Cette recherche se donne pour objectif de questionner la circulation du patrimoine au cœur de l’espace social dans un contexte de développement des politiques locales du patrimoine. Le label Villes et pays d’art et d’histoire conçu il y a trente ans par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication fait office d’analyseur ; la ville d’Annecy de terrain emblématique. Une poétique du patrimoine urbain est mise au jour, dépassant la forme traditionnelle du centre historique pour révéler trois régimes d’opérativité symbolique : l’unicum, le typicum et le totum. Chacun et ensemble, ils fabriquent la dimension patrimoniale de la ville : le premier mobilise le monument historique, le deuxième le centre historique, le troisième la ville patrimoniale. L’analyse de la circulation du patrimoine est ensuite mesurée comme polychrésique à partir des discours produits sur le patrimoine par des acteurs locaux considérés dans toutes leurs diversités (associations, secteurs touristique, culturel, patrimonial). Elle montre que le patrimoine constitue, pour chacun, l’argument d’un discours d’accompagnement spécifique justifiant leur place dans le réseau local : chaque acteur se caractérise par la mobilisation de différentes facettes du patrimoine pour légitimer son activité. L’interrogation des médiations prend pour point de départ l’objet patrimonial. Elle se concentre sur des stratégies communicationnelles distinctes : les centres d’interprétation de l’architecture et du patrimoine construisent le discours en l’absence d’objet patrimonial et l’espace urbain est mis en exposition à partir des objets patrimoniaux in situ. Leur analyse combinée révèle deux régimes de patrimonialisation : au régime de la trace qui convoque une relation indicielle de l’objet avec son monde d’origine s’adjoint un régime de la ressemblance exprimant une relation iconique. À un second niveau, une circulation de la figure de l’objet de musée apparaît, tant dans l’espace d’exposition par le développement d’une méta-communication, qu’en dehors de celui-ci à travers la mobilisation des caractéristiques habituelles de cette figure. Ces résultats nous permettent d’établir une dimension métamorphique du patrimoine apparaissant tant dans les parts polychrésiques de l’objet que par ses transformations successives au sein des médiations. / This thesis questions how the idea of heritage disseminates among the social space in a context of increasing heritage policies, with a focus on the policy of “Villes et pays d’art et d’histoire” and the city of Annecy (France). The preliminary analysis of urban heritage goes beyond the traditional form of the historic district and reveals three forms (unicum, typicum, totum). Each one of them uses different operators to build the heritage of the city: historical monument for the first, historic district for the second and the whole city as heritage for the third. The analysis of this dissemination reveals a “polychresic” heritage through the study of multiple local actors’ discourses (associations, touristic business, cultural and heritage fields, etc.). These discourses about heritage allow each group of actors to insure itself a significant spot in the local network. Each actor distinguishes himself from the others by using its own perception of heritage to improve and secure its activity. The last part of the thesis interrogates two communicational strategies about cultural heritage focusing on the role of objects. On one hand the interpretation centres for architecture and heritage set up a discourse about local heritage and urban space through a documentary exhibition but without object. On another hand, objects (such as monuments) are parts of an in situ exhibition. From the combined analysis of these strategies results two processes of “heritagisation”: object as a relic (index) connecting its present days to its original age, and resemblance as a visual connection (icon). The features of an exhibit finally disseminate in the exhibition venue by initiating a meta-communication and by transferring its characteristics to heritage objects in the urban space. These results allow us to notice a metamorphic dimension of heritage in the various ways it is seen, transformed and featured.

A pesquisa busca avaliar possíveis relações entre o projeto arquitetônico e o restauro de bens culturais. Tendo em vista que esse leque de relações é bastante amplo, procurou-se delimitar o estudo à atuação de dois arquitetos contemporâneos que tenham optado pela aproximação dos critérios de projeto com a análise das preexistências e a observação da cidade histórica. Dentro desse universo foram escolhidos Aldo Rossi (1931-97) e Lina Bo Bardi (1915-92). Rossi, com sua obra A arquitetura da cidade (1966), desperta interesse pelo questionamento aos preceitos do movimento moderno e pela busca de estruturas essenciais permanentes presentes nas cidades em seu devir histórico. Lina Bardi chama atenção pela tentativa de superação da fratura histórica entre o antigo e o moderno e pela ativação de um pertinente exercício crítico aplicado na intervenção relacionada a preexistências de valor documental. O estudo procura explorar os vínculos que os dois arquitetos estabelecem com os respectivos contextos de formação e com a tradição crítica italiana de modo mais amplo. A investigação adota uma abordagem histórica a partir de um recorte temporal que privilegia três momentos específicos: traça inicialmente um panorama do século XIX e da origem das teorias e práticas de conservação dos bens culturais; analisa, a seguir, a década de 1930 como momento de tensão entre duas posturas antagônicas a conservação e a inovação mediante a análise dos seguintes documentos: Carta de Restauro de Atenas (1931) e Carta de Atenas CIAM (1933); por fim, enfoca o período do pós-guerra com ênfase nos anos 1960 como época de reconciliação entre memória e invenção, tendo como pano de fundo o ambiente cultural italiano, com atenção especial à revisão do movimento moderno no que se refere à relação com a história, bem como às discussões ligadas aos temas da conservação dos bens culturais e os desdobramentos desse debate na obra de Aldo Rossi e de Lina Bardi. Entre os objetos de estudo do campo do patrimônio arquitetônico, relacionados à produção de Lina Bardi, destacam-se: a Carta de Veneza (1964), as noções do restauro científico e restauro crítico, além da Teoria del Restauro de Cesare Brandi (1963). O enfoque dos debate recentes sobre a ampliação da noção de patrimônio e suas implicações na cidade contemporânea suscita questionamentos quanto às abordagens centradas em aspectos econômicos e turísticos que relegam a segundo plano as ações de cunho cultural. / This study aims to evaluate possible relations between architectonic design and cultural heritage restoration. In the light of the wide range of relations, this study has been limited to the work of two contemporary architects who opted for approaching design criteria to both pre-existence analysis and historical city observation. Within such universe, Aldo Rossi (1931-97) and Lina Bo Bardi (1915-92) are the object of this study. Rossi, with his work The Architecture of the City (1966), (L\'architettura della Citta) shows interest in both questioning the principles of modern movement and searching for permanent essential structures in the cities related to their historical future. Lina Bo Bardi stands out for her attempt to overcome the historical fracture between the old and the modern as well as, the activation of a pertinent critical exercise applied to the intervention related to the preexisting documental values. This study tries to explore the bounds that both architects establish with their respective upbringing contexts and with the Italian critical traditions in a broader manner. The investigation adopts a historical approach from a time period which privileges three specific moments: first delineates a panorama of 19th century and the origin of theories and practices of cultural heritage preservation; then, it examines the 1930s as a moment of tension between the two opposite approaches preservation and innovation upon the following documents analysis: Athens Charter (1931) and Charter of Athens CIAM (1933); and finally, it focuses the post-war period with emphasis on the 1960s as a reconciliation time between memory and invention, having as background the Italian cultural environment, with special attention to the modern movement reviewing in addressing History as well as to the discussions related to cultural heritage preservation and the unfolding of such debate in the work of Aldo Rossi and Lina Bardi. Among the studied objects in the field of architectonic heritage, related to the production of Lina Bardi, stands out: the Venice Charter (1964), the notions in the scientific restoration and critical restoration, in addition to the Teoria del Restauro by Cesare Brandi (1963). The recent debates focus on the expansion in heritage notions and its implications in the contemporaneous city trigger questionings on the approaches focused on economical and tourism aspects which relegate to second plan the cultural character efforts.This study aims to evaluate possible relations between architectonic design and cultural heritage restoration. In the light of the wide range of relations, this study has been limited to the work of two contemporary architects who opted for approaching design criteria to both pre-existence analysis and historical city observation. Within such universe, Aldo Rossi (1931-97) and Lina Bo Bardi (1915-92) are the object of this study. Rossi, with his work The Architecture of the City (1966), (L\'architettura della Citta) shows interest in both questioning the principles of modern movement and searching for permanent essential structures in the cities related to their historical future. Lina Bo Bardi stands out for her attempt to overcome the historical fracture between the old and the modern as well as, the activation of a pertinent critical exercise applied to the intervention related to the preexisting documental values. This study tries to explore the bounds that both architects establish with their respective upbringing contexts and with the Italian critical traditions in a broader manner. The investigation adopts a historical approach from a time period which privileges three specific moments: first delineates a panorama of 19th century and the origin of theories and practices of cultural heritage preservation; then, it examines the 1930s as a moment of tension between the two opposite approaches preservation and innovation upon the following documents analysis: Athens Charter (1931) and Charter of Athens CIAM (1933); and finally, it focuses the post-war period with emphasis on the 1960s as a reconciliation time between memory and invention, having as background the Italian cultural environment, with special attention to the modern movement reviewing in addressing History as well as to the discussions related to cultural heritage preservation and the unfolding of such debate in the work of Aldo Rossi and Lina Bardi. Among the studied objects in the field of architectonic heritage, related to the production of Lina Bardi, stands out: the Venice Charter (1964), the notions in the scientific restoration and critical restoration, in addition to the Teoria del Restauro by Cesare Brandi (1963). The recent debates focus on the expansion in heritage notions and its implications in the contemporaneous city trigger questionings on the approaches focused on economical and tourism aspects which relegate to second plan the cultural character efforts.

O distrito de Bonfim Paulista localizado próximo à cidade de Ribeirão Preto, no estado de São Paulo, nasce no final do século XIX a partir da implantação de uma estação da estrada de ferro da Cia Mogiana. Razoavelmente preservado em vários de seus aspectos arquitetônicos, urbanos e ambientais tem sido objeto há alguns anos de planos e ações provenientes de diversos setores da sociedade voltadas à proteção e revitalização de seu patrimônio. Esse trabalho visa mapear convergências e divergências desse conjunto variado de propostas de intervenção por parte de estudantes, arquitetos e urbanistas provenientes de instituições de ensino e pesquisa, órgãos públicos e iniciativa privada. Nelas podemos identificar, entre outras coisas, a preocupação com a crescente transformação das áreas rurais adjacentes à vila, onde condomínios residenciais horizontais fechados voltados para classes de alto poder aquisitivo parecem provocar mudanças importantes de hábitos e valores tradicionais do núcleo urbano. Como poderá ser visto ao longo desse trabalho as propostas guardam entre si consensos e dissensos: se atores ligados ao poder público, à academia e a iniciativa privada compartilham a percepção de que Bonfim é um lugar que pede uma intervenção, um projeto, uma postura, pois há ali valores a serem resgatados ou mantidos, os moradores e usuários locais divergem quanto aos objetos e princípios dessa intervenção. Assim as soluções propostas para os problemas da vila variam na mesma medida em que variam as leituras da área e os interesses que informam tais leituras. Refletir sobre essas diversas percepções é também repensar sobre os pressupostos que o conceito de requalificação urbana apresenta contemporaneamente. / The Bonfim Paulista district is located near Ribeirão Preto city in São Paulo state, servant in the final of XIX century through the implantation of a train station belonging to the Mogiana INC. Reasonably preserved in many of their architectural, urban and environmental aspects, the village has been used as an object of plans and actions originating from different areas of the society forward-looking the protection and revitalization of its heritage. This thesis intends to map convergences and divergences about these various sets of intervention proposals originating from students, architects and planners arising from universities, research centers, public agency and private initiative. In all of them it was possible to identify, among other things, an important phenomenon: the rural areas near around the village are being hardly occupied by horizontal closed condominiums built for high purchasing classes and it seems to cause important changes in the villages traditional habits and values. As we will can see in this work, the proposals have consensus and conflicts: if people linked to the public agency, university and private initiative share the perception that Bonfim is a place that asks for an intervention, on the other hand, residents and local users diverge about the objects and principles of this intervention. The solutions proposed for the village´s problems vary as the same way different views and perceptions about the area. Then we intend with this work to reflect about these different perceptions and rethink about the assumptions of contemporary urban renewals proposed in these cases.

As intervenções em antigos sítios industriais geralmente são guiadas pela caracterização desses espaços como reservas de terreno disponível para novos usos, a despeito de suas preexistências históricas, estéticas e memoriais. A partir dessa constatação, a presente pesquisa discute a aplicabilidade dos princípios teóricos da preservação e do restauro na prática de intervenções no patrimônio urbano industrial. Na primeira parte do estudo, são evidenciados os percursos investigativos e cognitivos que concorreram para o amadurecimento de conceitos, teorias e princípios em torno da preservação e do restauro do patrimônio urbano. Na segunda parte, são abordados os principais problemas enfrentados no tratamento dos sítios industriais de interesse cultural e analisados alguns casos de intervenção, com o intuito de discutir os motivos que dificultam a aplicação prática dos princípios anteriormente evidenciados e sugerir caminhos para a condução criteriosa de futuros projetos, a exemplo da Operação Urbana Diagonal Sul, em São Paulo. / Interventions in urban industrial heritage with cultural interest usually are made under the wrong assumption that those spaces are characterized as spare ground available for new uses, in spite of their historical, aesthetic and memorial pre-existence. From that fact, this research discuss the appliance of the theoretical principles of preservation and restoration in the practice of intervention in this heritage. The first part of this study shows the investigative and cognitive ways that concurred to the developing of concepts, theories and principles surrounding restoration and preservation of urban heritage. The second part takes on the major existing problems when dealing with industrial sites and analyses some intervention cases, in order to discuss the reasons that make difficult the appliance of the previously showed principles, and also suggests ways of achieving criteria for the conduct of future projects, like the urban project Diagonal Sul, in São Paulo, Brazil.

En 2010 – au début de nos recherches –, nous observions une grande effervescence autour du « numérique » dans le domaine patrimonial. Face à ce constat d’ampleur et aux discours toujours plus nombreux à son sujet, nous nous sommes interrogée sur ce que le« numérique » fait (ou ne fait pas) à l’expérience patrimoniale. Bien consciente que le changement de support n’entraîne pas nécessairement (voire rarement) des changements dans les pratiques de médiation patrimoniale, nous entendons dans cette recherche le terme numérique non pas comme la technologie numérique mais bien la notion de « numérique »en tant que phénomène social avec tout ce que ce terme véhicule comme discours,imaginaires, pratiques et horizons d’attente. Au-delà des discours portés sur la technologie,nous avons choisi d’étudier un nombre restreint de terrains (la Cité internationale universitaire de Paris et son centre de valorisation du patrimoine L/OBLIQUE ; le Mont-Royal à Montréal et Les amis de la montagne) et d’opter pour une approche socio-sémiotique. Cette thèse montre qu’une même forme, le dispositif cartographique interactif, peut proposer plusieurs logiques de médiation patrimoniale, entre médiation documentaire et médiation culturelle. Elle amène aussi à s’interroger sur une possible reconfiguration des rôles de médiateur et de visiteur en régime numérique : loin de bouleverser les fonctions et l’identité des institutions patrimoniales, les dispositifs numériques mis en œuvre dans ces deux terrains renforcent leur légitimité en tant que médiateurs culturels. / At the beginning of our research in 2010, there was great interest in the advent of the digital era and its impact in the field of cultural heritage. In light of this and the increasingly numerous debates about it, we wondered what “digital phenomena” adds to (or detracts from) the cultural heritage experience. The change of support does not necessarily (rarely even) changes heritage mediation practices, therefore, for the purposes of this research, the term digital refers not to digital technology but the concept of “digital” as a social phenomenon with everything that this implies through speeches, imagination, practices and expectations. To move beyond the discussions about technology, we have chosen to study a limited number of fields (the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris and the Mont-Royal in Montreal) and opt for a socio-semiotic approach. This thesis shows that a same device, the interactive map, can offer multiple possibilities for cultural mediation, between documentary mediation and cultural mediation. It also calls into question a possible reconfiguration of the roles of mediator and visitor in the digital forum: far from upsetting the function and identity of heritage institutions, digital devices implemented in these two fields strengthen their legitimacy as cultural mediators.

Créé en 1972 par l’adoption de la Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel, le patrimoine mondial a connu en 40 ans une importance croissante. Aujourd’hui, il est devenu l’élément incontournable et prestigieux d’une culture qui s’internationalise au rythme des nouvelles technologies, des flux mondiaux et du numérique. Mais il semble également représenter un ancrage plus marqué à la fois dans la matérialité des sites, toujours plus nombreux, et dans leur unicité. Parmi ces sites, les centres historiques connaissent des situations où l’inscription ajoute un niveau de complexité supplémentaire aux tensions existantes. Ainsi, la reconnaissance internationale et la hausse du tourisme semblent transformer physiquement l’environnement urbain, mais aussi ses usages et sa population. Le plus souvent, la réflexion à propos de ces sites s’intéresse donc à leur aménagement et leur gestion, où les habitants sont un élément parmi d’autres à ordonner, pour préserver le site et profiter des retombées économiques de son exploitation touristique.Cette recherche tente au contraire d’examiner comment ces sites se transforment et comment ils deviennent du patrimoine mondial. En outre, elle propose que le processus de patrimonialisation ne soit pas seulement le fait des autorités, mais qu’il repose aussi sur les habitants qui continuent de donner un sens à ces espaces urbains. En effet, le patrimoine est entendu ici comme une construction sociale résultant de la production de représentations par les groupes sociaux qui le revendiquent. La compréhension de ce processus requiert donc du chercheur qu’il mette en évidence les différentes représentations patrimoniales.Le site choisi pour cette étude, le centre historique d’Arequipa au Pérou, est situé dans une région où la conception du patrimoine urbain est plus sociale et plus inclusive des habitants, avec des enjeux exacerbés par des contrastes forts entre richesse et pauvreté, entre centres et périphéries, entre cultures urbaines et rurales.L’étude s’inscrit dans une perspective phénoménologique et propose une herméneutique de la patrimonialisation, c’est-à-dire une interprétation des représentations patrimoniales à partir de leur contexte de production, permettant de restituer les différents processus de patrimonialisation, et ainsi de comprendre l’évolution des valeurs patrimoniales et des transformations qui y sont liées. Pour ce faire une méthode historico-interprétative d’analyse contextualisée des données recueillies dans les documents, par l’observation et par des entretiens, est utilisée. Cette analyse souhaite ainsi contribuer au développement des études patrimoniales en proposant une approche herméneutique qui puisse servir à d’autres travaux.Cette recherche démontre que la patrimonialisation du site du patrimoine mondial du centre historique d’Arequipa est un processus hybride, à la fois physique et symbolique, institutionnel et social, global et local. Elle met en évidence la construction de représentations patrimoniales liées à l’inscription, mais aussi la reconstruction a posteriori d’une continuité historique entre les représentations issues de différents processus, ou cycles, de patrimonialisation. Elle montre enfin que les interventions sur l’environnement bâti sont l’expression des valeurs patrimoniales qui lui sont attribuées plutôt que la recherche d’un état de conservation.Ce travail permet aussi de dégager des effets plus liés à la reconnaissance en tant que patrimoine mondial, tels que des effets d’amplification et d’essentialisation du patrimoine. On observe également une possible prise en compte, dans les interventions, des attentes supposées des touristes. Cette mise en abyme des représentations conférerait au patrimoine mondial un caractère « méta-patrimonial ». Enfin, d’autres conséquences de l’inscription semblent exister, bien qu’elles n’aient pas été confirmées par cette étude, notamment en termes économiques et fonciers / Created in 1972 by the adoption of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the idea of World Heritage has experienced 40 years of growing importance. Today, it has become the essential and prestigious element of a culture that becomes global by following new technologies, global flows and the digital era. But it also seems to be more firmly anchored in both the materiality of the sites on an ever growing World Heritage List and their uniqueness.Among these sites, historic centres experience situations where the inscription on the World Heritage List adds another level of complexity to existing tensions. International recognition and increased tourism seem to physically transform the urban environment, but also its uses and its population. In most cases/often studies about historic centres focus on planning and management, with people being one factor among many others, to preserve the site and benefit from tourism development.This research aims instead at examining how these sites are changing and how they become World Heritage. In addition, it proposes that the heritagization process is not only managed by the authorities, but it also relies on the inhabitants who continue to give meaning to these urban areas. In this work, heritage is understood as social construction that results from the production of representations by social groups claiming it. Understanding this process therefore requires the researcher to bring out the various heritage representations.The site chosen for this study, the Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa in Peru, is located in a region where the concept of urban heritage is more social and inclusive of people, with issues aggravated by strong contrasts between wealth and poverty, centres and peripheries, urban and rural cultures.This study adopted a phenomenological perspective and proposes a hermeneutic of heritage, that is to say, an interpretation of heritage representations from their context of production to reconstruct the different heritage processes and to understand the evolution of heritage values and physical changes. To do so, the researcher employed a historical-interpretative method of contextualized analysis of data collected through document review, observation and interviews. This study seeks to contribute to the development of heritage studies proposing a hermeneutic approach that could be used in other research.This research shows that the heritagization process of the Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa is a hybrid process, both physical and symbolic, institutional and social, global and local. It highlights the making of heritage representations related to the inscription on the World Heritage List, but also an a posteriori reconstruction of historical continuity among representations produced by different processes, or cycles, of heritagization. Finally, it shows that most interventions on the built environment are a result of assigned values rather than a search for a state of conservation.This work also suggests the existence of effects related to the recognition as World Heritage, such as amplification and essentialisation of heritage. There is also a presumed consideration of the supposed expectations of tourists to intervene on the built environment. This mise en abyme of representations gives World Heritage a "meta-heritage" character. Finally, other consequences of the inscription seem to exist, especially in terms of economic impact and land value. These have however not been confirmed through this study

Dans notre thèse, nous cherchons à identifier les moyens et les modalités qui permettent d'intégrer des dimensions urbanistiques dans l'élaboration d'un projet visant à mettre en valeur un ensemble urbain patrimonial. Elle a pour but d'éclairer les composantes d'une approche urbanistique de la conservation du patrimoine bâti. À partir de l'étude de neuf projets de valorisation patrimoniale situés le long du canal de Lachine, à Montréal, nous questionnons l'apport du discours actuel de la conservation à la revitalisation des milieux urbains anciens. Notre recherche repose sur l'hypothèse suivante : que l'arrimage entre le maintien de l'identité des lieux et la transformation de la ville passe avant tout par la diversité et la complémentarité des différentes vocations et usages des espaces de la ville. Le regard que nous posons sur les projets retenus a pour principal objectif d'identifier les éléments par lesquels ces derniers se situent dans une perspective de projet urbain. Constituée en réaction à une pratique urbanistique décontextualisée, cette notion s'appuie sur les travaux reliés à la question du patrimoine urbain, notamment ceux de Gustavo Giovannoni et de l'école italienne de typomorphologie. Puisque les projets étudiés misent sur une approche sectorielle de la transformation de l'ancien corridor industriel, ainsi que sur son unique arrimage à une échelle régionale de l'organisation du territoire, ceux-ci se différencient d'une perspective de projet urbain. Nous identifions en quoi ces projets s'éloignent d'une telle approche et comment le discours patrimonial ici développé empêche l'intégration du corridor du canal de Lachine aux dynamiques urbaines locales. / In this thesis we aim to determine how we can integrate urbanistic dimensions to the elaboration of a project which intends to preserve an old urban area. This thesis has for main objective to enlighten elements of an urbanistic perspective of heritage conservation. From the study of nine projects of heritage preservation located along the Lachine canal in Montreal, we question the contribution of the actual discourse on heritage conservation to the revitalization of old urban areas. Our research is based on the following hypothesis: that the integration of heritage conservation issues to the transformation of the city results from the diversity and the complementarity of the vocational activities and from the different uses of the urban spaces. The study of those projects is conducted in order to identify how they take place in an urban project's perspective. Constituted as a reaction to decontextualized urban planning practices, the notion of urban project is based on works related to the concept of urban heritage, specifically those of Gustavo Giovannoni and the Italian school of typomorphology. Because the projects that we have studied insist on a sectorial approach of the transformation of the old industrial corridor, and only on its integration to a regional scale of the organization of the territory, we can't consider that they take place in an urban project's perspective. We show how they differ from such an approach and how the discourse on heritage conservation developed in those projects forbids the integration of the Lachine canal corridor into local urban dynamics.

A pesquisa pretende contribuir para o estudo da trajetória de preservação do patrimônio arquitetônico e urbanístico no país por meio da análise das estratégias de intervenção no conjunto urbano de Diamantina, empreendidas pelo Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN), entre 1938 e 1967. Ao avaliarmos o percurso da cidade, nas três décadas seguintes ao seu tombamento, buscamos aprofundar a compreensão dos pressupostos teóricos e das questões pragmáticas enfrentadas na intrincada tarefa à qual se lançou, pioneiramente, o corpo técnico do recém criado órgão federal de preservação. Este resgate se faz, sobretudo, a partir da documentação existente nos arquivos da própria instituição que, compreendida à luz do contexto da época, torna-se instrumento de reflexão acerca da complexa interação entre a população, o poder municipal, a direção central do SPHAN então representada por Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade , sua regional mineira, coordenada pelo arquiteto Sylvio de Vasconcellos, e o colaborador local, João Brandão Costa. O estudo atento dos procedimentos que foram se constituindo na prática vai, pouco a pouco, reconstruindo um cotidiano no qual o que se revela, nas entrelinhas das diretrizes formuladas para a inserção de novas edificações, para demolições e reconstruções, ou para as restaurações do casario existente, é um propósito maior de redesenho da história de si mesmo, da própria ideia de Brasil. / The research assists in an understanding of the Brazilian architectural and urban heritage preservation practices, by analysing the strategies of the federal organ then called the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Service (SPHAN) in the restoration works that were executed in the urban site of Diamantina, between 1938 e 1967. As we follow its path reviewing the three decades after the city was signed national monument , we go through a deeper comprehension of its theoretical concepts as well as its pragmatic issues that the staff of SPHAN had to deal with, in the very complex task they faced, pioneeringly. This search is recreated, mainly, by the analyses of the documents found in the archives of the institution. The documentation seen as a result of its context becomes, then, an useful instrument of careful examination on the intricate interactions between population, local government, and the main direction of SPHAN then represented by Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade , its state district, run by the architect Sylvio de Vasconcellos, and the city supporter, João Brandão Costa. The accurate investigation of the procedures that took place shows a panorama of recommendations for new constructions, demolitions and reconstructions, or for restorations of the existent houses that reveal a greater goal of retelling the history of itself, the own idea of Brazil.

Les places publiques d’Oran sont des espaces d’identification et de symbolique de la ville coloniale. Elles se donnent à voir par leurs caractéristiques physiques et esthétiques propres mais aussi par leur participation à la vie urbaine. Cependant, la croissance de la ville a contribué à la redistribution des pratiques de sociabilité dans l’espace urbain. La recherche sur les places publiques d’Oran se doit donc de contribuer à une réflexion plus large sur la fabrique des espaces publics urbains et de s’inscrire dans l’actualité de la recherche urbaine sur le monde arabe et méditerranéen. Dans cette perspective se posent trois questions fondamentales. Celle des héritages d’un urbanisme issu de la culture européenne « exporté » vers la rive sud de la Méditerranée. Celle de la conception et de la gestion actuelles des espaces publics par les pouvoirs locaux, les opérateurs techniques, et les divers acteurs. Et celle enfin des usages contemporains de ces espaces par les usagers-habitants. Les usages des places et des lieux urbains à Oran sont réels, parfois même surprenants. Ils sont étroitement liés à leur position dans la ville, à leur configuration formelle et visuelle, et à la qualité de leur aménagement. Ils sont aussi inhérents à la place qu’ils occupent dans l’imaginaire collectif. Ces aspects essentiels à la fabrique des espaces publics ne sont pas, cependant, pris en compte dans les pratiques urbanistiques contemporaines. Le problème de la reconnaissance de l’espace public en tant qu’espace autorisant le vivre ensemble dans la grande ville, structurant l’espace urbain et accessible à tous, reste fondamentalement posé à Oran. / Oran public squares are identification and symbolic spaces of the colonial city. They are given to see by their physical and aesthetic characteristics but also by their participation in urban life. However, the growth of the city contributes to the redistribution of sociability in urban space. Research on public squares of Oran therefore has thus to contribute to a broader thought on making urban public spaces and to be part of the current urban research on the Arab and Mediterranean World. In this issue, three fundamental questions arose. That of legacies of town planning coming from European culture "exported" to the southern bank of the Mediterranean Sea. That of the current design and management of public spaces by local authorities, technical operators and various actors. And finally that of contemporary uses of these spaces by local users. Social practices of squares and urban places in Oran are real, sometimes surprising. They are closely related to their position in the city, their urban and visual form, and the quality of their installations. They are also inherent in the position they have in the collective imaginary. These important aspects in making public spaces, however, are not regarded in contemporary urban practices. The problem of the recognition of the public space as public realm, organizing the urban space and accessible to all, is fundamentally questioned in Oran.

A conservação do patrimônio urbano encontra, nesta tese, aspectos de sua gênese legal na Itália. Abordam-se, em diálogo com a historiografia dedicada à obra de Gustavo Giovanonni, as importantes contribuições desse influente engenheiro para a introdução do conceito de \"ambiente\" nas leis de proteção do patrimônio cultural desse país no período entreguerras, inclusive aquelas voltadas para as chamadas \"belezas naturais e panorâmicas\". Com a interpretação de ideias e expressões utilizadas por Giovannoni, como \"ambiente do monumento\", \"ambiente tradicional dos lugares\" e \"complexo de coisas imóveis que compõem um característico aspecto com valor estético e tradicional\", evidencia-se ter sido ele um agente central à ampliação da tutela no seu país, para além daquela voltada ao \"monumento\" isolado, assim como para a introdução, na legislação, de instrumentos importantes para o campo da conservação urbana, como a figura do \"plano\". Nesse processo, identifica-se grande coerência entre a atuação do Giovannoni consultor ministerial e a do Giovannoni idealizador de leis, assim como entre o Giovannoni prático e o teórico, em campos imbricados como aqueles que hoje seriam definidos como do desenho urbano, do planejamento urbano e da conservação urbana. Intenta-se empreender uma abordagem historiográfica que contemple esse personagem, respeitando a complexidade de sua atuação. / The conservation of urban heritage finds, in this thesis, aspects of its legal genesis in Italy. Through dialogue with the historiography dedicated to the work of Gustavo Giovanonni, the thesis touches on the important contributions this influential engineer had on the introduction of the idea of \"ambiente\" in laws protecting cultural heritage in the country in the period between the first and second world wars, including those concerning so-called \"natural and panoramic beauties\". Through the interpretation of ideas and expressions used by Giovannoni, such as \"ambiente of monuments\", \"traditional ambiente of sites\" and \"the complex of immovable objects which form an appearance of aesthetic and traditional value\", we can see clearly that he was a key figure in widening the scope of protection laws in his country, taking it beyond that concerning isolated monuments as well as introducing legislation concerning important measures to be used in the area of urban conservation such as a master plan. During this process we can identify a great coherence between the work of Giovannoni as ministerial consultant and that of Giovannoni creator of laws, as well as the practical and theoretic Giovannoni in overlapping areas, such as those today defined as urban design, urban planning and urban conservation. The intention of this work is to use a historiographical approach which contemplates this man whilst respecting the complexity of his work.