in Gothenburg, Sweden, in triangulation with text analysis of official documentations of land use and zoning plans. The findings indicate that a variety of designs were used throughout the observed public and semi-public spaces, some of which can be seen as unpleasant. Most of the observed seating options were located within privatised businesses, signalling the need to be a consumer to use these semi-public spaces. Semi-public spaces that are inaccessible during the night as well as anti-skate obstacles were other observed designs that targeted a certain group or behaviour. Four social groups were found to be more of a target or sufferer of the designs: the homeless, people with disabilities, the destitute, and skateboarders. In contradiction to previous research a substantial amount of the observed designs can be perceived as inclusive rather than only exclusionary.