在如今高度競爭且變化快速的職場中，僅僅被動接受、完成主管工作指令的部屬，已不足以幫助自己在職涯中取得成功，如何有效的向上影響主管，建立良好的上下互惠關係，已成為所有員工的首要課題，也是支持組織永續發展的關鍵。 有別於傳統以領導者為主軸的管理研究，向上影響研究強調部屬可能反過來管理主管，透過特定手段與策略來改變主管的態度與行為。過去研究已對於向上影響策略的定義與分類建立了初步的共識，與策略效能有關的研究，則大多關注於對部屬所帶來的好處，鮮少從主管的角度探討其被影響的歷程，因此本研究將主管的角色納入考量，以訊息處理理論為基礎，探討部屬向上影響策略對於主管授權的影響效果，並試圖瞭解人際信任在其中的中介作用，以及主管權力距離傾向可能扮演的調節角色。 本研究採問卷調查法施測，共蒐集291對主管-部屬對偶樣本，研究結果顯示：部屬的向上影響策略對主管授權具有顯著的影響效果，且主管對部屬的人際信任會中介向上影響策略與主管授權之間的關係，此外，本研究亦發現主管的權力距離傾向會調節部屬向上影響策略（軟性策略、硬性策略）以及人際信任之間的關係。最後，本研究針對研究結果進行討論，並對理論貢獻、實務意涵、研究限制，及未來研究方向加以闡述。 / Upward influence strategy is a gradually concerned research topic, which is considered to be highly related to organization effectiveness and numerous job outcomes. However, most of studies explored this issue from subordinates’ perspective and focused on subordinates’ outcomes, such as job satisfaction, promotion and salary progression. The present study aims at investigating the dynamic process of upward influence strategy from the perspectives of the supervisor, examining the relationship among upward influence strategies, interpersonal trust, delegation and power-distance orientation. Results from over 200 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Taiwan generally supported the hypothesis. Supervisor-perceived subordinate’ s upward influence strategies, i.e. soft, hard, rational, had a significant impact on delegation through the mediating effect of interpersonal trust. In addition, supervisor’s power-distance orientation moderated the relationships between upward influence strategies (soft strategy, hard strategy) and interpersonal trust. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

L’ascension du cardinal de Fleury décrit les mécanismes ayant conduit le rejeton d’une famille de financiers « moyens » du Languedoc à devenir en 1726 le principal ministre de Louis XV. Il faut d’abord compter avec le mouvement d’ensemble de tout un lignage qui plonge ses racines dans la marchandise du lodévois depuis au moins le XVIe siècle. Le passage à la finance s’effectue avec le grand-père du cardinal et se poursuit avec son père Jean et surtout son oncle Pierre-Moïse, trésorier de France au bureau des finances de Montpellier. Ce dernier favorise la montée à Paris du jeune André-Hercule qui embrasse dès lors la carrière ecclésiastique. Les moteurs de l’ascension sont ensuite individuels et reposent sur le jeu des clientèles, avec le cardinal de Bonsy puis le cardinal de Noailles qui obtient d’un Louis XIV réticent l’évêché de Fréjus (1698) pour son protégé. La suite relève davantage de la contingence mais ne peut s’extraire du contexte religieux et, là encore, le système des fidélités. La désignation comme précepteur du futur Louis XV, quelques jours avant la mort du Grand Roi, permet à Fleury de faire sa rentrée à la Cour. L’incontestable habileté de Fleury lui permet de profiter de l’évolution politico-religieuse engagée par le Régent qui, passé une phase initiale de rapprochement avec les adversaires de la bulle Unigenitus, s’en détache bientôt. Fleury incarne un soutien modéré mais ferme. Sa proximité avec le petit roi fait le reste et le positionne en personnalité majeure. Les décès de Dubois puis de Philippe d’Orléans le laissent seul face au duc de Bourbon (1723). Trois ans seulement vont suffire à M. de Fréjus pour éliminer le premier ministre en titre. / The ascent of the cardinal of Fleury describes the mechanisms which have driven the heir of an "average" family of financiers in Languedoc to become Louis XV’s Prime Minister in 1726. It is necessary to underline at first the whole rise of a linage which plunges its roots into the merchandise in the Lodévois for at least the XVIth century. The transition to the finance is made with the cardinal’s grandfather and continues with his father Jean and especially his uncle Pierre-Moses, trésorier de France at the bureau des finances of Montpellier. The latter favors the rise in Paris of the young André-Hercule who embraces from then the ecclesiastical career. The causes of the ascent are individual and are based on the set of the clienteles, with at first the cardinal of Bonsy, then the cardinal of Noailles who obtains from reluctant Louis XIV the bishop's siege of Fréjus ( in 1698 ) for his protégé. The continuation is more a matter of contingency but cannot be extracted from the religious context and, even there, the system of the clienteles. The designation as the private tutor of the future Louis XV, a few days before the death of the Great King, allows Fleury to make his comeback to the Court. The indisputable skill of Fleury allows him to take advantage of the politico-religious evolution led by the Regent who, after an initial phase of proximity with the opponents of the Unigenitus bull, soon gets loose from them. Fleury embodies a moderate support but firm. His closeness with the small king makes of him a major actor. The death of Dubois and of Philippe of Orléans leaves him alone in front of the duke of Bourbon (1723). Three years only will be enough for M. de Fréjus to eliminate the official Prime Minister.

The regulatory framework of many countries allows the upward revaluation of assets. Previous studies on the association of asset revaluation and future performance in Australia (Barth and Clinch, 1998), U.K. (Aboody, Barth and Kasznik, 1999) and Hong Kong (Jaggi and Tsui, 2001) have shown that upward asset revaluations are positively associated with the firm’s operating performance, suggesting that asset revaluations are value relevant. This study extends the previous research by focusing on the New Zealand environment with recent data to examine the association of upward asset revaluation and future operating performance. There is no obvious evidence indicating that upward revaluations are associated with operating performance in New Zealand. Our market assessments show that current year asset revaluations are related to share prices and returns, but are not statistically significant.

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本研究旨在探討我國中學生建立對教師關係時，所使用的人際策略，包括 三種情境; 向教師提出要求時、希望與教師建立良好關係或好印象時，所 使用的向上影響策略，與教師發生不滿或衝突時，所使用的衝突處理策略 ；並探討性別、國高中別、學業成績與中學生對教師所使用的人際策略的 關係。本研究以臺灣地區國中、高中、高職學生為取樣對象，有效樣 本952人（男410人， 女542人）。研究工具包括「提出要求與使用方法」 、「建立良好關係與使用方法」、不滿、衝突與衝突處理方法」與「個人 基本資料」等四部分；統計方法，包括皮爾森積差相關、點二系列相關、 ｔ考驗、單因子與二因子多變項變異數分析、典型相關分析。結果如下： （一）提出要求與使用策略中學生向教師提出的要求，分析後共得八類， 其中最常提出「球類野炊活動」與「減少考試作業」的要求。所使用的策 略共有六種，最常用的是「迂迴訴求」最有效果是「條件交換」，最少用 且認為是最沒效果的是「以退為進」。性別與國高中別在向教師提出要求 時所使用策略上有交互影響。高中女生比國中女生與高中男生常使用影響 策略，且效果更好。學業成綪與使用策略之頻率有顯著差異，但在使用策 略的效果上則無顯著差異。（二）建立良好關係或好印象與使用策略中學 生希望與教師建立良好關係或好印象的類別，共有六類，最希望教師覺得 他是「循規蹈矩」的。所使用的策略共有五種，最常使用「乖巧盡責」， 且效果最佳。最少用且認為效果最差的是「撒嬌討好」。性別與國高中別 在親近關心與認真向上此二種策略之使用頻率上皆有交互影響，且在認真 向上、撒嬌討好與自我表白此三種策略之使用效果上有交互影響。學業成 績不同在乖巧盡責與認真向上策略的使用上有顯著差異。（三）與教師發 生的不滿或衝突與處理策略中學生自我知覺到與教師發生的不滿或衝突類 別，分別有七類，以「不滿教師的教學與處罰」為最多。衝突處理策略共 有五種，最常用的是「忍氣吞聲」，使用效果最佳的是「改過遷善」，最 少用且效果最差的是「委屈無辜」。性別與國高中別在賭氣冷戰、改過遷 善與委屈無辜三種策略之使用頻率上有交互影響，但在策略使用效果上無 顯著差異。學業成績在改過遷善與訴苦力爭策略使用頻率上有顯著差異， 而在改過遷善策略使用效果有顯著差異。

Social comparison influences well-being, especially during psychological threat. Social comparison outcomes have been theorized to depend on motivation, frequency, contrast versus identification, with a better- versus worse-off other. To reduce this complexity in the theory, 94 senior-housing residents were interviewed and cluster analysis was conducted. Four clusters emerged. Half the interviewees formed a cluster using only adaptive social comparison methods. Adaptives were contrasted with a cluster of indiscriminate comparers, a cluster striving for improvement, and a cluster of participants disagreeing with most questions. Clusters differed especially in patterns of downward identification, upward and downward contrast. Self-evaluation and uncertainty-reduction also differed between clusters; self-enhancement and self-improvement motivations did not. Cluster membership had no direct effect on well-being, but moderation analysis demonstrated threat-buffering of high neuroticism in the adaptive cluster. The benefits were not due to self-esteem or educational level. By separating individuals rather than behaviors, cluster analysis provides a fresh perspective.

Social comparison influences well-being, especially during psychological threat. Social comparison outcomes have been theorized to depend on motivation, frequency, contrast versus identification, with a better- versus worse-off other. To reduce this complexity in the theory, 94 senior-housing residents were interviewed and cluster analysis was conducted. Four clusters emerged. Half the interviewees formed a cluster using only adaptive social comparison methods. Adaptives were contrasted with a cluster of indiscriminate comparers, a cluster striving for improvement, and a cluster of participants disagreeing with most questions. Clusters differed especially in patterns of downward identification, upward and downward contrast. Self-evaluation and uncertainty-reduction also differed between clusters; self-enhancement and self-improvement motivations did not. Cluster membership had no direct effect on well-being, but moderation analysis demonstrated threat-buffering of high neuroticism in the adaptive cluster. The benefits were not due to self-esteem or educational level. By separating individuals rather than behaviors, cluster analysis provides a fresh perspective.

Two-photon absorption and two-photon excitation fluorescence of salicylaldehyde azine crystals were investigated. It was observed an intense visible fiuorescence when this material was excited with a laser tuned at the near infrared region. Varying the laser intensity we identified this phenomenon as a simultaneous two-photon laser absorption process. Using open aperture Z-scan measurements we characterized this two-photon absorption phenomenon and measured the value of the two-photon absorption crosssection of this molecule to be equal to 87 GM. Our results indicate that this is a promising organic material aiming nonlinear photonics applications. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Neste trabalho foram investigados os efeitos físicos de Absorção não linear de dois fótons e fluorescência assistida por absoção de dois fótons em cristais orgânicos de salicilaldeído azina. Observou-se uma intensa fluorescência na região visível do espectro, quando este material foi excitado com um laser sintonizado na região do infravermelho próximo. Variando a intensidade do laser, esse fenômeno foi identificado como um processo de absorção simultânea de dois fótons do laser. Usando a técnica de varredura Z fenda aberta, esse efeito de absorção de dois fótons foi caracterizado e a seção de choque de absorção de dois fótons medida para esta molécula foi igual a 87 GM. Esses resultados indicam que essa molécula é um material orgânico promissor para o desenvolvimento de aplicações fotônicas.

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No description available.