As relações políticas existentes na construção do planejamento das cidades brasileiras constituem o objeto de pesquisa desta tese de doutorado. Apesar da criação do Estatuto da Cidade, em 2001, pouco se avançou na garantia do direito à cidade para aquelas pessoas que mais sofrem com as diversas desigualdades sociais, construídas historicamente sob um leque de privilégios de grupos dominantes nas cidades. Entre esses grupos estão os empresários que, reunidos em associações, pautam firmemente as ações estatais, sobretudo as políticas urbanas, desde as metrópoles até as pequenas cidades. Para analisar tal ação política, utilizaremos a teoria do rent-seeking, amplamente difundida na Economia e na Ciência Política. Esta tese busca provar a existência de um rent-seeking urbano, pois o que está em disputa na cidade é a renda a partir da terra urbana, maximizando lucros e expandindo as fronteiras da acumulação do capital, o qual está imbricado em uma extensa rede financeira global e se expressa nas cidades, lócus da reprodução da vida dos cidadãos. Aplicaremos essa tese ao caso da cidade de Joinville, situada no estado de Santa Catarina, detentora da terceira maior população da região Sul do país. Joinville possui uma grande articulação de entidades empresariais com poderoso capital político, capaz de influenciar os diversos grupos sociais e políticos locais. A partir da criação do Plano Diretor de Joinville, em 2008, coincidindo com o período da grande expansão do setor imobiliário brasileiro, novos interesses entram em disputa. Para garantir o rent-seeking urbano, a coalizão de empresários precisou realinhar conservadoramente as instâncias da democracia participativa, financiar campanhas eleitorais e exercer lobbies sob os principais marcos legais em discussão. Excluindo, assim, aqueles que contestam os privilégios políticos de alguns grupos e desmandos empresariais. / The existing political relations on construction of urban planning in Brazilian cities are the research object of this doctoral thesis. Despite the creation of the City Statute in 2001, little progress was made in guaranteeing city rights for those people who suffer most with several social inequalities, historically built under a range of privileges from dominant groups in the cities. Among these groups there are entrepreneurs who participate in associations and debate firmly on state actions, mainly urban politics, from metropolis to small cities. To analyze this political action the rent-seeking theory, which is widely used on Economy and Political Science, will be used. This thesis aims to prove the existence of urban rent-seeking, because what's on stake in the city is the wealth provision of urban land, maximizing profits and expanding the borders of capital accumulation, which is interwoven into an extensive financial network and this is expressed in the cities, locus of citizen's lives. This thesis will be applied in Joinville city, located in Santa Catarina state, with the third largest population of the country's southern region. Joinville has a great political business entities articulation with plenty political power which influences several social and political groups. With the creation of Joinville masterplan in 2008, coinciding with the expansion of Brazilian real estate industry, new interests are in disputation. To ensure the urban rent-seeking, the coalition of entrepreneurs needed realign conservatively the participatory democracy, fund election campaigns and lobby the principals legal frameworks in discussion. Thereby, excluding those who contest political privilege of some groups and business entities.

La culture se retrouve au coeur de stratégies de villes comme ressource mobilisée et articulée au sein de projets urbains, économiques et sociaux. Ainsi de nouveaux modèles et concepts apparaissent-ils, véhiculant un discours sur ses vertus territoriales : le cultural planning, la ville créative, la métropole culturelle, le quartier artistique, etc. La culture est alors considérée comme une dimension du développement territorial, faisant perdre au « secteur culturel » une partie de son autonomie. Ces recompositions de l'action publique culturelle sont directement liées à la formation de modes de gouvernance fondés sur une logique politique du territoire. Les principes conventionnels qu'ils génèrent mettent à l'épreuve les acteurs locaux et les équilibres préexistants. Du gouvernement de la culture à la gouvernance culturelle des villes, ce sont les mécanismes d'émergence et d'institutionnalisation de mondes de coopération spécifiques à Lille, Lyon, Saint-Étienne et Montréal qui sont ici observés. Cette thèse entend contribuer au débat sur la constitution des villes en acteurs collectifs, tel qu'il se configure à partir de l'action culturelle / Culture is at the heart of the stategies of cities : it is an articulated resource of their urban, economical and social projects. This is how new models and concepts appear, promoting a position about its territorial virtues : cultural planning, the creative city, the cultural metropolis, the artistic district, etc. Culture is thus considered as an aspect of territorial development, which contributes to the "cultural sector" losing part of its autonomy. The changes in public cultural action are directly linked to the creation of governance modes that are based on a political logic of the territory. The conventional principles thus generated put the local actors and the former balance to the test. From the government of culture to the cultural governance of cities, we observe the process of emergence and institutionalisation of specific worlds of cooperation in Lille, Lyon, Saint-Etienne and Montreal. The point of this thesis is to contribute to the debate on the constitution of cities as collective actors

As relações políticas existentes na construção do planejamento das cidades brasileiras constituem o objeto de pesquisa desta tese de doutorado. Apesar da criação do Estatuto da Cidade, em 2001, pouco se avançou na garantia do direito à cidade para aquelas pessoas que mais sofrem com as diversas desigualdades sociais, construídas historicamente sob um leque de privilégios de grupos dominantes nas cidades. Entre esses grupos estão os empresários que, reunidos em associações, pautam firmemente as ações estatais, sobretudo as políticas urbanas, desde as metrópoles até as pequenas cidades. Para analisar tal ação política, utilizaremos a teoria do rent-seeking, amplamente difundida na Economia e na Ciência Política. Esta tese busca provar a existência de um rent-seeking urbano, pois o que está em disputa na cidade é a renda a partir da terra urbana, maximizando lucros e expandindo as fronteiras da acumulação do capital, o qual está imbricado em uma extensa rede financeira global e se expressa nas cidades, lócus da reprodução da vida dos cidadãos. Aplicaremos essa tese ao caso da cidade de Joinville, situada no estado de Santa Catarina, detentora da terceira maior população da região Sul do país. Joinville possui uma grande articulação de entidades empresariais com poderoso capital político, capaz de influenciar os diversos grupos sociais e políticos locais. A partir da criação do Plano Diretor de Joinville, em 2008, coincidindo com o período da grande expansão do setor imobiliário brasileiro, novos interesses entram em disputa. Para garantir o rent-seeking urbano, a coalizão de empresários precisou realinhar conservadoramente as instâncias da democracia participativa, financiar campanhas eleitorais e exercer lobbies sob os principais marcos legais em discussão. Excluindo, assim, aqueles que contestam os privilégios políticos de alguns grupos e desmandos empresariais. / The existing political relations on construction of urban planning in Brazilian cities are the research object of this doctoral thesis. Despite the creation of the City Statute in 2001, little progress was made in guaranteeing city rights for those people who suffer most with several social inequalities, historically built under a range of privileges from dominant groups in the cities. Among these groups there are entrepreneurs who participate in associations and debate firmly on state actions, mainly urban politics, from metropolis to small cities. To analyze this political action the rent-seeking theory, which is widely used on Economy and Political Science, will be used. This thesis aims to prove the existence of urban rent-seeking, because what's on stake in the city is the wealth provision of urban land, maximizing profits and expanding the borders of capital accumulation, which is interwoven into an extensive financial network and this is expressed in the cities, locus of citizen's lives. This thesis will be applied in Joinville city, located in Santa Catarina state, with the third largest population of the country's southern region. Joinville has a great political business entities articulation with plenty political power which influences several social and political groups. With the creation of Joinville masterplan in 2008, coinciding with the expansion of Brazilian real estate industry, new interests are in disputation. To ensure the urban rent-seeking, the coalition of entrepreneurs needed realign conservatively the participatory democracy, fund election campaigns and lobby the principals legal frameworks in discussion. Thereby, excluding those who contest political privilege of some groups and business entities.

Le droit de l’urbanisme actuellement en Chine, prend vraiment en compte les objectifs de la protection environnementale ? C’est en s’appuyant d’abord sur la réforme du système de la propriété foncière publique que la thèse entend répondre, concrètement à cette question, en s’appuyant sur un système dual : propriété foncière étatique et collective. Il s’agit une analyse initiale, plutôt macro-vision, le parcours des réformes foncières (un lien direct d’évolution de l’urbanisation) et les utilisateurs de terres. En général, en Chine, l’État reste le seul propriétaire réel de tous les terrains et par délégations, les gouvernements locaux gèrent eux aussi l’utilisation de terres. Suscité par un grand intérêt, ce dernier ne remplit pas leur rôle et la dégradation environnement au cours de l’urbanisation poursuit…À partir de cette observation, on traite son administration. Il s’agit précisément qui sont les acteurs et au sein de ces-ci comment les pouvoirs se partagent. Les structures d’urbanisme manquent de transparence et d’indépendance, les diversités des organes ont des ambitions d’une protection complète mais des conflits apparaissent. Dans sa deuxième partie, plutôt micro-vision, on constate les règlementations d’urbanisme, les procédures et les démarches de cette prise en compte. En effet, on constate que le volume de règles a pris une extension inquiétante et sa refonte, au nom de la cohérence, l’accessibilité et de l’intelligibilité du droit, devient urgente. En privilégiant ensuite des analyses procédurales, ce travail interroge la mise en œuvre concrète de cette prise en compte : la procédure d’évaluation environnementale et la procédure de participation. Ceux-ci s’appuient sur le fait que, la rapide urbanisation entraîne une reconfiguration de l’espace urbain et divers intérêts surmontent, la dégradation de l’environnement jointe à l’importance de l’urbanisation est devenue un défi majeur de gouvernance. Les peuples sont plus en plus sensibles aux questions qui concernent l’habitat, le bien-être et la citoyenneté, le gouvernement devrait changer leurs méthodes. À partir de différents angles d’observation- historique, politique, administratif,juridique et social- la recherche se propose de déterminer dans quelle mesure qu’il y aura une meilleure protection environnementale dans le droit de l’urbanisme. Cependant, les réformes sont envisagées et un triple problème surgit : celui de l’harmonisation et de la cohérence entre les règlements, celui de la clarté du droit au nom de l’efficacité et de la sécurité juridique, celui de l’amélioration de la procédure. Contrairement aux idées reçues,le gouvernement a une intention d’accorder une importance à cette question, ce qu’il manifeste par sa constance à conduire des innovations et des réformes dans la matière. Le fait est, pour le moment, la planification, au lieu d’être un moyen de la protection, est mise au service de la croissance d’économie. Faute de réglementation plus efficace, la prise en compte reste encore très limitée. / This thesis aims to answer the question that if the law of planification of China, really takes account of the objectives of environmental protection. The answer is based on, first of all, the reform of system of land ownership. This thesis cracks the problemby two approaches: the state and collective property right. The first part of the analysisis macro-perspective, i.e., the course of land reform (direct link of the development ofurbanization) and the land users. In general, the state remains the sole owner of all the land and delegates the local governments to manage the use of land in China. However, the high interest undermines their roles, and degradation of environment in the process of urbanization continues. Based on this observation, we analyzed their administration, i.e., who are exactly the actors and how the powers are shared. The lack of transparency and independence is in its structure, i.e., they have ambitions to have a good protection but the conflict appears frequently. In the further part, micro-vision was employed. We focused on the regulations of planification, procedures and formalities that is deeply involved. In fact, we find that the volume of law was expanded and a need of consolidation is urgent for the coherence, accessibility and understanding of law. Then it follows the analysis of two procedures: the procedure of environmental assessment as well as participation. These procedures are the practical implementation of the consideration of the environment. The fact is that rapid urbanization resulted in a reconfiguration of the urban space, and the appearance of avariety of interests. The degradation of environment, coupled with the importance of urbanization has become a challenge to governance. People realized more and more issues related to housing, welfare and citizenship. This forces the government to change their policies and acts.From different points of views- historical, political, administrative, legal andsocial- this research determines how a better environmental protection can play in law of planification. The reforms are envisaged, and there are still problems: the harmonization and consistency of the regulations, the clarity of the law for his efficiency and law security, the improvement of the process. Contrary to what isreceived, the government has intention to solve this question, as demonstrated by hisconsistency to innovation and reform in the field. At the present, planification, rather than a method of protection, works for the growth of the economy. Due to the lack of effective regulation, the real consideration of environment is still very limited.

With the rising number of world population living in urban areas and the changing consumption habits, solid waste management has become a predominant urban problem. The problem is further compounded in urban areas of Global South where rapid unplanned urbanization has brought forward the issue of poor basic urban services like water supply, solid waste management, energy supply and transport. The rapid urban growth taking place in capital of Nepal, Kathmandu and the burgeoning solid waste management challenge in the metropolitan is a representative case put forward by this dissertation. Solid waste management in Kathmandu is limited to collection and disposal with minimum consideration on ground to move from current disposal-oriented practices towards resource management-based approach. The existing government structure is struggling to provide waste services to the growing number of urban residents and does not have capacity to diversify solid waste management practices and move towards circular economy in waste. The inability to provide waste services to all residents and its non-compliance to solid waste management regulations indicate the weak government structure. This demands for the exploration of each actor and their engagement in solid waste management, for which the concept of solid waste governance is taken as an entry point. More specifically the governance aspect of integrated solid waste management framework is taken as a first step to investigate the situation. In addition, physical aspects as put forward by the integrated solid waste management framework such as storage, collection, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, transportation and disposal are touched upon while delving into the everyday operations of waste management. The governance aspect of the framework focuses on achieving actor inclusivity, financial sustainability with sound institutions and proactive policies for attaining integrated solid waste management. The integrated framework arose out of the need for the recognition of actors both formal and informal contributing to waste systems. It also marks for attaining financial sustainability with comprehensive institutions for implementing waste related policies. It embarks for a shift away from the state centric to an integrated approach for waste management.

Placemaking is an approach to designing urban spaces based on their existing values and identities. It has emerged as a response to citizens wishing to have an active role in the planning process and influence the development of their own surroundings. Placemaking often occurs from spontaneous consequences, with a diverse range of urban stakeholders involved in the process. Leading these complex processes has required local authorities to rethink their approach to urban governance. Despite municipalities being key actors in placemaking contexts, their role in the process is not well understood. Through a comparative case study of Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen, this thesis examines how local authorities have interpreted and contributed to placemaking. The cities are analysed with a theoretical framework consisting of their governance structures, spatial leadership roles, placemaking tools and facilitation of public participation. The results indicate that municipalities interpret placemaking to involve public participation in a place-bound approach. A wide range of stakeholders were identified to be involved in the placemaking process, including local authorities, artists, neighbourhood associations, leisure time clubs, civic interest groups and private property developers. The roles of these actors were found to vary greatly from project to project. The study concludes that – despite some opportunistic flexibility – the municipalities of Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen generally take on a more observing, follower-dominant and bottom-linked role in the placemaking process. This observation implies that during the 21st century, cities have adopted a significantly more adaptive and observant role in their urban governance processes. This is especially evident within the placemaking context, which embraces the idea of co-creation and collaboration.

There is a large body of literature in the planning field on the topic of collaborative processes of decision-making, particularly in the United States and Europe. However, there appears to be less debate on the subject of complementing these ideas with contributions from urban governance. This research aims to contribute to that complementary work. In order to accomplish that, this thesis presents first a theoretical analysis of collaborative rationality and urban governance contributions. This analysis focuses on the articulation of those aspects that can offer a more holistic framework for addressing urban issues in a more inclusive way. Second, it provides a case study that takes place in the City of Rafaela, Argentina. The case study consists of an assessment of the regulatory and institutional framework that affects planning and the exploration of two contentious recent processes. One of them is the ‘Downtown Revitalization’ project and the second one is the ‘Future use of the Old Bus Terminal’. Several interviews with key actors were conducted in order to gather the information, which was combined with public and media documentation available. These two processes help to understand how significant decisions regarding uses and renovation of urban space are made and the opportunities to implement more collaborative processes in planning. The results show that the combination of the aspects highlighted by both bodies of theory can help to better address conflicts that arise regarding urban space, while increasing citizen participation and addressing issues of inequality in the process of decision-making.

Stadterneuerung in Ghana ist seit Jahren auch durch den Widerstand von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern geprägt. Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen Analyse und Fallstudie zur Sanierung von Marktinfrastrukturen in Kumasi und Cape Coast zeigt diese kumulative Dissertation, dass es zum besseren Verständnis der Ursachen von zivilem Widerstand insbesondere Aufmerksamkeit für die Qualität der Governance-Prozesse selbst bedarf. Marktsanierungsprojekte in Ghana sind durch fünf Prozessphasen geprägt: Scoping, Planung, Finanzierung, Standortverlagerung und -zuweisung. In allen Phasen lassen sich jeweils anders gelagerte Kombinationen aus staatlichen Praktiken des Klientelismus und Neoliberalismus, des Aktivismus nichtstaatlicher Akteure sowie externer, globale und entwicklungsorientierter Investitionspraktiken internationaler und bilateraler Agenturen beobachten. In jeder Phase der Stadterneuerung spiegeln sich städtische Governance-Politiken, auf die wiederum stadt-politische Akteure mit Interventionen reagieren, um diesen Politiken entgegen zu wirken. Konzeptionell trägt die vorliegende Studie zu verschiedenen Diskursen bei: eine multidimensionale analytische Rahmung der geographischen Handelsforschung mit Fokus auf Märkte; eine Betrachtung von Aktivismus als zusätzlicher Dimension der städtischen Governance; die Auseinandersetzung mit politisch induzierter Verdrängung durch staatliche Handlungsweisen als alternativem Konstrukt zur Analyse von marktinduzierten Verdrängungsprozessen; und einen Beitrag zu Debatten um städtische Effekte ausländischer Direktinvestitionen. Die Ergebnisse können integrative Stadtentwicklung und eine nachhaltige Existenzgrundlage urbanen Zusammenlebens im anglophonen Westafrika fördern. Weitere Forschung wird empfohlen, um ein Verständnis für die Governance-Prozesse und die Dynamiken städtischer Infrastrukturentwicklung in der Subregion zu generieren. / Citizen resistance has characterized urban regeneration in Ghana for many years. Previous studies have indicated that resistance against urban regeneration is caused by non-payment of compensation, lack of participation and the failure of the state to provide relocation sites. Through a qualitative analysis of market redevelopment in Kumasi and Cape Coast, this dissertation argues that we should pay more attention to the politics and activism rooted in the urban governance processes, if we are to understand citizen resistance against urban regeneration in Ghana. Market infrastructural redevelopment in Ghana are implemented through the process of scoping, planning, financing, relocation and allocation. This process is shaped by an interplay of internal state practices of clientelism and neoliberalism and activism of non-state actors, as well as external practices of globalization and development funding by international and bilateral agencies. Every stage of the redevelopment process mirrors the politicized nature of urban governance and citizen intervention by way of activism for changing urban governance. Theoretically, this dissertation contributes a multidimensional analytical framework to marketplace research; activism as an additional dimension of urban governance; politically-induced displacement as an alternative construct for analyzing displacement processes; and to the urban debates around Chinese infrastructure finance. The wider implications of the findings of the study for market redevelopment and urban governance in Anglophone West Africa are discussed. Further research is recommended to provide an understanding of the governance processes and dynamics of other forms of urban infrastructural development taking place in the sub-region.

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Fokus i den här uppsatsen ligger på samverkan mellan tre offentliga utvecklingsaktörer iSkåne; Region Skåne, Länsstyrelsen Skåne och kommunerna. En god samverkan dessaaktörer emellan anses generellt vara viktigt, och något av en grundläggande aspekt, för att den hållbara stadsutvecklingen i Skåne ska ledas i rätt riktning. Det teoretiska ramverk som används i uppsatsen målar upp en bild av hur samverkansprocesser kan te sig i verkligheten, samt belyser hur problem och utmaningar kan tacklas. Ramverket består av främst governance och collaborative planning – två teorier som är relevanta för både samverkan och hållbar stadsutveckling. Uppsatsen innehåller därtill en nulägesanalys av hur samverkan mellan de tre aktörerna ser ut idag, och lägger även fokus på vilken typ avsamverkansproblematik som kan uppstå. Analysen är till stor del baserad på intervjuer med personer som är aktiva inom respektive organisationer, och visar på att det råder en viss problematik kring samverkan dessa aktörer emellan. Två fallstudier av Båstads kommun och Skurups kommun har därigenom inkluderats. Det konstateras att utmaningar och problem skiljer sig från aktör till aktör. Det har däremot identifierats ett antal gemensamma nämnare som inkluderar bland annat motstridiga intressen, att aktörer inte involveras tidigt nog i processer samt bristande delaktighet och äganderätt. Denna problematik kan leda till att helhetsarbetet med hållbar stadsutveckling blir en än mer tidskrävande process. Uppsatsen presenterar även en förstudie till ett projekt, vars syfte är att förbättra samverkan mellan Region Skåne, Länsstyrelsen Skåne och kommunerna. Projektplanen föreslår att dessa aktörer tillsammans går ihop och bildar en arena där de i direkt samverkan arbetar fram en samverkansmodell för hållbar stadsutveckling, detta för att lösa en del av den problematik som tidigare har identifierats. / The focus of this thesis is collaboration between three public actors in Scania; Region Skåne,Länsstyrelsen Skåne and the municipalities. It is argued that a well functioning collaboration and partnership between these three actors is crucial for a sustainable urban development to occur in Scania. The theoretical framework used in the thesis creates a picture of how this type of collaboration works in practice; it also helps identify some of the problems and challenges with said collaboration. The framework consists mainly of two theories relevant to both sustainable urban development and the collaboration between actors; governance and collaborative planning. The thesis thereon presents a situation analysis on the subject of how the three actors actually collaborate in the field and what kind of problems and challenges this presents. The analysis is primarily based on interviews with people working within these three organizations, which shows and investigates problems with the process of collaboration between the actors. This includes two case studies of Båstad municipality and Skurup municipality. The identified challenges and problems may differ from actor to actor, but some have been acknowledged as being more general; conflicts of interest, involving actors too late in processes and a lack of participation and ownership. This fact could prove to be problematic and could also ultimately lead to a slower and less efficient sustainable urban development. This thesis will also present a feasibility study proposing a project that aims to enable better collaboration between Region Skåne, Länsstyrelsen Skåne and the municipalities of Scania. The project proposes that the three actors create an arena where they together will develop a collaborative model for sustainable urban development. The fact that the involved actors themselves will develop this model will hopefully solve some of the initial identified challenges regarding collaboration.